Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is flammable when it forms a 5 – 15 percent volumetric concentration mixture with air at atmospheric conditions. When the LNG vapor comes in contact with an ignition source, it may result in fire and/or explosion. Because of flammable characteristics and dense gas behaviors, expansion foam has been recommended as one of the safety provisions for mitigating accidental LNG releases. However, the effectiveness of foam in achieving this objective has not been sufficiently reported in outdoor field tests. Thus, this research focused on experimental determination of the effect of expansion foam application on LNG vapor dispersion and pool fire. Specifically, for evaluating the use of foam to control the vapor hazard from spilled LNG, this study aimed to obtain key parameters, such as the temperature changes of methane and foam and the extent reduction of vapor concentration. This study also focused on identifying the effectiveness of foam and thermal exclusion zone by investigating temperature changes of foam and fire, profiles of radiant heat flux, and fire height changes by foam. Additionally, a schematic model of LNG-foam system for theoretical modeling and better understanding of underlying mechanism of foam was developed. Results showed that expansion foam was effective in increasing the buoyancy of LNG vapor by raising the temperature of the vapor permeated through the foam layer and ultimately decreasing the methane concentrations in the downwind direction. It was also found that expansion foam has positive effects on reducing fire height and radiant heat fluxes by decreasing fire heat feedback to the LNG pool, thus resulting in reduction in the safe separation distance. Through the extensive data analysis, several key parameters, such as minimum effective foam depth and mass evaporation rate of LNG with foam, were identified. However, caution must be taken to ensure that foam application can result in initial adverse effects on vapor and fire control. Finally, based on these findings, several recommendations were made for improving foam delivery methods which can be used for controlling the hazard of spilled LNG.

The present study contains a calculation and discussion of meridional advection of water vapour on a daily basis across three latitude circles (65°N., 70°N., 80°N.) for the months of January and July, 1958. [...]

This thesis work describes the fabrication and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) characterization of vertically aligned nitrogen (N) doped multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) forests coated by silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. In the present work, the CNT forests were grown from a catalyst metal layer by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process at temperature of 800 oC and a physical vapor deposition (PVD) and annealing processes were applied subsequently for the evaporation and diffusion of noble metal nanoparticles on the forest. Transistor patterning of 20, 50 and 100 μm were made onto the silicon-oxide (SiO2) wafers through the photolithography process with and without depositing a thickness of 10 nm titanium (Ti) buffer layer on the Si-surfaces. Iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) were used together to deposite a thickness of 5 nm catalyst layer onto the Single Side Polished (SSP) wafers. As carbon and nitrogen precursor for the CNT growth was used pyridine. Two different treatment times (20 and 60 minutes) in the CVD process determined the CNT forest height. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging was employed to characterize the CNT forest properties and Ag and Au nanoparticle distribution along the CNT walls. The existence of “hot spots” created by the Ag and Au nanoparticles through the surface roughness and plasmonic properties was demonstrated by the SERS measurements. Accordingly, the peak intensity at wave number of 1076 cm-1 was picked up from each SERS spectra to establish the Ag- and Au-trend curves with different concentrations of 4-ATP solution. The SERS mapping was also carried out to study the Ag- and Au-coated CNT surface homogeneity and “hot spots” distribution on the CNT surface. The SERS enhancement factors (EF) were calculated by applying an analyte solution of ethanolic 4-ATP on the CNT surface. The calculated values of EF from Ag- and Au-coated CNT forests were 9×106 and 2.7×105 respectively.

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an industrially important process to deposit crystalline and amorphous thin films on solid substrates. In situ sensing for CVD is necessary for process monitoring, fault detection, and process control. The challenge of in situ sensing lies in the prohibitive environment of the CVD process. Optical sensors such as the reflectometer and the ellipsometer are the most promising sensors because they can be installed outside of the deposition chamber, and are sensitive and easy to implement. However, the optical sensors do not measure film properties directly. Mathematical methods are needed to extract film properties from indirect optical measurements. Currently the most commonly used method is least squares fitting. In this project, we systematically investigated in situ reflectometry data interpretation based on state estimation theory. Optical models for light reflection on both smooth and rough surfaces were studied. The model validation results indicated that the effective medium model is better than the scalar scattering model when the surface is microscopically rough. The analysis of the observability for the sensor models indicated that the linearized observability does not always guarantee the true observability of a nonlinear system. We studied various state estimators such as batch least squares fitting (BLS), recursive least squares fitting (RLS), extended Kalman filter (EKF), and moving horizon estimation (MHE). It was shown that MHE is the general least-squares-based state estimation and BLS, RLS, and EKF are special cases of MHE. To reduce the computational requirement of MHE, a modified moving horizon estimator (mMHE) was developed which combines the advantage of the computational efficiency in RLS and the a priori estimate in MHE. State estimators were compared in simulated film growth processes, including both process model mismatch and sensor model mismatch, and reflection of both single wavelength and dual wavelength. In the case of process model mismatch and reflection on a smooth surface, there exists an optimum horizon size for both RLS and mMHE, although mMHE is less sensitive to the horizon size and performs better than RLS at all horizon sizes. The estimate with dual wavelength is more accurate than that with single wavelength indicating that estimation improves with more independent measurements. In the case of reflection on a rough surface, RLS failed to give a reasonable estimate due to the strong correlation between roughness and the extinction coefficient. However, mMHE successfully estimated the extinction coefficient and surface roughness by using the a priori estimate. MHE is much more computationally intensive than mMHE and there is no significant improvement on the estimation results. In the case of sensor model mismatch, either state estimator gave a good result, although mMHE consistently gave a better estimate, especially at a shorter horizon size. In order to test the state estimators in a real world environment, we built a cold-wall low-pressure chemical vapor deposition testbed with an in situ emissivity-correcting pyrometer. Fully automatic data-acquisition and instrument-control software was developed for the CVD testbed using LabVIEW. State estimators were compared using two experimental reflectance data sets acquired under different deposition conditions. The estimated film properties are compared with ex situ ellipsometry and AFM characterization results. In all cases, mMHE consistently yielded better estimates for processes under quite different deposition conditions. This indicated that mMHE is a useful and robust state estimator for in situ sensor data interpretation. By using the information from both the process and the sensor model, one can obtain a better estimate. A good feature of mMHE is that it provides such a versatile framework to organize all these useful information and gives a user the opportunity to interact with fitting and make wise decisions in the in situ sensor data interpretation.

Orientador: Teófilo Miguel de Souza / Coorientador: José Renato de Oliveira / Banca: Leide Lili Gonçalves da Silva Kostov / Banca: José Feliciano Adami / Banca: Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho / Banca: Ederaldo Godoy Júnior / Resumo: A escassez de água potável vem impulsionando diversas pesquisas ao redor do mundo, por este ser um elemento vital e por sua obtenção envolver um grande paradigma, afinal não há efetivamente produção de água, o que existe é uma mudança de estado físico por meio do ciclo hidrológico. É preciso trazer segurança ao abastecimento sem abrir mão do caráter sustentável, utilizando materiais de baixo impacto ambiental associando-os a fontes renováveis de energia para seu funcionamento. Neste sentido, o presente estudo consiste na busca de melhorias de um condensador de vapor atmosférico, utilizando para tal, filmes finos de diamante como trocador de calor. Como este material apresenta condutividade térmica maior que a do cobre e do alumínio, visa-se agregar eficiência energética ao sistema. Dentre os procedimentos tomados identificou-se que o substrato de Silício do tipo P-Boro (111) foi o mais adequado para o crescimento dos filmes, obteve-se diferentes espessuras para comparação de desempenho no condensador e verificou-se a viabilidade técnica da proposta, pois foi possível realizar condensação utilizando o filme de diamante. De maneira geral, não há produção de condensado em umidades relativas inferiores a 50%. A partir de umidades superiores a 80 %, a amostra mais eficiente, no quesito produção de condensado, é a amostra de 4 h de deposição, que atinge o índice de 6 L.h-1.m². O custo ainda se mostra maior se comparado ao cobre e ao alumínio, de qualquer maneira o processo de conde... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The shortage of drinking water has been driving several researches around the world, because its obtaining involves a great paradigm, after all there is no effective production of water, but there is a change of physical state through the hydrological cycle. It is necessary to bring security to the supply without abandoning the sustainable character, using materials of low environmental impact associating them with renewable sources of energy for its operation. In this sense, the present study consists in the search for improvements of an atmospheric vapor condenser, using thin films of diamond as heat exchanger. As this material has higher thermal conductivity than copper and aluminum, it is aimed to add energy efficiency to the system. Among the procedures taken it was found that P-Boron type silicon substrate (111) was the most suitable for the growth of the films, different thicknesses were obtained for the comparison of performance in the condenser and the technical feasibility of the proposal was verified, because it was possible to perform condensation using the diamond film. In general, there is no condensate production at relative humidity of less than 50%. From the humidities more than 80%, the most efficient sample, in the case of condensate production, is the sample of 4 h deposition, which reaches the index of 6 L.h-1 .m². The cost is still unfeasible compared to copper and aluminum, however, the vapor condensation process is an alternative source of supply in places where it is scarce, such as in oil platforms in the arid region of the Brazilian Northeast / Doutor

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / El documento digital no refiere asesor / Actualmente las plantas pesqueras están en la búsqueda de la eficiencia energética, sus dos fuentes principales de energía son el vapor generado por las calderas y la energía eléctrica. Se realiza el cálculo del consumo de vapor de una planta pesquera, esto ayudará a tener un punto de partida para mejorar el aprovechamiento del vapor y de esta manera reducir costos operacionales. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

El documento digital no refiere un asesor / Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Determina los principales componentes del sistema de vapor en el Hospital Regional Miguel Ángel Mariscal Llerena de Ayacucho conforme a las normas técnicas del Ministerio de Salud MINSA. Para ello, se repasa las definiciones y fundamentos implicados, que abarcan las ramas de la química, termodinámica y mecánica de fluidos. Además, se apoya en las normas técnicas del MINSA para seleccionar los equipos tales como: esterilizadores, marmitas, lavadoras, etc. Luego, gracias a los catálogos y/o manuales de los equipos se obtienen los consumos de vapor por equipo. Finalmente, se determina el consumo total de vapor en los hospitales. En función del consumo total de vapor obtenido se selecciona la caldera pirotubular y otros componentes. El sistema de vapor básicamente está compuesto por las calderas, manifold o cabecero de vapor, estaciones reductoras de presión con sus respectivos accesorios y dispositivos de medición, las líneas de suministro a los diferentes servicios del hospital y la línea de retorno de condensado. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

113 f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-05T17:38:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Raildo Alves Fiuza Junior.pdf: 4123130 bytes, checksum: 5d64b18d9c873984e7609ecb4496b552 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-06T15:04:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Raildo Alves Fiuza Junior.pdf: 4123130 bytes, checksum: 5d64b18d9c873984e7609ecb4496b552 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-06T15:04:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Raildo Alves Fiuza Junior.pdf: 4123130 bytes, checksum: 5d64b18d9c873984e7609ecb4496b552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CAPES / A conversão catalítica do glicerol em insumos químicos de maior valor agregado é desejável para valorizar a cadeia de produção do biodiesel. O glicerol é obtido principalmente como co-produto do biodiesel, com rendimento de 10% em massa. Uma das vias mais promissoras na valorização do glicerol está na hidrogenólise do glicerol a propilenoglicol (1,2-PD), que é empregado como agente anti-congelante, na produção de polímeros, na indústria de alimentos e cosméticos. Muitos estudos têm relatado a hidrogenólise em fase líquida, que requer altas pressões de hidrogênio e demanda altos custos operacionais. Recentes estudos têm relatado a hidrogenólise do glicerol a 1,2-PDO em fase vapor, utilizando principalmente catalisadores a base de cobre. O principal catalisador empregado na hidrogenólise do glicerol tanto na fase liquida como vapor é a cromita de cobre, CuCr2O4. Neste trabalho, a atividade catalítica da cromita de cobre foi avaliada em fase vapor, estudando três fatores: a estruturação da cromita de cobre por diferentes temperaturas de calcinação (500-800°C); mudanças es truturais provocadas por diferentes métodos de síntese (Combustão e Pechini); e a modificação da estrutura da cromita pela introdução do alumínio em substituição do cromo. Todos os catalisadores foram caracterizados por DRX, FTIR, EDX, BET, TPR-H2 e área metálica do cobre. A hidrogenólise do glicerol em fase vapor se mostrou promissora e os resultados obtidos indicaram que a fase cromita de cobre propicia uma maior estabilidade para a fase ativa o cobre metálico. O aumento da área metálica do cobre é influenciado diretamente pelo método de síntese, maximizando a hidrogenólise. A introdução do alumínio provocou o aumento da seletividade ao propanodiol pela melhora nas propriedades texturais. / Salvador

PINHEIRO, Érika Sousa. Avaliação dos aspectos sensoriais, físico-químicos e minerais do suco de uva da variedade benitaka(Vitis vinìfera L.). 2008. 105 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2008 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T12:40:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_espinheiro.pdf: 907413 bytes, checksum: 6cc1d45e191919db3c2814281a2ad765 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T12:40:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_espinheiro.pdf: 907413 bytes, checksum: 6cc1d45e191919db3c2814281a2ad765 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T12:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_espinheiro.pdf: 907413 bytes, checksum: 6cc1d45e191919db3c2814281a2ad765 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The Brazilian market of table grapes is one of the markets fruit and vegetable that more it grew at the country. The grape is one of the fruits that presents considerable value nutritional, being rich in minerals, vitamins and phenolic compounds, it is also considered an energy food, in reason of the presence of sugars. There is an increase tendency in the production and in the consumption of due grape juice the several ones cultivate obtained and, also, due to the consumer's concern with the health. This work had as objective evaluates the stability of the grape juice obtained by the extraction process through vapor with relationships to the aspects chemical, physic-chemical and sensory, during a period of 210 days of storage at ambient temperature. We performed analyses of water activity, dry residue (%), pH, titrable acidity, soluble solids, color, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, sugars (reducers and total), minerals (K, Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn) and sensory tests of acceptance of the grape juice. The results for water activity, dry residue, pH, total phenolics and total anthocyanins showed significant difference with the time of storage (p ≤ 0,05). With relationship to the analysis of minerals, the same ones came stable during the studied period. For the sensory attributes evaluated, only the acceptance of the color and appearance did not vary significantly with the time. The flavor, general impression, intensity of sweetness and natural flavor of grape, besides the purchase intention, they presented significant difference (p > 0,05). / O mercado brasileiro de uvas de mesa é um dos mercados hortifrutícolas que mais crescem no país. A uva é um dos frutos que apresenta considerável valor nutricional, sendo rico em minerais, vitaminas e compostos fenólicos, é também considerado um alimento energético, em razão da presença de açúcares. Há uma tendência de aumento na produção e no consumo de suco de uva devido a diversas cultivares obtidas e, também, devido à preocupação do consumidor com a saúde. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade do suco de uva obtido pelo processo de extração por meio de vapor, quanto aos aspectos químicos, físicoquímicos e sensoriais, durante um período de 210 dias de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente. Foram realizadas análises de atividade água, resíduo seco (%), pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, cor, fenólicos totais, antocianinas totais, açúcares (redutores e totais), minerais (K, Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe e Zn) e testes sensoriais de aceitação do suco de uva. Os resultados para atividade água, resíduo seco, pH, fenólicos totais e antocianinas totais apresentaram diferença significativa com o tempo de armazenamento (p ≤ 0,05). Com relação à análise de minerais, os mesmos apresentaram-se estáveis durante o período estudado. Para os atributos sensoriais avaliados, apenas a aceitação da cor e da aparência não variaram significativamente com o tempo. O sabor, impressão geral, intensidade de doçura e sabor natural de uva, além da intenção de compra, apresentaram diferença significativa (p > 0,05).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-12-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_lm_me_arafo.pdf: 817104 bytes, checksum: 137c4b299daadfdf7ba4a2a6bd1a030b (MD5) / A tecnologia CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) aplicada à confecção de pontas odontológicas diamantadas possibilitou aderência do diamante à haste metálica suficiente para suportar o efeito do ultra-som, surgindo então uma técnica alternativa para corte de tecido dentário. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar a efetividade dos corte realizados com as pontas CVD cilíndrica e esférica para ultra-som (pontas CVDentUSÒ), em esmalte e dentina de dentes permanentes, variando-se o sentido de movimento (frontal e lateral). Foram utilizados 40 terceiros molares, num total de 80 preparos cavitários confeccionados por meio de um dispositivo padronizador. Os cortes foram realizados com 30 movimentos consecutivos da ponta sobre a superfície dentária, correspondendo a 27 segundos de utilização das pontas CVDentUSÒ. A profundidade e largura dos preparos cavitários foram analisadas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e medidas por meio de uma análise cefalométrica modificada no programa Radiocef 4.0 (Radiocef Memory Ltda). A análise estatística pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis ao nível de significância de 5% mostrou que as maiores médias de largura e profundidade foram observadas nos preparos de dentina, sendo a ponta esférica responsável por cavidades mais profundas e a cilíndrica por cavidades mais largas, não havendo influência dos sentidos de movimento da ponta. / The CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) technology applied in dental diamond burs manufacture allowed to the diamond to have enough adherence to the metallic stem supporting the ultrasound effect. This technique is bringing back an alternative method to cut dental tissue. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cutting effectiveness of cylindrical and round CVD-coated diamond burs for ultrasound (CVDentUSÒ system), in enamel and dentine of permanent teeth, changing the movement sense (frontal and lateral). Forty third molars were used, in a total of 80 cavity preparations made using a standard device. The cuts were made with 30 consecutive movements of the bur on the dental surface, corresponding to 27 seconds of CVDentUSÒ tips use. The depth and width of the cavity preparations were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy and the measures were made using a modified cefalometric analysis in a Radiocef 4.0 program (Radiocef Memory Ltda). The statistical analysis applying Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, at 5% significance level, showed that the largest width and depth averages were observed in dentine cavities, being the round bur responsible for deeper cavities and the cylindrical for wider cavities. The movement senses had no influence on cavity size.