Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-14T15:43:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_VERSÃO_CD_ATUAL.pdf: 1507155 bytes, checksum: c6de307f23c784b0d457f86796aa7356 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-14T15:43:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_VERSÃO_CD_ATUAL.pdf: 1507155 bytes, checksum: c6de307f23c784b0d457f86796aa7356 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-27 / CAPEs / Inovação e sustentabilidade são consideradas fundamentais no posicionamento das empresas, notadamente nas indústrias. A conexão entre os dois conceitos, configura-se no que é denominado de ecoinovação. Esta tese apresenta 03 ensaios empíricos sobre o assunto: analisa as relações entre os principais condutores das ecoinovações técnicas (produto/processo) introduzidas pelas indústrias inovadoras, com foco na estratégia da cooperação (Ensaio 01); estima o impacto da ecoinovação técnica na performance das empresas, em termos de percentual de participação dos produtos inovadores nas vendas líquidas (Ensaio 02); e analisa a relação entre a ecoinovação organizacional e o investimento em inovação nas indústrias inovadoras do Brasil (Ensaio 03). Os ensaios foram compostos por amostras representativas das empresas industriais brasileiras no período de 2003 a 2011, baseadas nos dados da Pesquisa de Inovação – PINTEC (IBGE). No primeiro ensaio, a ecoinovação técnica é analisada adotando-se uma estratégia de identificação multidimensional, com perspectivas de obter resultados em 04 dimensões distintas, aplicando-se os Modelos Logit Multinomial e Ordenado. Como teste de robustez recorreu-se ao Modelo Logit, contornando as limitações dos microdados utilizados. No segundo ensaio, a performance da ecoinovação técnica foi mensurada através da participação percentual dos produtos inovadores nas vendas líquidas, e o impacto da ecoinovação sobre esta medida de performance foi estimado com os Modelos Diferença em Diferenças (DD) e Propensity Score Matching, permitindo contornar problemas com variáveis não observáveis e constantes no tempo, bem como as variáveis observáveis reduzindo viés de seleção. As estimações do ensaio 03 foram realizadas inicialmente através de OLS Pooled e dados em Painel (Efeito Fixo e Aleatório), objetivando também contornar efeitos das variáveis não observadas e constantes no tempo. A literatura que discute as inovações ambientais se diferencia das demais inovações, buscando conhecer seus determinantes, e evidenciando, em sua maioria, a relevância da regulamentação ambiental. Este trabalho se caracteriza especificamente por atribuir relevância diferenciada à estratégia de cooperação com parceiros externos na propensão da indústria inovadora de introduzir a ecoinovação. Também se diferencia pela estratégia de identificação da variável de interesse de forma multidimensional, além da abordagem metodológica aplicada que permite controlar as variáveis observáveis e não observáveis, com objetivo de reduzir o viés, como as estimações implementadas nos ensaios 02 e 03 (apenas não observáveis). Os resultados econométricos estimados sugerem que a cooperação com parceiros externos praticada pelas indústrias inovadoras é facilitadora para que elas adotem a ecoinovação e que as indústrias inovadoras que adotaram a ecoinovação (técnica e organizacional) possuem performance melhor do que as que não incluíram a estratégia ecoinovadora. / Innovation and sustainability are considered fundamental in positioning the companies, especially in industries. The connection between the two concepts, is configured in what is known as eco-innovation. This thesis presents 03 empirical studies on the subject: analyzes the relationship between the main drivers of eco-innovations technical (product / process) introduced the innovative industries, focusing on cooperation strategy (test 01); estimates the impact of eco-innovation in the technical performance of the companies in terms of percentage share of innovative products in net sales (test 02); and analyzes the relationship between organizational eco-innovation and investment in innovation in innovative industries of Brazil (test 03). The tests were composed of representative samples of Brazilian industrial companies in the period 2003-2011, based on Innovation Survey data - PINTEC (IBGE). In the first test, the technical eco-innovation is analyzed by adopting a multidimensional identification strategy with prospects to get results in 04 different dimensions, applying the logit models Multinomial and Orderly. As a robustness test appealed to the logit model, bypassing the limitations of used microdata. In the second trial, the performance of the technical eco-innovation was measured by the percentage share of innovative products in net sales, and the impact of eco-innovation on this measure of performance was estimated with the difference models in differences (DD) and propensity score matching, allowing around problems with non-observable variable and constant in time as well as reducing the observable variable selection bias. Estimates of test 03 were made initially through OLS Pooled and data Panel (Fixed and Random Effect), aiming to circumvent the variable effects observed and constant in time. The literature that discusses environmental innovations differs from other innovations, seeking to know its determinants, and showing, in most cases, the relevance of environmental regulations. This work is specifically characterized by assigning differentiated relevant to the strategy for cooperation with external partners in the propensity of industry to introduce innovative eco-innovation. Also differs by variable identification strategy of interest in a multidimensional way, beyond the methodological approach applied to watch out for observable and unobservable variables, in order to reduce bias, as the estimates implemented in test 02 and 03 (only unobservable ). The estimated econometric results suggest that cooperation with external partners practiced by innovative industries is a facilitator for them to adopt eco-innovation and innovative industries that have adopted eco-innovation (technical and organizational) have better performance than those not included innovative eco strategy.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans la problématique générale du projet ECODEFI - ECOconception et Développement de méthodologies de Fabrication Innovante de machines d’épandage financé par l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) dans le cadre du PRogramme ECOtechnologies et Développement Durable (PRECODD). Le projet ECODEFI porte sur l’écoconception et l’éco-innovation appliquées aux technologies de l’épandage, pour répondre à deux enjeux majeurs : (i) le recyclage des effluents organiques issus de l’industrie et de l’épuration des eaux et (ii) réduire à la source les risques de pollution des agro-écosystèmes. Face au besoin de prise en compte de l’environnement dans le développement des machines d’épandage, nous avons proposé une démarche d’éco-innovation qui permet d’aboutir à des véritables percées technologiques. Cette approche présente une synergie entre l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV), la matrice de non-qualité, la Théorie de Résolution des Problèmes Inventifs (TRIZ), l’analyse morphologique et le Processus d’Analyse Hiérarchique (Analytical Hierarchy Process – AHP). Dans l’enchaînement de ces outils, l’ACV évalue les impacts environnementaux générés par le système. Puis, pour une meilleure prise en considération des aspects écologiques, nous avons développé un nouvel outil, la matrice de non-qualité, qui définit, à partir des résultats de l’ACV, le problème à résoudre en priorité du point de vue environnemental. La méthode TRIZ permet la génération de nouveaux concepts et la résolution des contradictions. Ensuite, l’analyse morphologique offre la possibilité d’étendre l’espace de recherche des solutions d’un problème de conception de manière systématique. Enfin l’AHP identifie la ou les solution(s) prometteuse(s) en fournissant une logique claire pour les choix réalisés. Dans notre étude, nous nous sommes principalement intéressés aux problèmes rencontrés sur la machine PROLOG lors de la phase d’épandage des produits compostés. En effet, l'épandage du compost se développe fortement et l'entreprise SIRTEC souhaite pouvoir réaliser cette tâche avec leurs machines conçues initialement pour des matériaux granulaires. L’approche a été appliquée pour résoudre le problème d’extraction de ces produits suite à la formation de voûtes à l’intérieur de la trémie de l’épandeur. / This thesis is part of the ECODEFI project (ECOconception et DEveloppement de méthodologies de Fabrication Innovante de machines d’épandage – Ecodesign and development of innovative production methods of spreading machines) funded by the French National Research Agency within the framework of Eco-technologies and sustainable development programme (PRECODD) The ECODEFI project focuses on ecodesign and eco-innovation applied to spreading technologies, to address two major issues : (i) recycling of organic waste from industry and sewage and (ii) reducing the source of pollution risk of agro-ecosystems. Facing the need to take into account the environment in developing spreading machines, we proposed an eco-innovation design approach that can lead to real breakthroughs. This approach provides a synergy between the LCA, the non-quality matrix, TRIZ method, the morphological analysis and the AHP. In the sequence of these tools, LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) assesses the environmental impacts generated by the system. Then, for a better consideration of environmental aspects, we developed a new tool, the non-quality matrix, which defines the problem requiring solving first from an environmental point of view, from the LCA results. The TRIZ method allows the generation of new concepts and contradiction resolution. Then, the morphological analysis offers the possibility of extending the search space of solutions of a design problem in a systematic way. Finally, the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) identifies the promising solution(s) by providing a clear logic for the choice made. In our study, we are mainly interested in problems on the PROLOG machine during the phase of composted products application. Indeed, compost application is strongly growing and the SIRTEC Company hopes to accomplish this task with their machines which were initially designed for granular materials. The approach has been applied to solve the problem of extraction of these products due to the formation of arches inside the spreader hopper.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-21T18:28:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Cruz Martins Giacchetti.pdf: 3624363 bytes, checksum: f4aa41132bfac109987173dc67759233 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T18:28:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Cruz Martins Giacchetti.pdf: 3624363 bytes, checksum: f4aa41132bfac109987173dc67759233 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / The subject water is a problem that has been discussed for some years in particular on issues related to water scarcity across the country, and especially in São Paulo. The pharmaceutical industry industries require water, not only in its production process but also in relation to the washing of the equipment and the supporting processes. This research involved the issue of water scarcity and sought to discuss the main actions taken by the pharmaceutical industry industries to minimize water consumption. The main objective was to analyze the actions taken in order to increase the eco-efficiency in water use. It sought to understand how these actions could be classified according to the theories of eco innovation, cleaner production and eco-efficiency. The research methodology was qualitative and exploratory mode, and the case study the method used. The study of multiple cases took place between two companies in the pharmaceutical sector of the State of São Paulo and it was observed that despite the actions reported by the companies, the reduction of water consumption was not effective. One of the companies was reduced results in previous years, but the downward trend was not observed anymore. Among the actions that have been implemented and that stood out are the redesign of production processes, exchange of items on the premises of factories, automation Clean in place systems, installation of water meters, surplus water reuse and replacement of reducing production equipment consumption water. Among the evidence found there is the adoption of a per-unit water consumption index produced (m3 / 1000 units produced) which demonstrates clearly the environmental performance of the operation for the input water. At the end of the study were presented systematic sources of information, ideas for actions and a set of actions that should be taken by companies wishing a reduction in water consumption such as improving processes, facilities and equipment, training and awareness and control consumption indicators. As suggestions for future studies to expand the studies on reducing the consumption of water for more companies in the industry. / Há alguns anos tem se falado sobre as questões ambientais e, em especial, sobre as questões relacionadas à escassez de água em todo o país, e em especial no município de São Paulo. As indústrias do ramo farmacêutico demandam água, não somente no seu processo produtivo, mas também no que diz respeito à lavagem dos equipamentos e nos processos de apoio. Esta pesquisa envolveu a problemática da escassez de água e procurou discutir as principais ações tomadas pelas indústrias do ramo farmacêutico para minimizar o consumo de água. O objetivo principal foi analisar as ações adotadas visando o aumento de eco eficiência no uso de água. Buscou-se também entender como essas ações poderiam ser classificadas segundo as teorias de eco inovação, da produção mais limpa e de eco eficiência. A metodologia da pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa e modalidade exploratória, sendo o estudo de caso o método utilizado. A pesquisa de casos múltiplos ocorreu entre duas empresas do setor farmacêutico do Estado de São Paulo e observou-se que apesar das ações declaradas pelas empresas, a diminuição do consumo de água não foi efetiva. Uma das empresas teve resultados de redução em anos anteriores, mas a tendência de redução não foi mais observada. Dentre as ações que vem sendo implantadas e que se destacaram estão: redesenho dos processos produtivos, troca de itens das instalações das fabricas, automatização de sistemas Clean in Place, instalação de hidrômetros, reutilização de água excedente e substituição de equipamentos de produção redutores de consumo de água. Dentre as evidências encontradas destaca-se a adoção de um índice de consumo de água por unidade produzida (m3/1000 unidades produzidas) que demostra de forma clara o desempenho ambiental da operação para o insumo água. Ao fim do estudo foram apresentadas fontes de informações sistemáticas, ideias para mudanças, e um conjunto de ações que deveriam ser tomadas por empresas que desejem uma redução no consumo de água tais como melhoria nos processos, nas instalações e equipamentos, treinamento e sensibilização e controle de indicadores de consumo. Seguiu-se como sugestões para estudos futuros a ampliação dos estudos sobre redução do consumo de água para mais empresas do ramo e empresas de outros segmentos.

O cenário competitivo da indústria da moda, no qual se insere a indústria calçadista, configura ciclos curtos e rápidos de produção e comercialização característicos do modelo fast fashion, porém, a crescente preocupação com aspectos sociais e ambientais tem despertado o interesse da sociedade por uma mudança de postura frente a estas questões. O posicionamento de marcas com foco na preservação ambiental pode viabilizar melhorias em produtos que ainda são projetados e manufaturados de forma convencional, ou resultar em inovações significativas no desenvolvimento de produtos ambientalmente amigáveis. A proposta do estudo foi realizar um diagnóstico do cenário atual do design de calçados ambientalmente orientado, identificando as práticas utilizadas nos processos de design que colaboram na redução do impacto ambiental do final de vida útil dos calçados. Para melhor compreender os fatos, o estudo foi subdividido em quatro etapas. A primeira etapa contempla a revisão de literatura; a segunda etapa é resultado de pesquisa desk; na terceira etapa, realizou-se levantamento de dados por interrogação direta de pessoas através de entrevistas em diferentes amostras; e na quarta etapa realizadas as análises e interpretação dos resultados. A pesquisa básica, de abordagem qualitativa e objetivos exploratórios, utilizou-se de amostras não-probabilísticas definidas conforme os critérios estabelecidos para cada fase Os resultados alcançados apontam que, mesmo com tecnologia e informação globalizada, na prática, pouco é feito em design e produção de calçados em prol da redução de impactos ambientais. Incluem-se nessa realidade clusters tradicionais de produção, como o do Vale dos Sinos no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, sendo as iniciativas calçadistas que levam em consideração o cuidado com o meio ambiente, ainda, restritas e isoladas representando nichos distintos. A indústria calçadista segue aos moldes tradicionais de produção e percebe-se que, quando há uma mudança, esta é impulsionada, principalmente, por legislações ou acidentes ambientais gerados por seus dejetos, ou então são empresas que surgem com foco em desenvolver produtos ambientalmente orientados para nichos de mercado. Desta forma, na maior parte do desenvolvimento os designers reproduzem o sistema de criação rápida, obedecendo ao contexto de coleções e preços cada vez mais enxutos. O conhecimento sobre o assunto ainda é pouco explorado e, por consequência, falta articulação entre os atores da cadeia para uma mobilização efetiva na busca por soluções para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor. / The competitive landscape of the fashion industry, which includes the footwear industry, sets up short and fast production and marketing cycles characteristic of the fast fashion model, but the growing concern with social and environmental aspects has aroused society's interest in a change position on these issues. The positioning of brands focused on environmental preservation can enable improvements in products that are still designed and manufactured in a conventional way, or result in significant innovations in the development of environmentally friendly products. The purpose of the study was to carry out a diagnosis of the current scenario of environmentally oriented footwear design, identifying the practices used in the design processes that collaborate in reducing the environmental impact of the end of the shoe life. To better understand the facts, the study was subdivided into four stages. The first stage contemplates the literature review; the second stage is the result of desk research; in the third stage, data were collected by direct interrogation of people through interviews in different samples; and in the fourth stage, the analyzes and interpretation of the results were carried out. The basic research, with a qualitative approach and exploratory objectives, was used of non-probabilistic samples defined according to the established criteria for each phase. The results show that, even with technology and globalized information, in practice little is done in the design and production of footwear in favor of reducing environmental impacts Traditional clusters of production, such as Vale dos Sinos in the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are included in this reality. Footwear initiatives that take into account the care for the environment are still restricted and isolated, representing different niches. The footwear industry follows the traditional patterns of production and it is noticed that when there is a change, this is mainly driven by environmental laws or accidents generated by their waste, or else they are companies that are focused on developing environmentally oriented products for niche markets. In this way, in most of the development, the designers reproduce the system of fast creation, obeying to the context of collections and prices more and leaner. The knowledge about the subject is still little explored and, as a consequence, there is a lack of articulation between the actors in the chain for an effective mobilization in search of solutions for the sustainable development of the sector.

With the increasing awareness of global warming and the need for limiting greenhouse gas emissions, several sectors are witnessing comprehensive transformations towards sustainable generation and consumption. The European Union can be considered the home for most of these transformations given the union’s efforts to enable decarbonization through regulatory frameworks and initiatives. However, one overlooked source of carbon emissions is the industrial heating sector which is heavily dependent on fossil fuel. Emerging technologies such as solar thermal could provide a solution for limiting the greenhouse gases emitted by this sector. This study examines the factors influencing the diffusion of solar thermal technology and its potential for substituting natural gas in the industrial heating sector. Specifically, the study examines the thermal energy supply side as being a potential facilitator for the diffusion of solar thermal technology. Certain elements from Everett Rogers’ (1995) work on the diffusion of innovations are applied to solar thermal technology along with the concept of lead users by Hippel (1986). The study follows a qualitative approach in collecting and analyzing data through interviews and document analysis. Experts from the energy sector were interviewed along with examining public documents of two major utility companies. The findings suggest that utility companies examined, despite their evident decarbonization efforts, do not represent a suitable vehicle for the diffusion of solar thermal technology. Instead, a business model based on energy efficiency could be the possible breakthrough for this technology. Finally, the study concludes with suggestions for possible actions to expedite the diffusion of solar thermal in the industrial sector.

Le Chapitre 1 propose un survol de la littérature consacrée à l'éco-innovation. A la lumière des travaux passés en revue, l'éco-innovation n’est pas encore un concept bien stabilisé : sa définition même continue d'évoluer, appelant des corrections et des précisions. Ce chapitre accorde une attention particulière au rôle de la règlementation, qui est souvent présentée dans la littérature comme un déterminant essentiel de l'éco-innovation, notamment quand l'innovation concerne un procédé de fabrication. Une controverse demeure à ce propos, en particulier quand la règlementation repose sur des normes environnementales peu contraignantes, voire facultatives (telle la norme ISO 14001). Le processus de diffusion de l'éco-innovation est un autre objet de controverse dans la littérature.[...]. Le Chapitre 2 va donc s'intéresser au premier point de controverse, à savoir le rôle des règlementations environnementales ayant une dimension facultative, comme les normes de type ISO 14001. A l'aide d'une analyse par appariement sur les scores de propension, nous examinons l'effet de l'adoption de normes de type ISO 140001 sur la performance des entreprises (mesurée à partir de la Valeur Ajoutée).[...] Le Chapitre 3 s'intéresse à savoir le processus de diffusion de l'éco-innovation. En raison des contraintes posées par les données disponibles, cette investigation se fait du point de vue des barrières à, et des déterminants de, l'innovation environnementale.[...] Le Chapitre 4 exploitant les données des Enquêtes Communautaires sur l'Innovation de 2008 (CIS 2008), qui contiennent un module spécifiquement dédié à l’éco-innovation. Ainsi, à la différence du chapitre 3, nous établissons – à l'aide du module spécifique de l'enquête – une typologie originale permettant de distinguer, parmi les entreprises éco-innovantes: (1) les entreprises adoptant une éco-innovation de manière passive, (2) les entreprises adoptant tardivement une éco-innovation de manière stratégique, (3) les entreprises adoptant précocement une éco-innovation de manière stratégique, (4) les éco-innovateurs stratégiques tardifs et (5) les éco-innovateurs stratégiques précoces.[...] / Environmental innovation or eco-innovation is considered one of the most significant paradigm shifts in the innovation behaviour. The specificity of eco innovation lies in the fact that environmental improvement, in addition to technological advancement, is the main reason of its development. By combining these two objectives, eco-innovation has become one of primary tools in the search to solve the world’s environmental problems and sustainability challenges. Despite its prevalence, there is still more to be discovered within the eco-innovation literature. The drivers of and barriers to eco-innovation discussion is one of the most significant amongst all. More notably, the role of a firm’s social, technological, economic and organizational characteristics within the eco-innovation process has been little studied. With this Ph.D. thesis we aim to fill the existing gap with four distinct research articles. [...] Chapter 2 investigates, firstly, whether firms’ internal characteristics have an impact on the adoption of voluntary environmental standards. Secondly, the causal effect of adoption of environmental standards on the firms performance. Based on the empirical evidence obtained, we show that medium-size, high-tech manufacturing firms operating at the EU level and using quality standards are more likely to adopt these standards earlier. [...] In Chapter 3, we stressed the significance of a firm’s structural characteristics in another context and aimed at investigating the role these characteristics play in realization of product and/or process eco-innovation. [...] In Chapter 4 we moved forward the analyses conducted in Chapter 3 to another context and examined the influence of firm’s economic, technological, organisational capabilities on the eco-innovation behaviour for different types of product, process, organisational or marketing eco-innovators. The results of our empirical analyses point out the marginal impacts of firm’s characteristics changes with respect to type of eco-innovator. [...]

Tomando como base a definição de Kemp & Pearson (2008), a ecoinovação pode ser conceituada como a produção, a aplicação ou a exploração de um bem, serviço, processo de produção, estrutura organizacional, ou método de gestão ou negócios, que seja novo para a empresa ou usuário, e que resulte, por todo seu ciclo de vida, na redução dos riscos ambientais, da poluição, e do impacto negativo do uso dos recursos, incluindo o uso de energia, comparado às alternativas relevantes. Muito recentemente, tem se observado uma lacuna quanto ao modo como o conhecimento é organizado e se desenvolve para gerar inovações em eco-processos e em eco-produtos. Deste modo, optou-se pelo emprego de um estudo multicasos em empresas do Estado de São Paulo, as quais passaram por uma reestruturação na sua estratégia para inovação e possuem na sua essência o foco em atividades em PD&I, assim como uma preocupação com a melhoria ambiental dos seus processos e produtos e uma trajetória voltada para a entrada em novos negócios a longo prazo. A principal contribuição desta pesquisa foi que, partindo-se do fato das práticas e tarefas de gestão do conhecimento atuarem como mecanismos de transferência de conhecimento para a construção das ecoinovações, foi possível estabelecer uma representação de como isso ocorre nos projetos (i.e. identificação de práticas que influenciam na geração de ecoinovações em processo e em produto). As práticas concedem uma visão mais aplicada e prática aos modos de conversão de conhecimentos. As práticas são associadas às tarefas desempenhadas dentro dos projetos. Cada uma das tarefas tem um foco para processo ou para produto. Conforme observado nos casos, algumas práticas podem conceder maior ênfase a processos, a produtos, ou até mesmo aos dois. Partindo-se disto portanto, torna-se possível a compreensão de como a conversão de conhecimento ocorre para a geração de ecoinovações em processo e em produto. De acordo com a análise executada, foi comprovada a ênfase nas inovações em eco-processos, devido ao fato destas se apoiarem nas competências, no treinamento e no conhecimento técnico (tecnologias), concedendo ênfase aos processos. A ênfase em eco-processos foi refletida pelos projetos de desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para pré-tratamento da biomassa, pelo desenvolvimento de processo de produção de biodiesel com catalisadores enzimáticos, e pelo desenvolvimento de processo de produção de bioquerosene para aviação. Foi observado que a conversão de conhecimento por meio dos seus quatro modos ocorre em todos os projetos, tanto para a geração de eco-processos, quanto para a geração de eco-produtos inovadores. Conforme observado na análise, os projetos concedem ênfase às energias renováveis (processo de produção ou etapas individuais), que são sistemas alternativos de produção e consumo que envolvem uma mudança global em nível de consumo, infra-estrutura organizacional e conhecimentos para a sua geração. / Based on the definition of Kemp & Pearson (2008), eco-innovation can be defined as the production, application or operation of a good, service, production process, organizational structure, or method of management or business, that is new to the company or user, which results, throughout their life cycle, reducing environmental risks, pollution, and the negative impact of the use of resources, including energy use, compared to relevant alternatives. Very recently, it has been observed a gap as to how the knowledge is organized and developed to generate innovations in eco-processes and eco-products. Thus, we opted for the use of a multi-case study in companies of the State of São Paulo, which went through a restructuring in its strategy for innovation and have in essence the focus on activities in RD & I, as well as a concern with improving environmental impact of its processes and products and a path toward the entry into new long-term business. The main contribution of this research was that, starting from the fact that the practices and knowledge management tasks act as knowledge transfer mechanisms for the construction of eco-innovations, it was possible to establish a representation of how this occurs in the projects (ie identifying practical that influence the generation of eco-innovations in process and product). The practical grant a more applied and practical vision to knowledge conversion modes. The practices are associated with tasks performed within the project. Each task has a focus for process or product. As noted in the cases, some practices may allow greater emphasis on processes, products, or even both. Starting from it therefore becomes possible to understand how the knowledge conversion occurs to generate eco-innovations in the process and product. According to the analysis performed, it was proven the emphasis on innovations in eco-processes, due to the fact these build upon the skills, training and technical knowledge (technology), giving emphasis to the processes. The eco-emphasis process has been reflected by the project development of new technologies for pretreatment of biomass for the development of the biodiesel production process of enzymatic catalysts and the development of biokerosene production process for aviation. It was observed that the conversion of knowledge through their four modes occurs in all designs both for generating eco-processes and for the generation of innovative eco-products. As noted in the analysis, the projects give emphasis to renewable energy (production process or individual steps), which are alternative systems of production and consumption involving a global shift in consumption level, organizational infrastructure and knowledge for his generation.

Οι ραγδαίες εξελίξεις σε επίπεδο τεχνολογίας καθώς και η κακή διαχείριση από ανθρώπινης πλευράς έχουν φτάσει σε οριακό σημείο το φυσικό περιβάλλον του πλανήτη. Η αειφόρος ανάπτυξη, λοιπόν, αποτελεί έννοια κλειδί για τον 21ο αιώνα καθώς δεν είναι δυνατόν να αγνοηθεί τόσο από τους επιστήμονες που ασχολούνται με θέματα ανάπτυξης και περιβάλλοντος όσο και από τον κάθε πολίτη που προβληματίζεται για την κατάσταση στο σύγχρονο κόσμο. Η έννοια της βασίζεται στην οικονομική ανάπτυξη, την κοινωνική ισότητα και την προστασία του περιβάλλοντος. Συνεπώς, στην υιοθέτηση της οποιαδήποτε πολιτικής κανένα από τα τρία δεν θα πρέπει να θυσιάζεται ή να δίνεται περισσότερο βαρύτητα από το άλλο. Στο ίδιο πλαίσιο, προσπάθειες έχουν γίνει προκειμένου να κατασκευαστούν μοντέλα αειφόρου ανάπτυξης πάνω στα οποία θα μπορούν να στηριχτούν τα κράτη μέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης καθώς και οι υπόλοιπες χώρες σε διεθνές επίπεδο. Παράλληλα, η περιβαλλοντική καινοτομία, αναγνωρίζεται ως ένα νέο κίνητρο για την επίτευξη της αειφόρου ανάπτυξης κερδίζοντας συνεχώς έδαφος καθώς οι χώρες αναζητούν ολοένα και περισσότερο καινοτόμους τρόπους για την προώθηση των οικονομικών δραστηριοτήτων των επιχειρηματικών τομέων τους. Η ταχεία και ευρύτερη διάδοση των οικολογικών καινοτομιών μπορεί να έχει σημαντική επίδραση σε θέματα περιβάλλοντος, καθώς και για την οικονομική και κοινωνική βελτίωση. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να αναδείξει τις έννοιες των μοντέλων αειφόρου ανάπτυξη, της οικολογικής καινοτομίας καθώς τους προσδιοριστικούς παράγοντες αυτής. / Rapid developments in technology level and poor management of human side have reached a breaking point the natural environment of the planet. Sustainable development, therefore, is a key concept for the 21st century as it can not be ignored both by scientists dealing with development and environment and by every citizen who is concerned about the situation in the modern world. The concept is based on economic growth, social equity and environmental protection. Therefore, the adoption of any policy none of the three should be sacrificed or given more weight than the other. In the same context, efforts have been made to build sustainable development models on which they can build the European Union Member States and other countries internationally. At the same time, environmental innovation is recognized as a new incentive for achieving sustainable development is continuously gaining ground as countries are increasingly seeking innovative ways to promote the economic activities of the business segments. The rapid and wider dissemination of eco-innovations can have a significant effect on the environment, and for economic and social improvement. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the concepts of sustainable development models, eco-innovation as determinants of this.

Questo lavoro esamina se e a che livello la credibilità dell’assetto istituzionale e delle azioni dei policy-maker influenzano la produzione di eco-innovazione. Dopo una revisione della letteratura che incrocia ambiti teorici diversi, si evidenzia una caratteristica trasversale agli strumenti di politica ambientale, in particolare quella della credibilità, e se ne testa l’effetto sull’eco-innovazione. L’ipotesi centrale di questa tesi, che la credibilità impatti positivamente sulla produzione di eco-innovazione nel sistema economico, viene testata con un’analisi qualitativa e quantitativa sul caso studio della regolamentazione europea sulle emissioni automobilistiche (1980-2007). I risultati confermano l’ipotesi, evidenziando un percorso parallelo tra la produzione di eco-innovazione, misurata in termini di brevetti, e le variazioni nella credibilità della regolamentazione conseguenti a specifiche azioni intraprese a livello comunitario. L’ipotesi è confermata anche dallo studio quantitativo che evidenzia un impatto statisticamente significativo e positivo per l’indice di credibilità proposto. Si conclude suggerendo che UE e paesi membri trarrebbero benefici da una rinnovata attenzione alla credibilità delle politiche ambientali, fondata sull’indipendenza dagli attori economici coinvolti e, in particolare, su una migliore qualità della regolamentazione stessa. Si stima che la conseguente percezione di stabilità ed efficienza migliorerebbe il risultato delle politiche ambientali in termini di eco-innovazioni prodotte dalle imprese. / This thesis investigates whether and to what extent regulatory credibility influences the production of eco-innovation. After a selective literature review that analyzes the concept of eco-innovation through the principles of environmental economics, innovation economics, and regulatory economics, we contribute to the current literature by highlighting the role of a specific regulatory feature, that of credibility. Our hypothesis of a positive impact of regulatory credibility on eco-innovation is confirmed by a case study on the European car emissions regulation (1980-2007), which has been carried out by combining a qualitative and a quantitative approach. The findings indicate a common pattern of eco-innovation, which is measured by patent count, and of the credibility of the EU as car emissions regulator. The quantitative analysis estimates a statistically significant and positive impact of our credibility index on eco-innovation. Our conclusion is that the EU and each Member State would benefit from a new focus on building credible regulatory regimes, based on increasing independence from the industry pressure and on high regulatory quality. The consequently perceived stability and efficiency of the regulation is expected to improve the outcome of environmental policies in terms of eco-innovations produced by industry itself.

L'industrie automobile tient une place à part dans l'histoire du capitalisme, dont elle détermine jusqu'à l'appellation de sa dernière grande période : le " fordisme ". Depuis la fin du 20ème siècle, elle se trouve confrontée à une double contrainte environnementale : l'épuisement annoncée des carburants fossiles et la lutte contre les pollutions, atmosphériques notamment. Le transport routier représente en effet 20% des émissions de GES. L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser la réaction de cette industrie pour internaliser cette double contrainte, en se centrant sur la dimension " innovation ". La grille théorique proposée par Schumpeter et prolongée par les auteurs évolutionnistes est mobilisée pour tester l'hypothèse suivante : l'industrie automobile est en train d'amorcer un nouveau sentier de dépendance pour s'émanciper de cette double contrainte. Dès lors, le passage au moteur hybride, lu comme une éco-innovation de rupture, marque la fin du " lock in " sur le sentier précédant caractérisé par la dépendance au moteur à combustion interne.