The study utilizes Labour Force Surveys (LFS) for Barbados, Dominica, and St. Lucia for selected periods within 1996 – 2004 to analyse the themes of private rates of returns to the individual investment in education; and inter-industry wage structure and the subthemes of public sector pay premium and the gender pay gap. The interval coded nature of the earnings data reported in the LFS, requires the use of an interval regression model estimated by maximum likelihood techniques. A key empirical finding in the study is that the Eastern Caribbean labour market places a relatively high valuation on formally acquired post-primary human capital assets. The industrial wage structure in the selected countries reflects the effects of recent trade policy changes in regard to agriculture. The overall inter-industry wage dispersion was found to be high in Dominica and St. Lucia, remaining relatively constant in the two periods in the latter country. In Barbados the inter-industry wage structure was substantial but unlike the other countries expanded over time. The study finds the ceteris paribus public sector pay premium in the recent past has improved for women and is relatively large and suggests public sector workers are securing a high rent through employment in this sector. A gender pay gap in the range of 14 percent – 20 percent is detected and in Dominica there is also evidence of a sizeable ethnic pay disadvantage for male members of the island's indigenous population. In all respects the outcomes for the selected countries follow a clear pattern that mirrors the findings in the empirical literature on the Caribbean.

by Au Pat Nien. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-88). / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Valuations --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Preliminaries --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Complete Fields --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Unramified Extension of Complete Field --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Local Fields --- p.12 / Chapter 3 --- Ramification Groups and Hasse-Herbrand Function --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1 --- Ramification Groups --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- "The Quotients Gi/Gi+1, i ≥ 0" --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Hasse-Herbrand function --- p.19 / Chapter 4 --- The Norm Map --- p.21 / Chapter 4.1 --- Lemmas --- p.21 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Norm Map on the Residue Field of a Totally Ramified Extension of Prime Degree --- p.22 / Chapter 4.3 --- Extension of the Perfect Residue Field in a Totally Ramified Extension --- p.26 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Norm Map on Finite Separable Extension of Knr with K Perfect --- p.28 / Chapter 5 --- Cohomology of Finite Groups --- p.30 / Chapter 5.1 --- Preliminaries --- p.30 / Chapter 5.2 --- Mappings of Cohomology Groups --- p.32 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Restriction and Inflation --- p.32 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Corestriction --- p.34 / Chapter 5.3 --- Cup Product --- p.34 / Chapter 5.4 --- Cohomology Groups of Low Dimensions --- p.35 / Chapter 5.5 --- Some Results of Group Cohomology --- p.43 / Chapter 6 --- The Brauer Group of a Field --- p.57 / Chapter 7 --- The Norm Residue Map --- p.60 / Chapter 7.1 --- Determination of the Brauer Group of a Local Field --- p.60 / Chapter 7.2 --- Canonical Class --- p.62 / Chapter 7.3 --- The Reciprocity Law --- p.64 / Chapter 8 --- The Local Symbol --- p.74 / Chapter 8.1 --- Definition --- p.74 / Chapter 8.2 --- The Hilbert Symbol --- p.74 / Chapter 8.3 --- The Differential of the Formal Power Series --- p.76 / Chapter 8.4 --- The Artin-Schreier Symbol --- p.78 / Chapter 9 --- Characterization of a Norm Group --- p.81 / Bibliography

My dissertation begins with the central crisis of Jane Eyre, in which Jane flees Thornfield Hall after her failed marriage, is unable to find work, and almost dies of exposure and starvation on the moors. She finds herself asking "What was I to do? Where to go? Oh, intolerable questions, when I could do nothing and go nowhere!" I suggest that this passage, and others that echo it in Villette and works by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, and George Eliot can be read in terms of early Victorian anxieties over middle-class women's inability to support themselves should they need to. Most literary criticism on women and work focuses on the end of the century, which saw an explosion of the topic in public debate and literature of the time; in my work, I explore how these discussions and anxieties about women's work were developing much earlier than is usually discussed. While the fin-de-siècle figure of the New Woman characteristically moves through urban landscapes in ways that emphasize her independence (alone, on bicycles, on buses, to and from places of work and her own domicile), earlier middle-class Victorian women walk out of domestic spaces that are not their own, and any brief sense of freedom is swiftly followed by a sense of desperation or need. These women wander through economic landscapes in ways that point to their profound state of dependence and their inability to support themselves. Given that women are still, today, the first economic victims of a recession, I am interested in tracing how women writers started responding to this vulnerability almost as soon as it became visible with the establishment of an industrial economy and the rise of the middle class in early- and mid-Victorian England. While some extant criticism examines Victorian gender and economics in literature on a text-by-text basis, I propose a comprehensive model with four modes for understanding how woman move through economic and physical landscapes in Victorian fiction: 1) in a mode of desperation that points to a fundamental problem with middle-class women's vulnerable economic position (Bronte's Jane Eyre and Villette); 2) in a mode of learning to better understand their limited but relative privilege compared to working-class women (Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh); 3) in a problematized mode of successful self-reinvention, prompted by economic aspirations, that poses a danger to conventional social hierarchy and therefore marks the woman as errant or evil (sensation fiction, Braddon's Lady Audley's Secret and Aurora Floyd); and 4) in a mode of self-revelation in which a woman comes to realize how her own perpetual state of dependence has affected her choices (Eliot's Daniel Deronda and Middlemarch). Desperation, comprehension, problematic self-invention, revelation: Victorian women's wanderings consistently point to, through the movement of the woman's body, the ways that the woman is an economic subject, perhaps before she is anything else.

OBJECTIVE: This study attempts to characterize CIII malocclusion phenotypes in order to identify distinct subgroups for which genetic susceptibility could be identified. METHODS: Sixty-three lateral cephalometric variables were measured from pre-treatment records of 292 CIII Caucasian adults. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to identify the most homogeneous groups of individuals representing distinct CIII phenotypes and thus reducing genetic heterogeneity. RESULTS: PCA resulted in 6 principal components that accounted for 81.17% of the variation. The first three components represented variation on mandibular and maxillary horizontal and vertical position and lower incisor angulation, respectively. The cluster model identified 5 distinct subphenotypes of CIII malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS: A spectrum of phenotypic definitions was obtained which may enhance the identification of human susceptibility genes underlying CIII malocclusion.

This dissertation examines the ideological connections between schooling, mobility, and social difference among students in New Delhi. In it, I argue that educational mobility, especially with regard to English-language education, is an ideology which seems to offer a path to reduce social difference while in fact protecting it. I also argue that people who desire mobility engage in discursive practices which attempt to emphasize how their social positions are better than the ones they aspire to, a process I call discursive mobility. These discourses are inherently conflicted and contradictory, something I argue is characteristic of discursive responses to ideologies of educational mobility. Thus, I inquire into how different ideologies and discourses (dominant and subordinate) relating to social difference, education, and mobility interact, the prominent role of English in ideologies of education and mobility, and how the process of attempting mobility produces inherently contradictory ways of being. This research was conducted in two government schools and one private school in New Delhi, using a number of methods including participant observation, surveys, interviews, group discussions, and matched guise technique. I describe the discursive contradictions that come from attempts at discursive mobility, how language is implicated in ideologies of educational mobility, how social ideologies of privilege affect schooling experiences and mobility possibilities, how students discursively respond to social difference, and how the discursive worlds of students in government and private schools differ.

College mismatch occurs when a student enrolls in a college with a selectivity level that is above (overmatch) or below (undermatch) his or her academic qualifications. A primary concern regarding college mismatch is that it could lead to social stratification. However, studies on mismatch provide mixed results and fail to articulate the determinants of college mismatch and the effects of college mismatch on degree attainment. My dissertation comprises two studies. The first study examines the role of social capital in college mismatch. Using data from ELS:2002, I find students from families with a lower level of social capital are more likely to apply to and enroll in an undermatched college, and less likely to apply to and enroll in an overmatched college. I further find intergenerational alignment of educational goal is associated with both college undermatch and overmatch. Results suggest that enhancing family social capital may help low-SES students to engage in broader college searches and find a college with a better academic fit. The second study examines the association between college mismatch and degree attainment within a timely manner. I find students who enrolled in a matched college are less likely to graduate within 6 years than those who enrolled in an overmatched college, but have a higher probability of obtaining a bachelor’s degree than those who enrolled in an undermatched college. Furthermore, I find there is no significant difference in obtaining a bachelor’s degree between matched and mismatched students as far as institutional characteristics are concerned. Results suggest that scholars need to be cautious before claiming systemic mismatch penalty or match advantage.

This paper discusses the development of the Perceived Classism Scales. Three separate studies were conducted to create and validate scales designed to measure Liu, Soleck, Hopps, Dunston, and Pickett's (2004) upward, downward, and lateral classism constructs in their Modern Classism Theory. An initial pool of 51-items was created to assess each of the three classism domains. Three hundred and three individuals participated in the first study, which consisted of an exploratory factor analysis of the 51 items. Results from the first study provided preliminary support for the measurement of two factors. The 51 items were pared down to two, 8-item scales reflecting upward and downward classism. The second study consisted of a confirmatory factor analysis to ensure each scale represented a good model fit to the data from 237 participants. Findings from the confirmatory factor analysis suggested some overlap between items and the downward classism scale was further reduced to 5-items and the upward classism scale was reduced to 6-items. The revised scales represented a good fit to the data and the scales were named Upward and Downward Classism. The third study served to establish construct validity and test-retest reliability of the Upward and Downward scales. One hundred sixty-nine people participated in the third and final study. Results provided initial support for the validity of the scales and the scales also showed good stability over a two-week period. In addition, implications of the current study for both researchers and clinicians are presented. Lastly, recommendations for improving the validity of the PCS scales and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine children's perceptions of parens as these are related to the child's social class background. Four pictures from the Tasks of Emotional Development Test were administered individually to a sample of 60 fourth grade children from two Ogden, Utah, Public schools, These picture tasks were intended to encourage subjects to project their perceptions toward parents specific to the pictorial situation. The findings of this study seemed to indicate a tendency toward differences between middle and lower class children in their perceptions of parents. Middle class children were shown to obtain higher maturity scores in their perceptions of three pictorial tasks plus higher total maturity scores than children of the lower class. Lower class children obtained higher maturity scores for one picture task (acceptance of limits from adults). Differences between boys and girls in their perceptions toward parents were not found to be supported by the statistical data. only one picture (Separation from mother) showed a significant difference between boys and girls at the .05 level.

The purpose of this study was to examine children's perceptions of social situations as these are related to the social environment in which the child lives, and to investigate the influence of social class upon their perceptions. An oral picture test, consisting of seven pictures, was administered to 60 fourth grade children in two Ogden, Utah, public schools. The findings of this study are that there are differences between middle and lower class children, but not between boys and girls, in their perceptions of their social environment. Middle class children were shown to be more positive in their social environment. Middle class children were shown to be more positive in their general outlook towards life, and lower class children are found to have tendencies toward a more negative perception of life. The conclusions are that social class does influence children's perceptions of their social environment, and the most favorable life circumstances for the lower class child seem to be those which are encountered in relationship with siblings. Also, there is need for concern about the image of the peace officer in the minds of children in both social classes, and about the lower class child's perception of the teacher in the classroom.

This thesis explores the forces driving a series of momentous transformations to Indonesia�s production and distribution systems since early colonial rule. The analysis of these forces is anchored in four conceptual themes: the basis of these systemic transformations, their politico-economic ordering as driven by a surplus-creation imperative, labour�s role in this imperative and its response to the �ordering�, and the mode of production as the historical setting within which the transformations occur. This thesis illuminates an analytical gap in the literature by nominating labour as the key force in wealth-creation and recognising its active role in challenging ruling appropriation regimes and in the broader social struggles against exploitation and oppression. The thematic focus defines the boundaries for an exploration of successive colonial and post-colonial ruling regimes. Early chapters examine how the Dutch penetrated the Indonesian politico-economy, entrenching their systems of production organisation and creating an exclusionary system of wealth appropriation. Appropriation systems are characterised by transitions in European political and economic systems, especially from mercantilism to industrial capitalism. The entrenchment of colonial power is considered in relation to the expansion of capitalist organisation in Indonesia. The state�s stimulation of this expansion is associated with an undermining of the country�s reproductive base and a growing challenge to foreign rule. The Japanese occupying force� demolition of colonial productive and distributive linkages and encouragement of independence activism is connected with a post-war struggle for independence. Links are drawn between colonial rule and the tensions and organisational difficulties faced by Republican regimes leading up to the New Order�s re-establishment of a strict regulatory regime, and the development of an indigenous system of capitalist organisation. The surplus-generation and appropriation perspective informs the evolution of Indonesia�s productive and economic systems across colonial and post-colonial epochs and the challenges to the system of social and production regulation that heralded the destabilisation of New Order rule and the rise of the contemporary era of political democracy.