Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

As the environmental justice movement has spread and become more mainstream since its start in the 1980s, its framework and body of knowledge has expanded, and environmental justice activists, organizers, and scholars have developed and critiqued different methods through which environmental justice can be pursued. Among its relatively new concepts is the idea of slow violence, or the long-term and continuous impacts of environmental injustices on an afflicted community; and among the methods examined by scholars is environmental justice litigation, where legal action is taken, often with members of an affected community as plaintiffs, to remedy environmental injustices within that area. This thesis aims to analyze the efficacy of environmental justice litigation in its ability to address slow violence through two case studies, Hinkley Groundwater Contamination and Kettleman Hills Waste Facility, which both took place in the 1990s in California, a state now known for its progressive legislation and consideration of environmental justice. It concludes that, while the short-term nature of litigation is not necessarily compatible with the long-term nature of slow violence, successful litigation coupled with the empowerment and engagement of the local community increase the likelihood of litigation partially addressing and mitigating the effects of slow violence in the present and future.

Public goods are goods that are non-rival and non-excludable. One person enjoying the benefits of a public good will not reduce the value of the good for others. And nobody within a particular population can be excluded from enjoying those benefits. While we often think of the relevant population being co-citizens of a state - national defence is taken to be the archetypal public good - in recent years the importance of public goods that benefit individuals across different countries has increasingly been recognised. We can refer to these as "global public goods". When global public goods are supplied, various costs and benefits are generated, and these costs and benefits can be shared among countries in different ways. This thesis explores how justice requires us to share them; I develop a theory of distributive justice for global public goods. I begin by developing two principles for assigning the costs and benefits of supplying public goods within a state, and then argue that these should, for the most part, also govern the distribution of costs and benefits arising from global public good production. Finally, I assess how certain private goods that the supply of public goods make possible should be shared among states. The fact that these goods rely for their production on the supply of global public goods, I argue, will affect the principles of distributive justice that should govern these.

Trois modèles de gouvernance dominent actuellement la recherche consacrée aux politiques environnementales : un modèle libéral, qui se fonde sur les capacités autorégulatrices du marché et les vertus d'innovations techniques du régime de la libre-entreprise ; un modèle utilitariste, qui repose sur le calcul économique d'un planificateur central, intervenant par des taxes et des quotas pour corriger les défaillances de marché ; un dernier modèle enfin de démocratie délibérative, qui s'appuie sur les capacités de gestion commune des ressources par les populations, par le biais de mécanismes de délibération. Ont été ainsi principalement appliquées jusqu'à présent à la question écologique les théories de la justice (le libéralisme, l'utilitarisme et la démocratie délibérative) et les solutions institutionnelles (le marché, l'administration, le forum) héritées des Lumières. Cet ouvrage se propose d'examiner si ces modèles modernes de gouvernance sont vraiment adaptés à la spécificité du défi du développement durable. En retrouvant les axiomes fondateurs de chacun de ces modes de gouvernance, pour les confronter ensuite aux problèmes spécifiques soulevés par la question écologique, il démontre que les paradigmes politiques modernes s'avèrent peu adaptés aux dimensions spécifiques introduites par la problématique du développement durable, à savoir la préservation de l'environnement naturel et le souci des générations futures, dans un contexte d'économie industrielle mondialisée. Ce travail conduit alors à mettre en lumière les points fondamentaux d'achoppement concernant l'efficacité potentielle des stratégies de gouvernance imaginées jusqu'à présent en se référant à ces doctrines et prépare la voie à des modèles alternatifs de gouvernance. / Three models of governance are actually dominating the contemporary research devoted to the environmental policies: a liberal model, which is founded on the auto regulatory processes of the market and the capacities of technical progress fostered by the regime of free enterprise ; an utilitarian model, which is based on the economic calculation of a social engineer, intervening on markets by enforcing taxes and quotas; a deliberative democracy model, which lies on the ability of common pool management by the populations, using deliberative mechanisms. Thus, what have been applied by now to the ecological stake are the theories of justice (liberalism, utilitarianism and deliberative democracy) and the institutions framework (the market, the central administration, the forum), coming for the Enlightenments. This works propose to examine if these models of governance are really adapted to the peculiarity of the sustainable development objective. We have first restored the fundamental axioms of these technics of government, in order to confront them, in a second time, to the specific problems raised by the ecological crisis. We show that those political paradigms have great difficulties to integrate the particular dimensions of sustainability, that is the preservation of the natural environment, the equity toward future generations, in our present context of a global industrial economy. This thesis exhibit the main concrete obstacle to the efficiency of the strategies of governance imagined so far and prepare us to create ones.

Depuis la fin des années 1990, la question de la récidive criminelle est présente dans le débat public. Des lois pénales visant à endiguer ce phénomène judiciaire sont promulguées. À partir de 2002, elles deviennent significativement répressives et leur production s’accélère. Cette politique pénale engendre une contestation forte dans les milieux judiciaires,universitaires et intellectuels ainsi que dans les partis politiques de l'opposition et chez certaines personnalités politiques de la majorité en désaccord avec le gouvernement. La politique, les lois et les débats ou réactions qu'elles engendrent dans la société se passent aujourd'hui difficilement de leur pendant médiatique. Nous interrogeons donc certains médias pour comprendre le sens qu'ils confèrent à l'activité législative des gouvernements à l'encontre de la récidive criminelle et aux réactions qu'elle provoque. Ainsi, la thèse montre en quoi les médias du corpus présentent la question de la récidive criminelle et de sa prise en charge comme un double cycle. L'un va du fait divers criminel – en récidive - à la loi pénale. L'autre va de l'activité politique à propos de la récidive à sa contestation. Elle explique également en quoi le processus de médiatisation, impliquant l’interaction de divers acteurs, favorise cette répétition. Derrière cette hypothèse à deux versants, se posent d'un côté la question du sens contenu dans les productions journalistiques et ce qu'il révèle de l'évolution de notre justice pénale et de l’autre celle de la construction de ce sens. La thèse propose donc d'observer la « scène médiatique » constituée par le corpus puis d’explorer les mécanismes de sa co-construction par les journalistes et les acteurs aux prises avec la question de la récidive criminelle. / Recidivism has been debated as a public issue since the end of the 1990's. Criminal laws are enacted in order to contain this phenomenon. As of 2002 they start growing significantly repressive and ever more numerous. This criminal policy leads to major protestation among the legal, academic and intellectual worlds, as in the political opposition parties or among political figures disagreeing with the government though in the majority. Policies, laws and the debate or reactions they generate in the society hardly go without their mediatic side. Hence, we shall analyse some media to understand the meaning they give to the governments’ legislative activity against criminal recidivism and what meaning these media give to the reactions this activity creates.This dissertation shows by which means the media of our corpus set both the issue of criminal recidivism and the way it is taken care of as a double-cycle. One cycle goes from a criminal re-offense in the back page news to a criminal law. The other goes from the policy about recidivism to its contesting. It also explains where in media exposure – along which several players are involved - proceeds with this recurrence. This two-sided hypothesis points out two questions. First of all what is the meaning within this journalistic content and what does it tell about the evolution of our criminal justice ? Then, how is this meaning made? Thus, this dissertation shall first observe the « media scene » delimited by the corpus, and then examine the mechanism of its co-production by journalists and the different players coping with criminal recidivism.

ALTERNATIVES TO UNCONDITIONAL IMPRISONMENT Pavlína Sýkorová My diploma thesis deals with alternative punishments which may be imposed as an alternative to imprisonment. The thesis is divided into six chapters. In the introduction of my thesis first I deal with general issues, I define the term and the purpose of punishment and I outline the concept of Restorative justice which presents the base of alternative approaches in the penal law. The second chapter describes the system and various forms of alternative sentences and criminal procedure alternatives (procedural diversions), their historical development in the Czech Republic since 1989 and the activity of international organisations in this domain, especially United Nations and The Council of Europe. In this chapter I also present the institution and characterise the activity of the Probation and Mediation Service which has an important role during the imposition and execution of some alternative punishments. The main attention in the thesis is concentrated on the chapters 3 to 6 which concern particular alternative forms of punishment in the valid and effective Czech legislation, their imposition and execution. Successively, I deal with conditional prison sentence, pecuniary punishment, community service and home arrest. Final subchapters of these...

Cette thèse propose une étude des partenariats pour le développement en prenant pour exemple le cas du partenariat entre l’Inde et le Sénégal. La revendication de bénéficies mutuelles se trouve au cœur de ce partenariat. L’Inde et le Sénégal étant deux démocraties vibrantes, nous pouvons supposer que les dits bénéfices ont pour finalité d’augmenter le bien-être des citoyens de ces deux pays. Ainsi, cette thèse se fonde sur l’étude du développement dans la mesure où il contribue à l’augmentation des capacités, de la liberté et des perspectives du peuple dans les deux pays étudiés (comme le définit Amartya Sen 1999, 2002). Basée sur ces hypothèses, la thèse pose la question suivante : « Un partenariat revendiquant des bénéfices mutuels peut-il conduire à un développement mutuel ?». Le corollaire induit par cette problématique questionne l’équité dans la distribution des bénéfices aux partenaires, c’est-à-dire, est ce que le partenariat est équitable et juste comme il se revendique ? L’étude des acteurs, des motivations, des moyens, des instruments, des méthodes, de la nature et des finalités de ce partenariat feront objet de cette thèse. La thèse conclue en indiquant que les divergences, erreurs, l’ignorance, la malhonnêteté et même l’identification peuvent créer des désaccords en contradiction avec le comportement juste en faveur du développement. Néanmoins, en s’appuyant sur le travail de Froese (2001), Nussbaum (2011), Rawls (1999), Rousseau (2012) et Tocqueville (1981) la thèse soutient que le développement mutuel et juste est en faveur de la poursuite du partenariat. / Taking cue from Rawls’s (2012) work on distributive justice, the thesis studies development partnership through the case study of India and Senegal. Mutual benefits have been asserted time and again as the core element of this partnership. Being two thriving democracies, it shall be assumed that the ultimate beneficiaries of the ‘intended benefits’ are to be the people of India and Senegal. Hence, in this thesis we choose to see development as it should enhance capability, freedom and opportunity (as put forward by Sen 1999, 2002) for the citizens of the two countries being studied. With such beliefs, the thesis is naturally centred on the question, “Can a relationship based on mutual benefits lead to mutual development?” An important corollary to the problematic is the equity in the distribution of benefits adhering to the partners’ i.e. whether at all the partnership is equal and faire as it is claimed to be? It is hence, worth studying the ‘who’, the ‘why’, the ‘how’ and the ‘what’ of this partnership through the actors, the motivations, the means, the methods, the nature and the ‘ends’ of it. The thesis argues strongly in favour of equity for fair and sustainable development. The thesis argues that discrepancies, errors, identification, unawareness and unethical behaviour might lead to distortions from just behaviour expected in favour of development. However, drawing on the works of Froese (2001), Nussbaum (2011), Rawls (1999), Rousseau (2012) and Tocqueville (1981) the thesis concludes that fair, mutual development would be in the favour of the partnership.

My thesis deals with selected problems related to the criminal justice in the matter of youth. These problems mainly result from the fact that this is a specific group of offenders and that it is necessary to react to their unlawful activities and viewed them in a different way compared to the cases of adults. Therefore criminal law of young offenders resulted in the separate legal regulation which is contained in the Act no. 218/2003 Coll., on Judicial System in the Matter of Youth. I divide this thesis internally into six parts which have a logical sequence. The first part deals with terminology which occurs in the Act and differs from general adjudication which is stipulated by the Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure. It is necessary to acquire different terms to get a good orientation in the given issues. The second part deals with restorative justice on which basis the act on judicial system in the matter of youth is built up. It is a restoring justice where no primary vengeance exists. Since we cannot say that there exists a stable definition of restorative justice, I mention mainly the principles which this concept is based on. Further, I make a passing comment about some institutes and provisions in which the principles of restorative justice are reflected. Next part describes...

The present research study investigated the relationships between perceptions of justice in the work and home environments and work-family balance. For purposes of this study, justice perceptions in the workplace were explored in terms of the work-family support policies, practices, and procedures provided by organisations to assist their employees in balancing their work and family demands. Similarly, justice perceptions in the home environments were explored in terms of the family-work support arrangements provided by individuals’ home environments in order to assist them in balancing their family and work demands. As the scales used to measure justice perceptions were modified versions of the original Organisational Justice Scale (Judge & Colquitt, 2004), a pilot study was conducted in order to assess their internal validity and reliability. The pilot study sample consisted of 44 South African working parents who fit the requirements of the sample (between the ages of 25 and 50, in a relationship, and had at least one child for whom they were responsible). Factor analyses and Cronbach Alpha estimates suggested the modified scales were suitable for use in the main study. The sample for the main study consisted of 213 working parents obtained from various organisations who met the criteria for participation (between the ages of 25 and 50, in a relationship, and had at least one child for whom they were responsible). The modified justice scales, as well as the Work-Family Conflict Scale (Carlson, Kacmar, & Williams, 2000) and Work-Family Enrichment Scale (Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, & Grzywacz, 2006), were used to assess the variables of interest. Additional factor analyses and reliabilities conducted for both modified justice scales in the main study supported a four factor structure for both scales. Descriptive statistics established that participants experienced average amounts of perceived distributive, procedural, and informational justice and a slightly higher amount of interpersonal justice in both environments. Participants in the study also reported experiencing average amounts of work-family conflict and slightly higher amounts of work-family facilitation. With regard to the relationships between justice perceptions and work-family balance, the results indicated that participants who perceived their work-family policies, practices and procedures in their organisations and their family-work policies in their home as more just experienced less conflict and increased enrichment between the two domains. The current study also explored whether perceived organisational justice, perceived home justice, work-family conflict, and work-family enrichment differed based on the level of support provided in the work and home environments. Results indicated that differences in the amount of support provided by organisations created differences in employees’ perceptions of procedural, interpersonal, and overall organisational justice; but not in perceptions of distributive and informational organisational justice. In addition, the amount of workplace support provided by organisations did create differences in overall levels of experienced work-family balance. Support in the home environment did create differences in levels of perceived home justice but did not create differences in levels of work-family balance experienced by participants. Overall, the study was successful in modifying and validating the Perceptions of Justice Scales, in stressing the importance of these perceptions regarding support provided to working parents in both their work and home environments, and in exploring the relationships between these justice perceptions and work-family balance.

This diploma thesis addresses the issues of victims of crimes in criminology. Object of this work is to describe the victim's status and rights, introduce the area of victimology to the reader together with related knowledge of this area, description of recent legislation pertaining victims with particular focus on Crime Victims Act. This diploma thesis is structured as following: Introduction, 10 chapters, systematically divided into subchapters, conclusion. First chapter deals with questions of victimology, it's evolution and subject matter. Second chapter explains the concept of victim of the crime, victimity and special types of victims, e.g. pseudo victim or multiple victim. Chapter three covers the area of victimization and it's characteristics. Debunking of famous victimological myths is also included in this chapter. Chapter four describes an influence of the crime on victim and how possible victimisation results in post-traumatic stress disorder. Chapter mentions which circumstances can deepen victimization and gives an account of syndromes of the victims. Next chapter presents specific victims. There are various victimological researches examined in chapter six and help for victims of crime is topic of the chapter seven. Chapter eight addresses prevention in victimology. Following chapter...