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As proposições deste trabalho tiveram como objetivo fundamental orientar e/ou melhorar um sistema organizado de RSS (Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde), em qualquer estabelecimento gerador, com a finalidade de controlar, reduzir com segurança e economia, os riscos associados aos RSS. Para o desenvolvimento de tais aspectos, foi escolhido o Hospital Unimed, unidades I e II, por ser de porte médio. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram considerados três aspectos fundamentais: a organização do sistema de manuseio dos resíduos sólidos, os aspectos técnicos-operacionais, os recursos humanos necessários, determinando assim responsabilidades bem definidas com o intuito de reduzir ao máximo os riscos para a saúde e meio ambiente, atendendo as especificações exigidas pela legislação e colaborando assim com toda a comunidade para uma qualidade de vida cada vez melhor. / The proposals of this work had as fundamental objective to orientate and/or to improve a system organized by HSW (HeaIth Service Wastes), in any generator establishment generated with the aim of controlling, reducing with insurance and economy the risks linked to HSW. To deveIopment of such aspects, Hospital UNIMED was chosen, Units I and lI, because it is a medium size hospital. In the development of this work, three fundamentaIs aspects were considered: The organization of the handIe system of the solids wastes, technical - operational aspects, the human resources necessaries, so determining well defined responsibiIities with the objective of reducing at rnaximum the health and environmentaI risks, taking into consideration the specifications demanded by the legislation and collaborating with all the community for a much better quality of life.

Inorganic colloids are ubiquitous in environmental waters and are thought to be potential transporters of radionuclides and other toxic metals. Colloids present large surface areas to pollutants and contaminants present in waters and are therefore capable of sorbing and transporting them via groundwater and surface water movement. Much research has been and is currently being undertaken to understand more fully the stability of colloids in different water chemistries, factors which affect metal sorption onto colloids, and the processes which affect metal-colloid transport. This thesis first investigates ground water and surface water sampling and characterisation techniques for the investigation of the colloids present in and around a low-level waste repository. Samples were collected anaerobically using micro-purge low-flow methodology (MPLF) and then subjected to sequential ultrafiltration, again anaerobically. After separation into size fractions the solids were analysed for radiochemical content, colloid population and morphology. It was found that colloids were present in large numbers in the groundwaters extracted from the trench waste burial area (anaerobic environment), but in the surface drain waters (aerobic environment) colloid population was comparable t6 levels found in waters extracted from' above the trenches. There was evidence that the non-tritium activity was associated with the colloids and particulates in the trenches, but outside of the trenches the evidence was not conclusive because the activity and colloid concentrations were low. Secondly this thesis investigates the stability of inorganic colloids, mainly haematite, in the presence of humic acid, varying pH and electrolyte concentrations. The applicability of the Schulze-Hardy rule to haematite and haematitelhumic acid mixtures was investigated using photon correlation spectroscopy to measure the rate of fast and slow coagulation after the addition of mono, di and trivalent ions. It was found that humic coated colloids follow the Schulze-Hardy rule for mono and divalent cations, with the exception of copper ions. Trivalent ions do not follow the Schulze-Hardy rule because of their relatively strong complexation with humates. It was also found that the size of the ion has an effect on destabilisation, irrespective of charge.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissSACP.pdf: 1613507 bytes, checksum: b6db1a7b3fcc5b52e068951b4bd61381 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-27 / A new lifestyle, with changes in the consumption patterns and generation of residues, is imposed for humanity in Brazil, the growth of the cities and, at the same time, the increase in the consumption of industrialized products, are common factors to practically all the municipal districts. This way serious problems have been carted, regarding the inadequate administration of the urban solid residues (USW) generated. Because of its great number, the small municipal districts contribute with the current environmental and social problems. Thus, one of the main measures to be taken to correct this situation is the establishment of plans of the Management of USW (PMUSW) generated in such municipal districts. The present work lifted some concepts and administration models and management of USW, seeking to supply advices for the elaboration of PMUSW to small municipal districts, based in the minimization concepts. The small municipal districts can count with some facilities for an integrated administration of the different residues, especially the communication with the population, the inspection of the proposal measures, the organization of the society in the administration process of RSU. Besides, the amount of generated residues is smaller and the segregation process, collection and disposition can be simplified. On the other hand, such municipal districts face difficulties for the implantation of a good administration of USW, among them the lack of financial and human resources. Taking into account such characteristics, some guidelines were systematized and established some procedures that better adapt to the referred municipal districts, contemplating simplified solutions, of low cost, accessible to technicians and administrators without specialization in the theme and that involve the population. Such orientations were applied to a specific case of the small municipal district of (Itamogi-MG), allowing its evaluation by means of the elaboration of local PMUSW. In conclusion, it is possible to propose an administration of USW that assists the needs and limitations of those municipal districts. / Um novo estilo de vida, com mudanças nos padrões de consumo e de geração de resíduos, se impõe para humanidade. No Brasil, o crescimento das cidades e, ao mesmo tempo, o aumento de consumo de produtos industrializados, são fatores comuns a praticamente todos os municípios. Deste modo, graves problemas têm sido acarretados, no que diz respeito à gestão inadequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) gerados. Em função do seu grande número, os municípios de pequeno porte contribuem com os problemas ambientais e sociais decorrentes. Assim, uma das principais medidas a serem tomadas para corrigir esta situação é o estabelecimento de Planos da Gestão dos RSU (PGRSU) gerados em tais municípios. O presente trabalho levantou alguns conceitos e modelos de gestão e gerenciamento de RSU, visando fornecer orientações para elaboração de PGRSU para municípios de pequeno porte, embasados nos conceitos de minimização. Os municípios de pequeno porte podem contar com algumas facilidades no que diz respeito a uma gestão mais integrada dos diferentes resíduos, em especial a comunicação com a população, a fiscalização das medidas propostas, a organização da sociedade no processo gestão dos RSU. Além disto, a quantidade de resíduos gerados é menor e os processos de segregação, coleta e disposição podem ser mais simplificados. Por outro lado, tais municípios enfrentam dificuldades para a implantação de uma boa gestão dos RSU, entre elas a falta de recursos financeiros e humanos. Levando em conta tais características, foram sistematizadas algumas diretrizes e estabelecidos alguns procedimentos que melhor se adaptem aos referidos municípios, contemplando soluções simplificadas, de baixo custo, acessíveis a técnicos e administradores sem especialização no tema e que envolva a população. Tais orientações foram aplicadas a um caso específico de município de pequeno porte (Itamogi-MG). Como produto final, foi elaborado um PGRSU, incorporando características locais previamente identificadas, tanto de ordem geral como relativas aos RS. A metodologia empregada nesta elaboração mostrou-se adequada para definir uma gestão dos RSU que atenda as necessidades e limitações desses municípios.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a small-scale biomass gasification system within the context of a cooperative wine cellar operation in the Western Cape of South Africa. Central to this goal was the questions whether the time for the implementation of such small-scale renewable energy technologies in South Africa has arrived, in light of the status quo which has changed drastically from the days of abundant and cheap coal-based electricity, and whether the new opportunities afforded by the CDM can help foster financial feasibility. There are various macro-drivers contributing to the current-day emphasis on renewable energy and cogeneration projects. The first and most pressing driver is the global climate change imperative, while the others include the increased aspiration of countries towards energy security, the realization of the importance of sustainable development and the subsequent renewable energy policies that falls within the ambit of sustainable development. Small-scale biomass gasification technology still poses some challenges, particularly when it comes to the gasification of agricultural residues, as with grape residues in the case of this project. The most important technical feasibility problem to overcome is the low ash agglomeration temperature of grape residues reported in the literature. Although the local equipment manufacturer foresees no problem in this regard with their system design - since they have conducted tests on sunflower seed residues, which have similar ash properties, without experiencing any agglomeration problems - the seriousness of this aspect will be confirmed during pilot trials. In order to be eligible for emissions reduction trading under the CDM, the project must adequately demonstrate that the emissions reductions are additional to the business-as-usual scenario, in both the environmental and financial sense. The project will satisfy the environmental additionality requirement, since in its absence the wine cellar will continue its full reliance on coal-based electricity from the grid. Financial additionality, in its strictest sense, requires for the project to be infeasible if it does not pursue CDM participation, which the financial feasibility modeling results indicated to be true in this case. A feasibility model was developed to - subject to the input parameter values assumed and basic assumptions made - be able to assess the financial viability of the project. The main assumptions were that the private feed-in into the national electricity grid was available to all IPPs, in spite of the fact that in its Medium Term Power Purchase Program me (MTPPP) of May 2008 Eskom had only requested expressions of interest from IPPs that had a generating capacity of 5MW and higher to install private base load capacity. This assumption is commensurate with the country's renewable energy targets and the official government aim of achieving a 30% contribution from IPPs to the national electricity mix. The second assumption was that the 65 to lOOclkWh offered by Eskom in its MTPPP will be applicable to sub-SMWe IPPs as well (Creamer, 2008), and that this lower bound electricity price of 65clkWh can be applied over the whole project lifetime. Inherent to this assumption is the further supposition that the progressive decline of electricity prices to an eventual level of 35clkWh by 2018 foreseen by Eskom will not materialize, due both to the sustained pressure an expanding South African economy will put on the considerable but time-consuming supply-side initiatives launched by Eskom, and the likelihood for price premiums to be introduced for clean electricity in order to meet the country's renewable energy targets. From the assumed input parameter values the initial capital and COM expenditures, operating revenues and costs over the project lifetime were determined, and then used to calculate the net cash flows, where after the NPV was computed to serve as the deciding criterion on financial feasibility. A discount rate of 18% was assumed, corresponding with the subjectively judged risks that the project posed as a small-scale renewable energy system within the wine cellar operations. In the case where the project excluded all CDM aspects, the NPV was negative at - ZAR342 573, but this improved to ZAR325 193 if the project participated in the CDM. Thus it was concluded that the project will only be financially feasible if it includes CDM participation, and that this positive contribution can be leveraged by pursuing a programmatic CDM approach. This entails the development of this project as part of a larger program in which similar projects are implemented as they arise, up to the official UN limit of 15MWe in total to still qualify as a small-scale program. The nature of the assumptions that form the backbone of this study indicate that the positive financial feasibility result in the case where the project includes COM participation will become practically relevant only over the short- to medium-term as these assumptions become reality in South Africa. Therefore, although the time for such small-scale renewable energy projects has clearly not arrived as yet, it would seem that it is indeed around the corner. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mikpunt van die navorsing was om die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n klein-skaal biomassa vergassing sisteem binne die konteks van 'n kooperatiewe wynkelder in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. 'n Sentrale aspek was die vrae of die tyd aangebreek het om klein-skaal volhouhare energie projekte in Suid-Afrika tot uitvoering te bring, gesien in die lig van 'n status quo wat drasties weg beweeg het van die tydperk toe elektrisiteit volop en goedkoop was, en of die geleentheid wat die CDM bied sulke projekte finansieel lewensvatbaar kan maak. Daar is verskeie eksterne makro-drywers wat bydrae tot die huidige fokus op sulke volhoubare energie projekte. Hieronder tel globale klimaatsverandering as die dringendste drywer, terwyl die res onder andere die hernuwe strewe van lande tot verbeterde energie-sekuriteit, die besef van die belangrikheid van volhoubare ontwikkeling en die daaropvolgende volhoubare energie beleid stappe insluit. Daar bestaan nog etlike tegniese uitdagings tot die toepassing van klein-skaal biomassa vergassing tegnologie, spesifiek met betrekking tot die vergassing van afval landbou byprodukte, soos wat die geval is met druiwe afval in hierdie projek. Die belangrikste tegniese uitvoerbaarheids-aspek wat aandag verg is die lae smeltpunt van druifafval-as wat in die literatuur rapporteer word. Alhoewel die plaaslike toerustings-vervaardiger nie enige probleme in hierdie verhand voorsien nie, aangesien toetse met sonneblom afval - met as-eienskappe rofweg identies aan die van druiwe-afval - geen smelting van die as getoon het nie, sal dit tog nogsteeds aan verdere toetse onderwerp word. Vir die projek om te kwalifiseer as geskik vir verhandeling in kweekhuisgas vermindering deur middel van die COM, moet dit voldoende bewys kan word dat alle uitlaatgas vermindering addisioneel is tot wat die geval sou wees in die gewone gang van besigheid. Hierdie addisionaliteit is relevant in beide 'n omgewings- en finansiele sin. Hierdie projek sal orngewings-addisionaliteit bevredig deurdat die wynkelder in sy afwesigheid volkome afhanklik van die steenkool-gebaseerde elektrisiteit vanaf die nasionale netwerk sou bly, terwyl finansiele addisionaliteit bewys is deur die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model wat getoon het dat die projek slegs ekonomies uitvoerbaar sal wees indien dit CDM deelname insluit. Die lewensvatbaarheids-model is ontwikkel om die ekonomiese uitvoerbaarheid van die projek te evalueer, onderworpe aan die aangenome inset parameter waardes en basiese aannames in die studie. Die hoof-aanname was naamlik dat privaat terugvoer in die nasionale elektrisiteits-netwerk vir alle grootte IPPs moontlik is, ten spyte van die feit dat Eskom se MTPPP van Mei 2008 slegs kapasiteite van 5MW en groter aanvaar bet. Hierdie aanname is gebaseer op Suid-Afrika se volhoubare energie teikens en die regering se offisiele mikpunt om 30% van alle krag-voorsiening vanaf IPPs te bekom. Die tweede hoof-aanname was dat die 65 tot 100clkWh wat Eskom in sy MTPPP aangebied het, ook van toepassing sal wees op sub-SMW IPPs (Creamer, 2008), en dat die laer prys-limiet van 65c/kWb oor die hele projek-leeftyd toegepas kon word. Inherent tot hierdie aanname is die verdere veronderstelling dat die progressiewe daling in elektrisiteits-pryse tot 'n eventuele vlak van 35clkWh voorsien deur Eskom nie sal realiseer nie, beide as gevolg van die volgehoue druk wat die groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie op die aansieniike, maar tydrowende, opwekkings-kapasiteit uitbreidings van Eskom behoort te plaas, en ook die hoe waarskynlikheid dat prys premiums vir skoon elektrisiteit ingestel word sodat Suid-Afrika sy volboubare energie telkens kan bereik. Die aanvanklike kapitaal en CDM uitgawes, en bedryfsuitgawes en - inkomstes oor die projekleeftyd is vanaf die aangenome inset parameter waardes afgelei, waarop die NPV van die projek uitgewerk is om te dien as die beslissende maatstaf van ekonomiese haalbaarheid. 'n Diskontokoers van 18% is gebruik, ooreenstemmend met die subjektief beraamde risikos wat die projek inhou as 'n klein-skaal volhoubare energie sisteem. Die resultate van die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model het getoon dat in die geval waar die projek geen CDM aspekte bevat nie, die NPV hoogs negatief sou wees met 'n waarde van -ZAR342 573, terwyl dit verbeter na ZAR325 193 as die projek CDM deelname insluit. Die gevolgtrekking is dus gemaak dat die spesifieke projek slegs ekonomies haalbaar sal wees indien dit wel CDM deelname insluit, en dat hierdie positiewe finansiele bydrae van die CDM geoptimaliseer kan word deur 'n programmatiese CDM benadering te volg. Dit behels die ontwikkeling van die projek as deel van 'n groter program waarin soortgelyke projekte mettertyd geimplementeer word soos hulle ontstaan, tot by die offisiele VN limiet van 15MWe om sodoende nog te kwalifiseer as 'n algehele klein-skaalse program. Die aard van die hoof-aannames in hierdie studie is indikatief dat die positiewe finansiele lewensvatbaarheid in die geval waar die projek CDM deelname insluit, eers oor die kort- tot medium-termyn prakties relevant sal word soos die aannames bevredig word. Dus, alhoewel die era van klein-skaalse volhoubare energie projekte nog nie aangebreek het in Suid-Afrika nie, lyk dit tog asof dit om die draai is.