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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

The acute side effects of d-amphetamine and methamphetamine on simulated driving performance, cognitive functioning, brain activity, and the standardised field sobriety tests

Silber, Yvonne Beata, N/A January 2006 (has links)
Recently there has been an increase in awareness of the role of drugs other than alcohol in the causation of road accidents and deaths, with the most recent report indicating that 33% of all Victorian (Australia) road fatalities are drug (other than alcohol) related (TAC, 2006). Currently in Victoria, one of the classes of drugs reported to be of most concern is the amphetamines. The epidemiological driving literature highlights a possible association between amphetamine use and road crashes. However, since the cognitive research generally indicates cognitive enhancing properties following amphetamine consumption, it remains unclear how amphetamines may be related to adverse driving. The present thesis was designed to explore this issue. In response to the increasing number of drug-related road fatalities, the Standardised Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs), designed and validated for the detection and assessment of impairment associated with alcohol intoxication, are currently being employed by the Victoria Police (Australia) for the identification of driving impairment associated with drugs other than alcohol. The present thesis was designed to evaluate whether the SFSTs are a sensitive measure for identifying impairment associated with a single acute therapeutic amphetamine dose. Furthermore, the accuracy of using the SFSTs to detect driving impairment associated with these amphetamine doses was also evaluated. The present thesis examined the effects of a single acute therapeutic dose of various amphetamine preparations, on simulated driving performance, driving-related cognitive processes (assessed using standard cognitive tasks and the electroencephalogram [EEG]), and performance on the SFSTs, in healthy, stimulant-using, non-fatigued adults. The present thesis consisted of five separate experiments. The first three experiments examined the effects of d-amphetamine, d,l-methamphetamine, and d-methamphetamine, on simulated driving performance, driving-related cognitive processes, and performance on the SFSTs. Experiment 4 and Experiment 5 assessed the effects of d-amphetamine and dmethamphetamine on visual and auditory cognitive processes using the EEG. These forms of amphetamines were selected as they are commonly used recreationally by young adult drivers, and occupationally by truck drivers. Experiment 1, Experiment 2, and Experiment 3 employed a repeated-measures, counterbalanced, double blind, placebo-controlled design. In each experiment, twenty different (i.e. 60 participants in total) healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) completed two treatment conditions i) placebo and ii) 0.42mg/kg amphetamine (~30mg). Driving performance was assessed using a driving simulator task, which consisted of four driving tasks; �freeway traffic driving� and �city traffic driving� in both day and night conditions. Cognitive performance was assessed using a range of computer and pen and paper tasks designed to assess attention, psychomotor performance, and perceptual speed. Specifically, the tasks were: the Digit Span Test; a Digit Vigilance task; a Movement Estimation Task; the Digit Symbol Substitution Test; a Tracking Task; the Trail-Making Test; and the Inspection Time task. SFSTs performance was assessed using the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test, the Walk and Turn (WAT) test, and the One Leg Stand (OLS) test. Three blood and saliva samples were obtained throughout all experimental sessions (120, 170, and 240 minutes after drug administration). The results indicated that 0.42mg/kg d-amphetamine significantly impaired simulated driving performance, in recreational stimulant users, 2-3 hours post-drug administration, when mean blood amphetamine concentrations were approximately 90ng/mL. No significant driving decrements were observed following d,l-methamphetamine or dmethamphetamine, when methamphetamine blood concentrations were 90ng/mL and 70ng/mL, respectively. There were only few driving behaviours that were found to be significantly reduced with d-amphetamine, such as reductions in signalling adherence and driving too fast for the traffic conditions. However, during all three amphetamine conditions, drivers travelled at a slower speed on the freeway at the time that an emergency situation occurred, relative to the placebo condition. It was argued that either this may result from more cautious driving, or that the reduction in speed acted as a compensatory mechanism to permit drivers to attend to other aspects of driving. Overall, the present results indicate that a therapeutic dose of amphetamine does not produce considerable impairment to driving, as only minimal amphetamine effects were observed on driving performance. In terms of cognitive performance, the results indicated that a therapeutic dose of various amphetamines has minimal effect on driving-related cognitive functioning, with some significant improvements noted in aspects of attention, psychomotor functioning and perceptual speed. This is consistent with the failure to identify significant driving impairments, described above, following a similar dose. However, the ability to perceive and predict motion and estimate �time to contact�, assessed using a movement estimation task, was affected following d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine consumption. In terms of performance on the SFSTs, the present thesis demonstrated that following the administration of low-level d-amphetamine, d,l-methamphetamine, and dmethamphetamine, performance on the SFSTs was not impaired. Using the SFSTs, impairment associated with low dose d-amphetamine was identified in only 5% of cases, dmethamphetamine in 5% of cases, and d,l-methamphetamine in 0% of cases. These findings indicate that the degree of impairment produced with the low amphetamine dosing conditions was below the threshold of sensitivity of the SFSTs. However, as significant impairments in driving were not observed with amphetamines, the present SFSTs findings highlight that these tests are unlikely to produce false positive results during police drug evaluation procedures for amphetamine-related impairments. Experiment 4 and Experiment 5 similarly employed a repeated-measures, counterbalanced, double blind, placebo-controlled design. In each experiment, twenty healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) completed two treatment conditions i) placebo and ii) 0.42mg/kg amphetamine (~30mg). Tasks designed to assess visual and auditory cognitive functions relevant to driving were administered. Specifically, these processes were: divergent visual system pathways (magnocellular and parvocellular pathways); aspects of visual field processing (central and peripheral visual fields); mismatch negativity (MMN); prepulse inhibition (PPI); selective attention; resource allocation; and speed of processing. Two blood and saliva samples were obtained throughout all experimental session (120 and 200 minutes after drug administration). d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine generally improved cognitive functioning, as assessed with visual and auditory ERP indices. Specifically, the results demonstrated that a low-level acute dose of d-amphetamine and d-methamphetamine improved early processing of visual information (indexed by improvements to the P100 component for the magnocellular and parvocellular visual pathways). In addition, d-methamphetamine improved the speed at which visual information was evaluated and processed (indexed by decreases in P300 latency), which was consistent with d-methamphetamine-related improvements in reaction time. There was a trend for d-amphetamine to improve the speed that changes in auditory stimulation were automatically detected (indexed by decreases in MMN latency). In addition, d-methamphetamine improved the ability to automatically �screen out� irrelevant and intrusive auditory information (indexed by increases in PPI of the startle response). d-amphetamine was found to improve the speed at which auditory information was evaluated and processed (indexed by decreases in P300 latency), which was substantiated with corresponding improvements in reaction time and accuracy. Although amphetamines were generally shown to enhance ERP indices, a trend was found for d-amphetamine to differentially affect different regions of the visual field, in terms of selective attention. Specifically, there was a trend-level indication that d-amphetamine improved indices of selective attention (denoted by increases in N200 amplitude) for information presented centrally, but impaired indices of selective attention (denoted by decreases in N200 amplitude) for information presented in the periphery. Although impairments to the peripheral visual field were not similarly observed with dmethamphetamine, decrements to indices of selective attention (denoted by decreases in N200 amplitude) were also found with d-methamphetamine during the auditory oddball task. In terms of driving, these results suggest that drivers dosed with low-level amphetamine may not selectively attend to and discriminate changes within the traffic environment, although further research is required to confirm this. In conclusion, the present thesis has demonstrated that a single acute therapeutic dose of amphetamine produces minimal and inconsistent effects to driving. However, some (inconsistent) evidence was found that suggests that there may be mild impairments such as decreased ability to perceive and predict motion, tunnel vision effects, and decrements to selective attention. In addition, the present thesis highlights that at therapeutic doses, amphetamines do not impair SFSTs performance, which is in accordance with the failure to identify substantive amphetamine-related decrements to driving and cognitive functioning observed in the present thesis.
12

Electrode performance and signal processing strategies for the discrimination of EEG alpha waves: implications for environmental control by unconstrained subjects without training.

Searle, Andrew. January 2000 (has links)
The phenomenon of the increase in alpha EEG activity associated with eye closure has been shown to be successful for implementing environmental control for disabled persons. Studies in this thesis investigate strategies which improve the reliability, robustness, and ease of use of alpha EEG control systems. Primarily, research covers the effectiveness of alpha EEG detection algorithms (with regard to detection time and susceptibility to artifact) and the construction and use of EEG sensing electrodes. Many new techniques for the detection of the increase of alpha EEG associated with eye closure are researched, developed, implemented and evaluated. All detection techniques are compared to a conventional method using a novel performance parameterisation criterion. In conjunction with the application of the same EEG data sets to all techniques, the use of the performance criteria enables a fair and quantitative comparison to be made between alpha detection methodologies. Detection techniques employed include enhanced versions of conventional methods, localisation of apparent alpha sources in the brain, and preprocessing methods (such as spatial filtering, adaptive filtering and independent component analysis). The best performance of alpha EEG detection was given by the source power alpha localisation technique, which showed statistically significant and practically important improvements in performance over conventional techniques. Additionally, this localisation technique is convenient and fast to implement. In situations in which electrodes are intended for unsupervised use with environmental control systems, the evaluation of alternative electrode types to the conventional wet electrodes is required, as the use of wet electrodes has several drawbacks. The performance of wet, dry and insulating electrodes is compared in this research. One aspect of the quantitative comparison of electrodes types is the measurement of contact impedance. To enable the fast and accurate measurement of impedance spectra, a new impedance spectroscopy system was developed as part of this thesis. In addition to comparison of impedance criteria, electrodes were evaluated in the presence movement-based, and electric field induced, artifacts. The electrode comparisons were carried out in a direct and quantitative manner in a controlled test environment for the first time. Results indicate that, in contrast to earlier reports, both dry and insulating electrode perform well with respect to artifact and offer a viable alternative to wet electrodes for long-term monitoring of biosignals from the surface of the skin. More improvements are required before such electrodes are suitable for EEG usage.
13

The N30 component of the somatosensory evoked potentials: a new tool for EEG dynamic exploration of human brain in space

Cebolla Alvarez, Ana Maria AM 01 December 2010 (has links)
Whether ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) signal contributes to event related potential (ERP) generation is currently a matter of discussion for all sensory modalities. Resolving the controversy between additive and the oscillatory models has become crucial because evoked potentials are increasingly used in clinical practice as a physiological and neuropsychological index of brain areas or as a link with other functional approaches such as fMRI and the underlying network. The key issue is the search for a function underlying these mechanisms. Somatosensory evoked potentials are robust indicators of the afferent information at cortical level. In particular, the frontal N30 component of SEP can serve as a reliable physiological index of the dopaminergic motor pathway (Insola et al., 1999, Pierantozzi et al., 1999). Its properties in sensory-motor gating and cognitive processes make its fine analysis particularly interesting. The physiological interpretation and the origin of the frontal N30 are still debated (Allison et al., 1991, Cheron et al., 1994, Karnovsky et al., 1997, Balzamo et al., 2004, Barba et al., 2005). In this thesis we have investigated the mechanisms generating the N30 SEP component produced by electrical stimulation at median nerve at wrist, with reference to the current questioning of the additive and oscillatory models of the ERP (Sayers et al., 1974; Basar et al., 1980). We have applied analysis of the spectral content of neuronal oscillatory activity recorded in electroencephalographic (EEG) in order to study of dynamic brain processing underlying the N30 component. Concretely for studying whether the occurrence of the N30 related input induce amplitude modulation and/or reorganization of EEG rhythms we have analyzed separately power perturbation and phase synchrony of single EEG oscillations trials by means of event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and intertrial coherence (ITC) measurements. In addition, in order to model brain localizations of phase synchrony and power enhancement and to compare them to model localization of the N30 SEP we used swLORETA, a discrete method of source analysis. We have demonstrated that: (1) Ongoing EEG signals contribute to the generation of the N30 component (Cheron et al., 2007). (2) Dynamics of ongoing EEG signals underlie the specific behavior of the N30 during gating produced by movement execution (Cebolla et al., 2009). (3) Localization of brain sources generating the N30 SEP component overlaps those generating beta-gamma ongoing oscillations at the same short latency (Cebolla et al., 2010). Additionally the work developed during this thesis has served to develop a comprehensive, pragmatic paradigm to identify, evaluate and understand the somatosensory alterations in defined contexts, as illustrated by our recent work on perturbations and adaptations in astronauts over long term microgravity stay. We think that addressing this topic is essential in order to optimize and objectively evaluate adaptation to microgravity. We therefore proposed a detailed project to European Space Agency entitled “The frontal N30 somatosensory evoked potential for the study of sensory-motor and cognitive adaptations in weightlessness: NeuroSEP” (ILSRA 2009) in which we also proposed direct applications for quality of life aboard International Space Station, for the medical field and industry.
14

Cortical and behavioural adaptations induced by bimanual movement training: an electrophysiological study in the healthy population

Smith, Alison 25 September 2009 (has links)
Bimanual movement training (BMT) of the upper extremity has been found to improve sensorimotor function of the stroke affected limb for some patients; however, the neurophysiological mechanism underlying behavioural enhancement remains unclear. Determining a measurement tool to gauge within-session cortical excitability modulations in response to training would be advantageous for stroke rehabilitation practitioners not only to understand the mechanism underlying behavioural enhancement, but it would also assess the usefulness of training interventions from an individualistic perspective. The purposes of the current thesis were four fold: 1) to gain a better understanding of the neurophysiological effects of short-term visually cued BMT, of varying types, upon the trained bimanual task and those that generalize to a unimanual task by way of the cue-related movement-related potential (MRP). 2) To determine the generators of the cue-related MRP, an event-related potential (ERP) associated with the preparation and execution of a cued movement versus the Bereitschaftspotential (BP), a similar ERP associated with self-paced movement, 3) to investigate kinematic parameters that may influence the cue-related MRP and 4) to investigate the usefulness of the MRP as a future measurement tool to assess within-session changes of cortical excitability associated with training interventions in the stroke patient population. For the purposes of establishing control data for future stroke related studies, the current thesis was devised to investigate the healthy population. We hypothesized that inphase (homologous motor movement) BMT more so than antiphase (antagonistic motor movement) BMT would induce cortical excitability modulations within preparatory and executory cortical regions for the trained bimanual task and a similar unimanual task. Two experiments using EEG and subsequent cue-related MRP revealed that inphase BMT more so than antiphase BMT enhanced the amplitude of the early MRP component denoting preparatory excitability, but not the late MRP component representing executory excitability, and this modulation would also occur despite a simulated flexion contracture. The localization of the cue-related early MRP was found to be predominantly over the lateral premotor cortex, differing from the self-paced early BP determined to predominantly represent SMA excitability. Further confirmation of the localization of the cue-related early MRP versus the self-paced early BP was obtained in another experiment where it was revealed that cued inphase BMT did not affect the amplitude of the early BP (SMA excitability) of a self-paced movement; therefore, cued inphase BMT did not modulate SMA excitability. In a fourth experiment, kinematic parameters such as movement rate, range of motion (ROM) and force production at movement onset or as an inertial load were assessed in relation to modulations of the three cue-related MRP components. The results indicated that the various kinematic parameters had differential modulatory effects upon the cue-related MRP. As a whole, the results of the thesis indicated that 1) the cue-related MRP can be used to assess within-session training-related cortical adaptations in response to inphase BMT. 2) MRP modulations in response to cued inphase BMT remain evident despite a restriction of range of motion and imposed tonic load, indicating the potential to use the MRP in the stroke patient population in future research. 3) The localization of the early MRP component of a cue-related movement originates from the lateral premotor cortex versus the SMA responsible for the early BP component of a self-paced movement, and 4) in order to use the MRP as a measure of cortical excitability, kinematic parameters such as a load placed upon the musculature must be controlled in an experimental design. The results of the experiments provide insight into the use of the cue-related MRP as a measure of cortical excitability modulation in response to cued inphase BMT, and will inform future training-related studies using the cued MRP as a measure of learning related adaptation in the healthy and stroke patient populations.
15

Cortical and behavioural adaptations induced by bimanual movement training: an electrophysiological study in the healthy population

Smith, Alison 25 September 2009 (has links)
Bimanual movement training (BMT) of the upper extremity has been found to improve sensorimotor function of the stroke affected limb for some patients; however, the neurophysiological mechanism underlying behavioural enhancement remains unclear. Determining a measurement tool to gauge within-session cortical excitability modulations in response to training would be advantageous for stroke rehabilitation practitioners not only to understand the mechanism underlying behavioural enhancement, but it would also assess the usefulness of training interventions from an individualistic perspective. The purposes of the current thesis were four fold: 1) to gain a better understanding of the neurophysiological effects of short-term visually cued BMT, of varying types, upon the trained bimanual task and those that generalize to a unimanual task by way of the cue-related movement-related potential (MRP). 2) To determine the generators of the cue-related MRP, an event-related potential (ERP) associated with the preparation and execution of a cued movement versus the Bereitschaftspotential (BP), a similar ERP associated with self-paced movement, 3) to investigate kinematic parameters that may influence the cue-related MRP and 4) to investigate the usefulness of the MRP as a future measurement tool to assess within-session changes of cortical excitability associated with training interventions in the stroke patient population. For the purposes of establishing control data for future stroke related studies, the current thesis was devised to investigate the healthy population. We hypothesized that inphase (homologous motor movement) BMT more so than antiphase (antagonistic motor movement) BMT would induce cortical excitability modulations within preparatory and executory cortical regions for the trained bimanual task and a similar unimanual task. Two experiments using EEG and subsequent cue-related MRP revealed that inphase BMT more so than antiphase BMT enhanced the amplitude of the early MRP component denoting preparatory excitability, but not the late MRP component representing executory excitability, and this modulation would also occur despite a simulated flexion contracture. The localization of the cue-related early MRP was found to be predominantly over the lateral premotor cortex, differing from the self-paced early BP determined to predominantly represent SMA excitability. Further confirmation of the localization of the cue-related early MRP versus the self-paced early BP was obtained in another experiment where it was revealed that cued inphase BMT did not affect the amplitude of the early BP (SMA excitability) of a self-paced movement; therefore, cued inphase BMT did not modulate SMA excitability. In a fourth experiment, kinematic parameters such as movement rate, range of motion (ROM) and force production at movement onset or as an inertial load were assessed in relation to modulations of the three cue-related MRP components. The results indicated that the various kinematic parameters had differential modulatory effects upon the cue-related MRP. As a whole, the results of the thesis indicated that 1) the cue-related MRP can be used to assess within-session training-related cortical adaptations in response to inphase BMT. 2) MRP modulations in response to cued inphase BMT remain evident despite a restriction of range of motion and imposed tonic load, indicating the potential to use the MRP in the stroke patient population in future research. 3) The localization of the early MRP component of a cue-related movement originates from the lateral premotor cortex versus the SMA responsible for the early BP component of a self-paced movement, and 4) in order to use the MRP as a measure of cortical excitability, kinematic parameters such as a load placed upon the musculature must be controlled in an experimental design. The results of the experiments provide insight into the use of the cue-related MRP as a measure of cortical excitability modulation in response to cued inphase BMT, and will inform future training-related studies using the cued MRP as a measure of learning related adaptation in the healthy and stroke patient populations.
16

A Study of Interaction Analysis Between RDI and Correlation Coefficient of Electroencephalography and Electrocardiogram

TSAI, MAO-LIN 08 July 2006 (has links)
Sleep medicine becomes more increasing attention in recent years, especially for the SAS. The primary health implications of SAS are its impact on the cardiovascular system . Generally speaking, it is necessary to stay in the sleep examination room overnight or several nights and need plenty of clinical data to diagnose, which is high-priced and time consuming. This study is based on ECG and EEG signals, moreover the features are obtained from them to observe the interaction, therefore we can estimate correlation coefficient within ECG, EEG., and RDI. Furthermore we also show that higher correlation is found by adjusting the most appropriate bands than ordinary ones[AASM,1996]. Moreover, experimental data are broken into male and female groups and the female patients exhibit lower correlation than male ones.
17

Detecting Slow Wave Sleep by Using a single Channel EEG Signal.

Chiu, Hao-chih 17 July 2008 (has links)
One of the important topics in sleep medicine is sleep structure. Normal sleep consists of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and nonrapid eye movement (NRME) sleep states. NREM sleep can be further classified into stage 1, 2 and slow wave sleep (SWS) according to the current sleep scoring standard. Among them, SWS has been considered to be very important due to its r restorative value. The goal of this research is to detect SWS by using a single channel EEG signal. Its applications can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, a personalized SWS detector is designed for each individuals By combining these personalized SWS detectors, the second phase develops a general SWS detection method that can be applied to general population with any personalized training process. By applying the proposed method to 62 persons, the experimental results show that the proposed method, in average, achieves 90.69% classification accuracy 90.09% sensitivity and 93.97% specificity. Our experimental results also demonstrate, when applied to persons with higher AHI (apnoea-hypopnea index) values, the proposed method can still provided satisfactory results.
18

Age related changes in preparation of encoding

Strunk, Jonathan 08 June 2015 (has links)
A hallmark of aging is a decline in episodic memory. These memory impairments in older adults may be related to a shift away from proactive control strategies. Previous research, with young adults, suggests proactive processes can benefit memory encoding. The dual mechanisms of control model suggests changes in the recruitment of proactive and reactive control strategies will influence behavioral outcomes. The current study used EEG to investigated proactive control in episodic memory in aging. Both young and old adults completed a subsequent memory task with audio and visual items. Each item was preceded by a modality consistent cue. Participants also completed the AX-CPT, which is sensitive to the use of proactive strategies. We found both younger and older adults recruited proactive processes only for audio trials. Both groups exhibited proactive patterns of performance on the AX-CPT. Post-stimulus EEG suggests younger and older adults recruited different strategies for processing audio items. Visual items did not show subsequent memory effects in the pre-stimulus time period, but both groups showed post-stimulus effects. These results suggest younger and older adults are able to flexibly recruit proactive strategies that benefit memory performance.
19

Contributions of self-motion information and theta phase precession to the spatial metric of the dorsal and middle hippocampus

Maurer, Andrew Porter January 2008 (has links)
This dissertation explores the relationships between self-motion, place field size, and theta phase precession with a primary focus on providing insight into the interactions between theta phase precession and place field size. The present data indicate that place field size increases along the dorsal to ventral axis of the hippocampus. Pyramidal neurons of the middle hippocampus, with larger place fields, exhibit a lower intrinsic burst frequency compared to dorsal place cells. Moreover, the firing rate of neurons in the middle hippocampus show a weaker relationship with running velocity compared with cells in the dorsal CA1 region suggesting that there is a decrease in the self-motion input to this region. By defining place fields as phase shifts up to, but not exceeding 360 degrees, the rate of phase precession is found to significantly correlate with place field size. Moreover, this definition revealed that approximately 10% of the pyramidal neurons will have place fields that overlap in space. Applying this critereon to interneurons reveals that a subset shows a similar spatial metric to those of pyramidal cells, inheriting the activity profiles and spike-phase relationships of the pyramidal cells that they are putatively monosynaptically coupled to. Finally, a reliable reconstruction of the look-ahead phenomenon provides preliminary evidence that suggests an increase in place field size as velocity increases.The results are presented to imply that the influence of the self-motion signals is graded along the dorsal-ventral axis of the hippocampus. These self-motion signals are capable of influencing the neuronal spike times of both pyramidal cells and interneurons on short-time scales of a theta cycle or less. Despite these short-time scale spike timing control mechanisms, preliminary data is presented that the influence of self-motion information with velocity is not enough to maintain a fixed place field size.
20

Towards Automated Recognition of Human Emotions using EEG

Xu, Haiyan 27 November 2013 (has links)
Emotion states greatly influence many areas in our daily lives, such as: learning, decision making and interaction with others. Therefore, the ability to detect and recognize one’s emotional states is essential in intelligence Human Machine Interaction (HMI). In this thesis, a pattern classification framework was developed to sense and communicate emo- tion changes expressed by the Central Nervous System (CNS) through the use of EEG signals. More specifically, an EEG-based subject-dependent affect recognition system was developed to quantitatively measure and categorize three affect states: Positively excited, neutral and negatively excited. Several existing feature extraction algorithms and classifiers were researched, analyzed and evaluated through a series of classification simulations using a publicly available emotion-based EEG database. Simulation results were presented followed by an interpretation discussion. The findings in this thesis can be useful for the design of affect sensitive applications such as augmented means of communication for severely disabled people that cannot directly express their emotions. Furthermore, we have shown that with significantly reduced number of channels, classification rates maintained a level that is feasible for emotion recognition. Thus current HMI paradigms to integrate consumer electronics such as smart hand-held device with commercially available EEG headsets is promising and will significantly broaden the application cases.

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