Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

Os Annales dHistoire Économique et Sociale, periódico fundado por Marc Bloch e Lucien Febvre em 1929, são usualmente tidos como berço daquilo que a historiografia denomina os Annales. Essa expressão não é, no entanto, um sinônimo da revista que a originou: os Annales são um sujeito que ultrapassa as páginas da publicação, compondo, ao longo do século XX, o cerne de um fenômeno historiográfico extremamente influente, mas de difícil definição. Esta pesquisa debruça-se sobre os anos de trabalho conjunto de Marc Bloch e Lucien Febvre na direção da revista (1929-1944), buscando investigar o processo cotidiano de produção do periódico e, com isso, lançar luz sobre as estratégias de legitimação às quais os dois diretores recorreram para garantir o êxito de seu projeto. A partir do estudo das correspondências trocadas entre eles e de sua produção crítica, avança-se a hipótese de que, no ato de produção da revista, os diretores lançam mão de uma série de dispositivos de produção de coerência intelectual que dão corpo, paulatinamente, ao sujeito os Annales. / The Annales dHistoire Économique et Sociale, founded by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, are usually perceived as the cradle of what came to be known as the Annales. Nevertheless, this expression isnt a synonym of the journal that originated it: the Annales are a subject that transcends the tangible periodical and that has become, throughout the twentieth century, the core of a highly influential, albeit hard to define, historiographical phenomenon. This dissertation focuses on Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvres joint effort to run the journal (1929-1944), aiming to investigate the making of the review and, therefore, shed light on the strategies its directors have resorted to in order to legitimize their project and assure its success. By analyzing the letters exchanged between Bloch and Febvre as well as the critic reviews published by them, this dissertation argues that, in making the journal, its directors elaborate an intellectual apparatus to bring forth coherence, and that, through this specific apparatus, the idea of the Annales as an independent subject gradually takes form.

BACKGROUND: It has been claimed that the involvement of commercial companies in medical and health research poses risks relating to potential conflicts of interest. In response, many journals have developed conflict of interest policies, and there has been a proliferation of related guidance from publishers, professional associations and commercial companies, mostly centred on processes of voluntary disclosure. Studies and commentaries on these have raised concerns regarding the adequacy of such practices, but there has been limited analysis of the underlying context – how and why policies have been constructed in this way – or exploration of alternative approaches. AIM: This thesis examines how actors within medical journal publishing conceptualise conflicts of interest. It analyses their understandings of conflicts of interest: which types of interest are deemed most significant; which actor groups are seen as conflicted; and how conflicts are managed. Through doing so, it explores the barriers to, and possibilities of, change. METHODS: The study draws on two distinct sets of data. The first is a sample of conflict of interest policies and guidance. The second is 48 semi-structured interviews with actors working in a range of roles related to medical journal publishing. These data were thematically analysed to illustrate how medical journal publishing conceptualises and manages conflicts of interest, to identify perceived strengths and weaknesses of current approaches, and to identify potential opportunities for improvement. RESULTS: There appears to be an established discourse around conflicts of interest, which emphasises particular stakeholders, while others, who also have opportunities to influence journal content, are frequently absent from the debate. Financial interests are readily highlighted, while non-financial ones receive less attention and are thus often unregulated (Chapter 5). High levels of consistency characterise the ways in which actors discussed the management of conflicts of interest: for example, self-disclosure was regularly highlighted, despite the acknowledged weaknesses of this approach (Chapter 6). The existence of further mechanisms that offer the potential to assist in managing conflicts of interest were identified, though findings suggest that, in practice, these currently have limited uptake (Chapter 7). Interviewees’ suggestions of how conflicts of interest might be better managed (e.g. through greater data transparency) are also analysed. Overall, narrow interpretations of conflicts of interest and their management appear to have become institutionalised in ways that serve to limit the uptake of alternative approaches. DISCUSSION: Given the substantive importance that medical research can have on health policies and treatments, robust processes are required to protect the integrity and legitimacy of journals. This research shows that existing, institutionalised understandings of conflicts of interest have critical limitations, which leaves medical publishing open to potentially unethical practices that may be a source of bias in published evidence. This poses a significant threat to the desire to attain ethically robust, peer-reviewed medical/health research that can be used to inform policy and practice. Drawing on the interview data, the thesis explores some possible alternatives that may warrant further consideration.

Submitted by Rafaela Moraes (rafaelarrdm@gmail.com) on 2017-12-29T11:33:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TCC RAFAELA.pdf: 565867 bytes, checksum: c7144c82dc437fd68ec2425c630bef94 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-29T11:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TCC RAFAELA.pdf: 565867 bytes, checksum: c7144c82dc437fd68ec2425c630bef94 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-21 / This essay is the result of a study of the transition from printed scientific journal into the electronic journal, performing a comparative analysis between a Library Science Magazine and an Information Science Magazine, both pioneers in their countries, Brazil and Colombia. In order to present their stories two magazines were used in the study, the Information Science Magazine and the Inter-American Library Science Magazine, focusing on the migration from printed media into electronic media and the beginning of the automation of information in Brazil and Colombia. The issue studied is the impact caused by electronic scientific Magazines in the scientific Community. The study developed from the transition of Brazilian and Colombian journals with the purpose of showing the role of these literatures; their challenges in the scientific Community; and how the free access to these electronic scientific journals took place. In order to achieve that goal, it was done a review on the scientific communication in Latin America and a comparison between the Science Information Magazine and the Inter-American Library Science Magazine, describing the year of transition of their supports, the amount of publications produced and the quality. The results revealed that the electronic scientific production is very important for the academic-scientific production, providing current and free access information to researchers. / O presente trabalho realizou um estudo acerca da transição do periódico científico impresso para o eletrônico, a partir da análise comparativa entre duas revistas de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, pioneiras em seus países, sendo estes: Brasil e Colômbia. Como objeto de estudo, foram utilizadas a revista Ciência da Informação e a revista Interamericana de Bibliotecología, a fim de apresentar sua história, focando na migração do meio impresso ao meio eletrônico, e o início da automatização da comunicação científica no Brasil e na Colômbia. O problema estudado foi o impacto causado pelas revistas científicas eletrônicas na comunidade científica. O estudo partiu da transição dos periódicos brasileiro e colombiano, com o objetivo de mostrar o papel dessas literaturas; seus desafios dentro da sociedade científica; e como se deu o acesso livre aos periódicos científicos eletrônicos. Para atingir o objetivo, foi feita uma revisão entre a comunicação científica na América Latina e uma comparação entre as revistas Ciência da Informação e Interamericana de Bibliotecología, esquadrinhando o ano de transição de seus suportes, a quantidade de publicações produzidas e a suas qualidades. Os resultados revelaram que a produção científica eletrônica é de grande valia para a produção acadêmico-científica, trazendo informações correntes e de livre acesso aos pesquisadores.

This thesis examines the development of reflective skills. Reflection has been recognised as a prime mode of creating knowledge for project managers. Reflection literature indicates that reflective skills do not develop naturally; guidance, encouragement and facilitation is usually required for managers to reach their highest learning potential. Among the tools suggested to aid this development are written project journals. While there has been research on some aspects of journals, there was little found on the design of reflective journals relevant to developing project management reflection skills. This study has examined the effect or influence of various designs of reflective journals on different facets of reflective learning. The research question was: ????Are there facets of reflection that can be influenced by journal design????? Evidence for the study was first gathered through literature then from journal content and interviews. Literature on reflective learning revealed the facets relevant to the study: definition of reflection, consequences, emotions, temporal factors and individual and organisational culture. Issues identified in journal literature that needed to be applied to the study of reflection development included the journal audience, assessment and format. Participants in the study were final year undergraduates and Masters students who worked on industry based projects over several months. They were requested to keep journals for the duration of the projects, to submit them for examination and then asked to offer feedback on the various journal designs on completion of the projects. The research was conducted over four years, through seven projects, with thirty students taking part. The journal design went through six modifications. The primary findings from the study were: the majority of participants followed the predicted development hierarchy of reflective development; development of reflective skills is dependent on individual and organisational culture; audience does have an impact on reporting of and reflection on concerns; and journal design can facilitate development of some levels of reflection but has no influence on the development of critical reflection. / Masters by research thesis

This dissertation is a teacher research study of the ways that young children author themselves by negotiating teacher authority in the context of their dialogue journals. The study detailed herein attempts to discover some of the ways in which young children negotiate teacher authority within the context of a dialogue journal.I collaborated with four second grade students in my multiage classroom who agreed to allow me to analyze the entries in their dialogue journals. We engaged in written dialogue in the context of their journals over two years, from when they were first graders in my multiage class until they left my class at the end of second grade.As a participant observer I used a form of discourse analysis called textual analysis, as mediated by Deborah Tannen's (2005, 2007) work in conversational analysis to unpack the negotiation of teacher authority revealed by the written interactions that took place in the context of the dialogue journals. This study explores the role that the children's personalities, textual competence and relationship with me as their teacher played in shaping their willingness and ability to negotiate teacher authority. It also explores the role my attitudes and actions had in fostering or hindering that negotiation.Implications include the use of ethnographic portraiture to establish context in teacher research, the importance of establishing routines that foster independence in classroom assignments, creating an atmosphere that encourages ownership of the activity in question, the necessity for the teacher to interact with the students in ways that allow them to control the conversation in their dialogue journals, and the importance of periodically reviewing the entire journals to counteract the myopic effect of reading only one journal entry per day. This last is important because when reading only one journal entry at a time it is possible to misinterpret the students' intent, lose sight of context or misinterpret the extent to which the students are engaged in writing in their dialogue journals.

Open access publishing is an initiative that aims to provide universal, unrestricted free access to full-text scholarly materials via the Internet. This presents a radically different approach to the dissemination of research articles that has traditionally been controlled by the publishing enterprise that regulates access by means of subscriptions and licences fees levied on users, predominantly academic libraries. In presenting the case for open access publishing, the thesis explored the contemporary research environment, changing modes of knowledge production, the problems associated with the existing academic journal system, and the subsequent growth of the open access movement as an intervention to reclaim scientific communication. It highlighted the ways in which open access better answers the requirements of researchers, funders, governments, and society more broadly.

This thesis examines the development of reflective skills. Reflection has been recognised as a prime mode of creating knowledge for project managers. Reflection literature indicates that reflective skills do not develop naturally; guidance, encouragement and facilitation is usually required for managers to reach their highest learning potential. Among the tools suggested to aid this development are written project journals. While there has been research on some aspects of journals, there was little found on the design of reflective journals relevant to developing project management reflection skills. This study has examined the effect or influence of various designs of reflective journals on different facets of reflective learning. The research question was: ????Are there facets of reflection that can be influenced by journal design????? Evidence for the study was first gathered through literature then from journal content and interviews. Literature on reflective learning revealed the facets relevant to the study: definition of reflection, consequences, emotions, temporal factors and individual and organisational culture. Issues identified in journal literature that needed to be applied to the study of reflection development included the journal audience, assessment and format. Participants in the study were final year undergraduates and Masters students who worked on industry based projects over several months. They were requested to keep journals for the duration of the projects, to submit them for examination and then asked to offer feedback on the various journal designs on completion of the projects. The research was conducted over four years, through seven projects, with thirty students taking part. The journal design went through six modifications. The primary findings from the study were: the majority of participants followed the predicted development hierarchy of reflective development; development of reflective skills is dependent on individual and organisational culture; audience does have an impact on reporting of and reflection on concerns; and journal design can facilitate development of some levels of reflection but has no influence on the development of critical reflection. / Masters by research thesis

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 1996. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 232-247).

Research paper (M.L.I.S.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.