Indien är ett land som växer ekonomiskt samtidigt som problem med hur avfall ska tas omhand fortfarande är i utvecklingsfasen. Studiens fokus ligger på hur avfallshanteringen sköts i staden Bangalore. Utifrån ett svenskt perspektiv på avfallshantering med insamling och behandling har Bangalore undersökts och brister lokaliserats. Förbättringsförslag presenteras utifrån de brister som framkommit och ett fokus har lagts på om svenska avfallslösningar skulle kunna implementeras i Bangalore. Svensk avfallshantering utgör en bra grund för ett funktionellt avfallshanteringssystem och har därför använts som referens vid jämförelser och förbättringsförslag. I Sverige används källsortering vid sortering av avfall för att få en högre grad av återvinningsbarhet. De behandlingssteg som finns ger energi på olika sätt och ytterst lite avfall läggs på deponier. Ett ständigt arbete utförs utifrån avfallstrappans steg. I Bangalore är situationen omvänd och det avfall som lyckas samlas in hamnar till största delen på deponier eller inofficiella dumpningsplatser runt om i staden. I Sverige sköts avfallshanteringen av den formella sektorn medan den i Bangalore till stor del utförs av en informell sektor där privata personer samlar in skräp. En litteraturstudie har gett insikt i vilka problem utvecklingsländer kan ha gällande avfallshantering och även vilka faktorer som spelar in vid verkställandet av ett fungerande system. I projektet gjordes en observationsstudie på plats i Bangalore under två veckors tid. Utifrån observationsstudien kunde mycket av tidigare information kring hur avfallshanteringen går till granskas mer kritiskt och ett mer verklighetstroget resultat framföras. Det saknas ett fungerande system som är heltäckande för hela Bangalore, vilket gör att mycket avfall hamnar direkt på gator eller på övergivna tomter. Detta i sin tur ger upphov till dålig lukt för invånarna och en ohygienisk miljö. De insamlingssystem som finns att tillgå för allmänheten var i övergripande fall otillräckliga. Tre olika faktorer identifierades som hindrar att avfallshanteringen ska kunna fungera. Dessa var politik, den formella och informella sektorn, samt insamlingssystem av avfall. Ett stort hinder inom Bangalore är det bristande politiska intresset att få till en fungerande avfallshantering. Inga stora aktioner eller krafttag tas mot de växande mängder avfall som produceras. Inte heller sker en bra integration mellan de formella avfallsinsamlarna som utgörs av avfallstransporter och avfallsinsamlare versusinofficiella avfallsinsamlare. Då Bangalore saknar ett formellt insamlingssystem ges inte rätta förutsättningar för befolkningen att kunna gå någonstans med sitt avfall. Detta leder till en ökad okunskap om hur avfall bör sorteras för att kunna behandlas på ett lämpligt sätt där föredragsvis energi kan utvinnas. Ett tydligare insamlingssystem behövs om Bangalore ska kunna nå en hållbar utveckling och bromsa de eskalerande miljöproblem som de ställs inför. Någon form av behandling av avfall krävs för att minska mängden avfall som hamnar direkt på deponering. Genom att minska trycket på deponierna finns en potential för att få en hållbar stad. / India is a country that is growing economically while the problems with the waste andit´s treatment are still in the development phase. The study focuses on how the waste ishandled in the city of Bangalore. From a Swedish point of view the waste collection andtreatment have been investigated Bangalore and shortcomings identified. Suggestionsfor improvements are presented from the lack of the waste management and the focushas been on how Swedish solutions could be implemented in Bangalore. In Sweden the sorting of waste at a household level is managed from different fractionsin containers and therefore the waste has a higher degree of recyclability. Theprocessing steps that are providing energy are sufficient leading to very little wastebeing added to landfills. A constant work is done based on the waste hierarchy. InBangalore, the situation is the reverse and the waste collected mostly ends up inlandfills or unofficial dumping sites around the city. In Sweden, waste is handled by theformal sector, while Bangalore is largely dependent on an informal sector whereindividuals collect waste. A literature study has provided insight into the difficulties developing countries mayhave to face regarding waste management and the factors that come into play in theexecution of a functioning system. Within the project, an observational study was madein Bangalore for two weeks. Based on the observational study a lot of previousinformation on how waste is handled could be examined more critically and morerealistic conclusions drawn. The lack of a functioning system for waste collectionthroughout Bangalore results in a lot of waste ending up directly on the streets or onabandoned plots. This in turn gives rise to odors for residents and an unhygienicenvironment. The collection available to the public was in most cases insufficient. Three factors were identified that prevent the waste management from functioning.These were politics, the formal and informal sector, as well as the practical collectionof waste. A major obstacle in Bangalore is the lack of political interest of functioningwaste management. No major action is taken against the growing amounts of wasteproduced. A good integration between the formal waste collectors consisting of thetransport of waste and waste collectors versus informal waste collectors is missing.Bangalore also lacks formal collection systems and the people are not given the rightconditions to be able to go anywhere to get rid of their waste. This leads to increasedignorance about how waste should be sorted for processing appropriately and whereenergy can be recovered. A clearer collection is needed if Bangalore is to achieve sustainable development and tocurb the escalating environmental problems they face. Some form of waste treatment isneeded to reduce the pressure on the city landfill. By doing this there is a change for thecity to be sustainable and green.

One of the major problems of modern industries concerns the disposal of waste materials without the concomitant pollution of the environment. Several food and wood products industries have solved this problem by using the "overland flow" method of waste treatment. The research described in this paper was undertaken to ascertain the fact that the waste purification occurring on the disposal field is the result of microbial activities in the soil, and to study the transformations taking place.

The area of research for this thesis concerns the role played by microorganisms in the process of organic breakdown of waste effluent. Although considerable research has been done since the early 1950's, little consideration has been given to the role of the microorganisms in this type of waste water purification.

It was the purpose of this investigation to determine (1) what organisms are associated with the formation of this slime layer, (2) if certain chemical factors in the environment either enhance or retard formation of the slime layer, (3) whether or not there are certain chemical factors which are detrimental to slime formation, yet not detrimental to purification, or that perhaps enhance purification, (4) whether or not there are chemical factors which enhance purification of the effluent without preventing slime formation, and (5) what effects the chemical treatments have on the microbial flora of the soil system.

The ability of zeolites, particularly clinoptilolite, to immobilise Cs arising as an intermediate level radioactive waste is studied. The zeolites are incorporated into Portland cement blends containing additives such as blast furnace slag, pulverised fuel ash and silica fume, and high alumina cement blends. Desorption of Cs+ from the zeolite by ion-exchange cement pore fluid species, mainly K+, Na+ and Ca is studied and ion-exchange isotherms are presented. The Cs distribution between clinoptilolite and cement pore fluid is studied by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and by chemical analysis of the pore fluid. Some Cs is released into the pore fluid, mainly by ion-exchange with K. The kinetics and mechanism of the pozzolanic reaction between clinoptilolite and Portland cement is studied at various temperatures, using a selective dissolution method, as well as XRD, thermogravimetric analysis and analytical electron microscopy. A model is developed, whereby long-term predictions of clinoptilolite reactivity can be made. Methods of limiting the pozzolanic reaction to ensure the long-term persistence of clinoptilolite in cement by blending are investigated. Slag cements show lowest reactivity. Leach tests are carried out on cement-clinoptilolite cylinders (45x80mm) using a standard leaching method. These confirm the importance of ion-exchange and chemical reactivity in determining leach rate. Additionally, the effect of factors such as clinoptilolite particle size, Cs -loading level, clinoptilolite-cement ratio, quantity and type of cement additive, curing temperature, curing time, leaching temperature and mercury porosity on leach rate are investigated. An optimal cement-clinoptilolite blend is suggested. A method is described for the measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of cement pore fluids extracted under pressure, and of measuring the poising capacity of solid and aqueous phases. OPC is mildly oxidising, whereas slag cements provide a reducing environment due to the presence of S-containing species. The implications of E. and pH in terms of radwaste immobilisation are discussed.

The thesis deals with the legal definition of waste; it analyzes the meaning of the concept of waste in international, European and Czech legislation. The paper mentions the rich jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has significantly influenced the concept of waste in the Directive 2008/98/EC. The thesis also concerns with the Act. No. 185/2001 Coll., on waste, and with the concept of by-product and concept of end-of-waste status. The paper also shows the classification of waste in the Czech legislation and defines the categories of hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and municipal waste.

Recycled Posthuman Furniture – What has furniture become is a project that aims to explore the relationship between humans and furniture from the post-humanist perspective. Post-humanism is understood here as our capacity of giving non-human items the sense of humanity in terms of ethics and effects. Accordingly, we might consider the furniture has some certain human values. Therefore, this paper aims to demonstrate a new relationship compared with current states through a transdisciplinary design and speculative design with the goal of changing people’s understanding towards discarded furniture. Through the knowledge of current issues, this paper is tended to bring different perspectives of thoughts and questions in order to be aware of surrounding issues with the hope of changing current states to deliver a better future by chance. As the result, this paper puts forward a new sustainable lifestyle which advocates equality and inclusiveness among human and nonhuman and thus helps to solve survival crisis. Human is not the almighty of the world and all the existences are valuable as well. As humans, we must change our thinking patterns and begin accepting and treating other nonhuman equally. We are required to wake emotions that are hiding deep down in our heart and apply them on furniture and treat rejected and abandoned furniture as human. Only in this way can we decrease environmental pressure, reduce the discharge of solid waste and deal with the global crisis. Taking furniture as a start, humans should open their emotions and care for all objects that are living on the earth, focus on collective interest instead of individual interest.

Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão / Banca: Isabel Cristina Takitane / Banca: Valdir Schalch / Resumo: As áreas urbanas caracterizam-se pela alta produção de resíduos biogênicos, tanto de origem domiciliar quanto de atividades comerciais, como restaurantes e lanchonetes. Esses resíduos geralmente são aterrados, ou descartados em lixões e terrenos baldios. A compostagem desses resíduos evita o acúmulo em aterros, diminui o impacto ambiental, aumenta o tempo de vida útil destes locais e promove a geração de insumos orgânicos para a agricultura. Apesar de existir desde os primeiros cultivos agrícolas do homem, esta prática permanece pouco difundida e praticada no contexto nacional. Este estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos: o primeiro visa caracterizar a atuação do "Ciclo Limpo" no município de Botucatu/SP, empreendimento de coleta e compostagem, como um modelo de gerenciamento descentralizado de resíduos biogênicos. O segundo capítulo visa comparar o processo de compostagem dos resíduos biogênicos domiciliares utilizando-se diferentes biomassas (serragem de Pinus, cavaco de eucalipto e fibra de bambu) para que se entenda qual destes pode contribuir na produção do melhor composto, se adequando melhor ao processo. O "Ciclo Limpo" vem desenvolvendo um modelo de gerenciamento de grande importância para a gestão descentralizada dos resíduos biogênicos, reduzindo o impacto ambiental através da disposição adequada e produzindo um composto de qualidade agronômica. Com relação ao processo de compostagem, a serragem e o cavaco de eucalipto apresentaram resultados semelhantes e ambos demo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The urban areas are characterized by the high production of biogenics solid waste, both of home origin and commercial, such as restaurants and snack bars. These wastes are usually grounded, or discarded in dumps and vacant lots. Composting of these wastes avoids landfill accumulation, reduces environmental impact, increases shelf life, and promotes the generation of organic inputs for agriculture. Although it existed since the first agricultural crops by humankind, this practice remains little spread and practiced in the national context. This study was divided in two chapters: the first one aims to characterize the performance of the "Clean Cycle" ("Ciclo Limpo") in the city of Botucatu / SP, a collection and composting project, as a decentralized biogenic waste management model. The second chapter aims to compare the composting process of household biogenic waste using different biomass (Pinus sawdust, Eucalyptus barks and bamboo fiber) in order to understand which of these can contribute to the production of the best compost, becoming better suited to the process. The "Clean Cycle" has been developing a management model of great importance for the decentralized management of biogenic waste, reducing the environmental impact through proper disposal and producing a quality compost. Regarding the composting process, sawdust and Eucalyptus bark showed similar results and both showed to be suitable biomass for composting, differently than bamboo fiber. / Mestre

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Gauteng Province in South Africa is home to four large hospitals which generate enormous amounts of waste. However, no formal study has been done to asses the magnitude of this problem. Health care waste falls under a cluster of waste which is regarded as hazardous due to its composition and therefore ability to transmit disease. It has become an important type of waste mainly because of its ability to transmit HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and C among other infectious diseases. This study attempted to address the knowledge and practices of doctors and nurses, which are just some of the factors which influence health care waste management. Aims: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the current knowledge and practices of doctors and nurses regarding the management of health care waste. Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study. A self administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. A total sample of 128 doctors and nurses was drawn from the Johannesburg Hospital, an academic hospital in the Gauteng Province. Results: Although there was overall lack of awareness about the existence of the international, national, provincial and local documents (Act, Regulation, Manual, Code of Practice and Policies) regulating heath care waste management, the majority of the respondents (84%) knew about the existence of the Johannesburg Hospital’s policy on waste management. Generally, knowledge of nursing staff was significantly higher than that of doctors. Although some good practices such as use of gloves were reported, there is generally a lack of knowledge about key documents regulating health care waste, particularly among the doctors. Conclusion: This study was the first of its kind to be done at the Hospital. As the Hospital policy is more accepted and accessible to the health professionals than the other documents investigated in this study, it should be updated regularly to incorporate new changes. The Hospital should not only make that policy document more easily accessible and visible but also strive to reach doctors with training in health care waste management. Continuous monitoring and evaluation is also necessary to ensure that policies and procedures are followed.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, 1993 / Superfines of less than 200 micron are generated when mining coal. They have not been successfully beneficiated in the past and are not acceptable to the consumer. A processh as been developed whereby the superfines are beneficiated, briquetted without the use of binders and devolatilised to produce a premium smokeless briquette which will attract a premium price in the export market. [Abbreviated abstract. Open document to view full version] / MT2017