Les grands ports de marchandises sont généralement proches de zones urbaines très peuplées et de zones industrielles comportant des raffineries de pétrole, des complexes métallurgiques, des cimenteries, et des transports par rail, par route et par mer. Ces activités font des domaines portuaires des sources très importantes de pollution de l'air. Les mesures de concentrations de NO_x, SO₂, O₃ et des constituants chimiques de la matière particulaire (PM) ont été effectuées en 2005 et 2006 dans l'agglomération du port de Dunkerque dans le cadre de l'Institut IRENI. Dans des conditions de dépression atmosphérique, les vents dominants préservent l'air de la zone urbaine des émissions de la zone d'activité. Par contre dans des conditions anticycloniques, la faible dispersion ainsi que les phénomènes de brise de mer concentrent les émissions locales. Les analyses chimiques effectuées sur des échantillons de PM prélevées en fonction du diamètre aérodynamique (D_a) des particules montrent que les ions (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄²), les éléments métalliques (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, etc...) et les composés organiques (EC, OC) sont associés à des particules sub- et/ou supermicroniques. Les imageries Raman et d'émission X (MEBE-EDS) sont obtenues sur des particules individuelles des fractions 1

Les aérosols atmosphériques consistent en un mélange hétérogène de particules de différentes natures. La technique MEB-EDS permet de caractériser à la fois morphologiquement et chimiquement la fraction particulaire de l'aérosol à l'échelle de la particule individuelle. Pour rendre l'analyse représentative, un système de pilotage de la platine combiné avec un logiciel d'analyse d'image permet d'examiner en mode automatisé des milliers de particules par échantillon. Le développement de détecteurs X dotés de fenêtres minces, qui limitent l'absorption des éléments de faibles numéros atomiques, permet la détection du carbone, de l'azote et de l'oxygène, éléments très abondants dans les échantillons environnementaux. Pour bénéficier de ce progrès technologique rendant faisable l'analyse qualitative étendue à C, N, O, il convient en premier lieu d'optimiser le choix du substrat de collection des particules, afin que sa contribution spectrale soit différenciable de celle de la particule. A cette fin, une procédure de fabrication de plaquettes de bore a été mise au point. Par ailleurs, la technique MEB-EDS n'est pas standardisée pour l'analyse élémentaire quantitative de particules micrométriques dont le volume est plus petit que le volume d'interaction. Les performances d'un programme de quantification inverse par simulation des trajectoires électroniques au sein des particules par la méthode de Monte Carlo ont été évaluées pour des particules modèles de tailles comprises entre 0,25 et 10 µm. L'ensemble de la procédure analytique a permis d'atteindre des justesses estimées à +/-8,8% d'erreur relative moyenne, C, N et O compris.

The recovery boiler in a pulp and paper mill plays a dual role of recovering pulping chemicals and generating steam for either chemical processes or producing electricity. The efficiency of producing steam in the recovery boiler is limited by the first melting temperature of ash deposits that accumulate on the superheater tubes. Above the first melting temperature, the molten salt reacts with the protective oxide film that develops and dissolves it. The most protective oxide is determined by evaluating how little it dissolves and how its solubility changes in the molten salt. Solubility tests were done on several protective oxides in a known salt composition from a recovery boiler that burns hardwood derived fuel. ICP-OES was used to measure concentration of dissolved metal in the exposure tests while EDS and XRD were used to verify chemical compositions in exposure tests. NiO was found to be the least soluble oxide while Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ had similar solubility with Fe₂O₃ being less soluble than Cr₂O₃ but more soluble than NiO. Exposure tests with pure metals and selected alloys indicated that even though Fe₂O₃ has little solubility, it is not a protective oxide and causes severe corrosion in stainless steels. The change in performance of iron based alloys was due to the development of a negative solubility gradient for Fe₂O₃ where Fe₂O₃ precipitated out of solution and created a continuous leaching of oxide. Manganese was found to be beneficial in stainless steels but its role is still unknown. Nickel based alloys were found to be least corroded due to nickel's low solubility and because it did not form a negative solubility gradient.

The discovery and subsequent synthesis of metal containing fullerenes- IFS (Inorganic Fullerene-like Structures) by R. Tenne et al. has generated considerable scientific interest with great potential impact in many industrial application areas such as lubrication. The lubrication mechanism (tribofilm formation) via exfoliation and deposition of the atomic layers from this cage-like IF-particles was revealed and demonstrated first by this research group. The incorporation of the nanoparticles into lubricants (oils, greases) is however not straightforward. When two surfaces are sliding against each other and a lubricant is used, a thin layer (tribofilm) is formed on the contact area. The friction reducing effects of the nanoparticles can be altered or hindered by certain additives that are used in lubricative oils. The effects of such additives on the tribological behavior of the nanoparticles are investigated by analyzing the tribofilms formed on the worn surfaces using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in a scanning electron microscope. Another challenge of nanoparticles in lubricants is the penetration of the nanoparticles into the contact zone. A possible solution of this problem is briefly discussed. A modified burnishing technique can be used to coat sliding metallic surfaces with a friction reducing tribofilm. The morphology and composition of these tribofilms was investigated with analytical electron microscopy techniques. In the second part of the thesis electron microscopy was used to investigate the material transfer. Titanium is an elements with high adhesive ability to the counter surface, it displays poor tribological properties in sliding metallic contacts. This can lead to material transfer and consequently severe surface damage. The cold formation and machining of titanium, thus can lead rapid tool wear and poor surface finish. Electron microscopy techniques were used to study the mechanism of titanium transfer to different counter surfaces.

Les caractéristiques des rayonnements solaires dépendent fortement de certains événements météorologiques non observés comme fréquence, taille et type des nuages et leurs propriétés optiques (aérosols atmosphériques, al- bédo du sol, vapeur d'eau, poussière et turbidité atmosphérique) tandis qu'une séquence du rayonnement solaire peut être observée et mesurée à une station donnée. Ceci nous a suggéré de modéliser les processus de rayonnement solaire (ou d'indice de clarté) en utilisant un modèle Markovien caché (HMM), paire corrélée de processus stochastiques. Notre modèle principal est un HMM à temps continu (Xt, yt)t_0 est tel que (yt), le processus observé de rayonnement, soit une solution de l'équation différentielle stochastique (EDS) : dyt = [g(Xt)It − yt]dt + _(Xt)ytdWt, où It est le rayonnement extraterrestre à l'instant t, (Wt) est un mouvement Brownien standard et g(Xt), _(Xt) sont des fonctions de la chaîne de Markov non observée (Xt) modélisant la dynamique des régimes environnementaux. Pour ajuster nos modèles aux données réelles observées, les procédures d'estimation utilisent l'algorithme EM et la méthode du changement de mesures par le théorème de Girsanov. Des équations de filtrage sont établies et les équations à temps continu sont approchées par des versions robustes. Les modèles ajustés sont appliqués à des fins de comparaison et classification de distributions et de prédiction.

Submitted by Francisco Costa (xcosta@ufba.br) on 2013-06-13T17:45:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1_DISSERTAÇÃO_1_2_3.pdf: 4691803 bytes, checksum: 5b227828acd02e4ab2bcfa0c7e7145a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edilene Costa(ec@ufba.br) on 2013-06-19T03:21:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1_DISSERTAÇÃO_1_2_3.pdf: 4691803 bytes, checksum: 5b227828acd02e4ab2bcfa0c7e7145a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-19T03:21:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1_DISSERTAÇÃO_1_2_3.pdf: 4691803 bytes, checksum: 5b227828acd02e4ab2bcfa0c7e7145a0 (MD5) / Esta dissertação estudou uma metodologia de intervenção cromática em edifícios de interesse cultural e os materiais de pintura de fachadas mais utilizados nas edificações pelotenses do século XIX. Sua apresentação foi estruturada em três partes, e a primeira delas aborda as relações cromáticas em centros históricos, exemplos de planos de cor estabelecidos em cidades européias, e apresenta, através de dois exemplos práticos de elaboração de propostas cromáticas para monumentos, uma metodologia para intervenção de pintura fundamentada sobre a teoria da restauração. A segunda parte consiste num aprofundamento técnico e histórico sobre os materiais de pintura como a cal e os pigmentos, com isto, conheceram-se os materiais corantes mais possíveis de terem sido utilizados nas fachadas do século XIX. Esta parte abordou, também, a história da cidade escolhida como objeto deste estudo (Pelotas/RS), bem como a contextualização das relações cromáticas estabelecidas nesta cidade durante seu período eclético. A terceira parte traz exemplos dos métodos científicos utilizados nos estudos cromáticos de edificações históricas: prospecção de camadas de pintura; análises da secção polida, microscopia de luz polarizada, análises químicas de pigmentos, entre outros. Apresenta, ainda, as pesquisas que determinaram os pigmentos mais utilizados para os grupos cromáticos amarelos, vermelhos e azuis das fachadas pelotenses da segunda metade do século XIX. Estas pesquisas utilizaram a espectroscopia Raman e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectrômetro de energia dispersiva (MEV-EDS) como técnicas de análises qualitativa. Dentre as amostras analisadas verificou-se para os grupos de cor amarela e vermelha a presença dos pigmentos amarelo ocre e vermelho ocre (coloridos a partir do óxido de ferro), para o grupo azul encontrou-se a lazurita, um pigmento obtido a partir de uma gema semi-preciosa conhecida como lápis-lazúli. / Salvador

This thesis deals with pre-treatment of surface of aluminium alloys. The theoretical part focuses on the properties of aluminium and its alloys, on methods of surface treatment and the possibilities of quality assessment of pre-treated surface. The experimental part deals with finding of a proper method of pre-treatment. The quality of surface pre-treatment is assessed by observation by SEM with EDS and by single lap shear tests of adhesive joints. According to evaluated results, the optimalised methods are qualitatively and financially compared with the commercial method.

Předložená diplomová práce se zabývá korelativním přístupem multimodální analýzy struktur prokovování s různým rozlišením. Výzkum je součástí mezinárodního projektu týkajícího se charakterizace poruch zmíněných struktur, které jsou implementovány v polovodičových zařízeních. Kombinace korelativní mikroskopie a tomografie technikami NanoXCT, FIB-SEM (EDS), FIB-SIMS a AFM byla navržena k zavedení opakovatelného pracovního postupu. Tomografie fokusovaným iontovým svazkem je metoda přesného odprašování v řezech, která mimo jiné v každém průřezu získává cenné snímky s vysokým rozlišením (FIB-SEM) nebo mapy chemického složení (FIB-SIMS). Následující transformace obrazu umožňuje identifikaci defektů jako funkci hloubky ve struktuře. Práce dále věnuje pozornost metodám sjednocení obrazů za účelem optimální prezentace získaných dat.

The work is aimed at studying the thermal degradation of the protective zinc coating. Its large part deals with the structure of the various stages of transition and their arrangement, the main emphasis is on analysis of brittle intermetallic phases, which arise due to increased temperature. Conclusion of the work is trying to clear itself causes degradation of this protective layer.

This project was ordered by Sandvik Materials Technology and was performed by a group of students at Uppsala university. The purpose of the project was to study precipitation behavior and structure stability in six advanced heat resistant alloys. Each sample were subjected to a creep rupture test in 600 or 700°C depending on the alloy type. Two parts of each alloy where examined; one part which had been affected by creep and another part which was unaffected by creep. A literature study was performed first to gain knowledge of the scientific theory utilized in this project, namely creep, precipitation hardening, and about the different materials which were analyzed. Preliminary results for the phase composition of the materials were obtained from a Thermo-Calc (TC) simulation. The SEM-images showed nothing noteworthy for any sample due to the roughness of the sample surfaces. The EDS-analysis showed chromium depletion in the centers of the aged samples of HT9 and Sanicro® 75X. Other minority phases such as Cr23C6 in Sanicro®70, P-phase and a titanium nitride phase in sanicro® 60X, VB in Esshete 1250 and Sigma-phase in 4C54 were identified using EDSmapping. It was found that when using XRD to analyze the phase compositions of small samples it is impractical to have the samples cast in bakelite beforehand. The XRD-results obtained in this project showed that more than 90% of the XRD diffractogram for every sample was graphite, which made the identification of minority phases impossible. The quality of the LOM-images varied greatly between samples, for 4C54 grain sizes were measured in all images, for Esshete 1250 grain sizes were measured for the crept sample, and for Sanicro® 60X measurements could only be taken from one image. Most of the sample preparation was insufficient to achieve the test results necessary for complete microstructural analysis and phase analysis of the samples. The mistakes in the practical steps of the project were noted and improvements for these mistakes are presented in the conclusion.