No description available.

Since the early 1970's, fuel consumption in the transportation sector has been one of the major issues facing planners trying to conserve energy. Generally, fuel consumption is influenced directly by the number of vehicles, the distance travelled, the operating speed and the overall population of city. Traffic engineers spent a great deal of time solving such a problem sometimes by introducing the concept of traffic management, the different actions and strategies that reduce the fuel consumption and some other times by estimating the energy saving to evaluate the effectiveness of these actions. Despite best efforts, energy savings estimation have shown wide fluctuations. This study provides a preliminary Investigation of the impact of city size, in the medium range, on potential energy savings accrued due to implementation of Transportation Energy Management Measures (TEMM's). The data sources used includes the energy savings for each of five city size groups, subjected to 23 TEMM's. These data were rearranged and regressed over city size by using the CURFIT technique. Formulae were derived for each of the TEMM's. For the purpose of verification, the Community Benefits Analysis program (CBA) was applied to test some of the obtained results. It is thus concluded that the resulting energy savings, using the regressed equations provide a reasonable way to predict potential benefits across the medium range of city sizes. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis. 1977. Sc.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND LINDGREN. / Vita. / Includes bibliographies. / Sc.D.

No / In this paper, a compact microstrip band-pass filter (BPF) covering the 3.4 to 3.8 GHz spectrum bandwidth for 5G wireless communications is presented. The planar filter uses three resonators, each terminated by a via to hole ground at one end and a capacitor at the other end with 50 Ω transmission line impedances for input and output terminals. The coupling between the lines is adjusted to resonate at the centre frequency with third-order band-pass Butterworth properties. The proposed combline filter is designed on an alumina substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 9.8 and a very small size of 9×5×1.2 mm3. The proposed filter is simulated and optimized using CST microwave studio software. / European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424, UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/E022936/1

The ever-changing role of public-school principals is complex and overwhelming. Because instructional leadership impacts teaching practices and student achievement, this important principal role should be cultivated with principals having sufficient time to engage as instructional leaders. A generic qualitative inquiry methodology was used to explore how the size of an administrative team impacts principals' instructional leadership self-efficacy. Exploration was achieved through 10 one-on-one, semi-structured interviews and one focus group interview. The data suggest that team size does impact an administrator's ability to serve as an instructional leader. Participants reported that larger teams provided more time for working with individual teachers and collaborative teams. Although interviewed administrators did not always abandon instructional leadership when there was insufficient time, they did often sacrifice personal time to fit it in. Administrators did not believe that they had enough time to be instructional leaders, regardless of the team size, but they shared that there was more time to develop their instructional leadership principal self-efficacy when working on larger teams. Larger teams also provided administrators with greater diversity of perspectives and experiences, which they said cultivated their self-efficacy. Consequently, an opportunity exists for district administrators to consider the specific needs of each campus, the exhaustive list of duties given to campus administrators, and the importance of instructional leadership when making staffing decisions about the number of administrators allotted to each campus.

Study of the genetic relationships and evolutionary histories of pupfish populations (Cyprinodontidae: Cyprinodon spp.) from the remnant aquatic habitats of Death Valley was approached by exploring the genetic structure and divergence within and among populations using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. The findings of these studies illustrate the influences of population size and isolation time in the divergence of small, fragmented populations largely via genetic drift. The information revealed in this study has implications for assessing priorities in the conservation of the unique evolutionary heritage among populations of the Death Valley pupfishes. A new retrotransposable element family was identified and characterized. This family of genetic elements was uncovered during a search of the pupfish genome for transposable elements to be used as molecular markers for population analyses. The description of this element family, named "Swimmer 1" (SW1), provides new insights into the evolution of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) in vertebrates. Therefore, a full characterization of the SW1 element family was undertaken in the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as well as in the pupfish genome. The Japanese medaka is a model organism widely used for genetic and developmental biology studies. / Ph. D.

Body size is one of the most fundamental quantifiable traits of living or fossil organisms, and understanding it in various temporal and spatial contexts can offer key insights into the process of evolution. This volume examines body size of eukaryotes and its correlates in various temporal and spatial contexts in three distinct studies. The first study investigates the relationship between parasitism and body size of modern bivalve hosts. Individuals of Protothaca staminea were extensively parasitized (86%) by two types of trace-producing parasites. The only significant relationship between parasitism and body size was that spionid mudblister infested clams from one environment were slightly, yet significantly, smaller than their non-infested counterparts. The most obvious pattern regarding body size was that clams from a lagoon were significantly larger than clams from a tidal creek. This size discrepancy could be related to environmental stress, durophagous predators, differing hydrodynamic conditions, or the comparison of differing cohorts. Even though there was no discernible impact of trematode parasitism on bivalve body size, their traces were abundant and easy to identify. Investigators of body size in the fossil record should be aware of these organisms and their possible ramifications for body size studies. The second study, using Quaternary terrestrial gastropods from the Canary Islands, tests the hypothesis of limiting similarity, the idea that two closely related species will alter their size/morphology in order to minimize competition. By integrating amino acid geochronology, stable isotope estimates, and morphometric techniques I was able to more adequately test whether limiting similarity is an evolutionary process or a transient ecological phenomenon. The first prediction of limiting similarity, character displacement, was confirmed. The second prediction of limiting similarity, character release, was not confirmed. It appears that changing climate at the end of the Pleistocene may be responsible for the body size trends, but intraspecific competition likely played a secondary role in the evolution of body size of Theba. The third study addressed the history of body size and morphological disparity of the first 1.3 billion years of acritarch history. The results reject the idea that acritarch body size increased monotonically through the Proterozoic; in fact they displayed non-directional fluctuation. Acritarch body size decreased significantly following the first appearance of Ediacara organisms and gradually rose during the Cambrian. Morphological disparity increased a half billion years before the first taxonomic radiation. Morphological disparity decreased significantly during the snowball earth events and upon the first appearance of Ediacaran organisms suggesting multiple events of selective extinction in the Proterozoic biosphere. Disparity then increased in step with the diversification of acritarch and metazoans through the Cambrian suggesting ecological links between the two groups. Ecological processes, whether extrinsic abiotic processes or biotic interactions, influence the body size and evolution of organisms at wide range of spatial and temporal scales. / Ph. D.

The overall effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) for higher order learning in technical education and training was determined through the meta-analysis approach. Studies that had investigated the effectiveness of CAI as compared to traditional instruction were selected from major databases in the civilian and military sectors. The selection criteria were: (a) instruction was in the area of technical education and training, (b) a comparison was made between a group of students that received computer-assisted instruction with another group that was taught in the traditional manner, (c) student learning in both groups was measured in some form, and (d) quantitative results on criterion measures were provided. The common comparison metric chosen to indicate the effect size was the standardized mean difference. Additionally, a determination was made of the difference in CAI effectiveness between studies categorized into: (a) CAI type -- intelligent CAI and ordinary CAI; (b) nature of CAI treatment -- replacement and supplemental; (c) subject assignment -- random groups, intact groups, and assignments other than the preceding two groups; (d) educational level -- secondary / postsecondary, university, and adult military training; and (e) setting -- civilian and military. The overall effect size of CAI was found to be 0.35, implying that the average student in the traditional class would have improved from the 50th percentile to the 64th percentile if the student had been provided with CAI. Intelligent CAI was found to be significantly more effective than ordinary CAI. / Ph. D.