Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In today's technologized and literate society, scientific literacy has been increasingly developing the social function of preparing citizens to act in the most diverse spheres of social life (SANTOS, 2007, p. 480). We understand that scientific literacy refers to the individual‟s capacities of reading, writing, comprehending and expressing points of view (Idem, p. 478), using scientific and technological knowledge in their own life (ULHÔA; GONTIJO; MOURA, 2008, p. 8). Considering the scientific literacy relevance in the current globalized society, the present work has as objective to investigate how the popularization process of language science discourse is constituted in textbooks of English as a foreign language (EFL). We consider science popularization (SP) as the recontextualization of scientific knowledge in the mass media (TV documentary, e-journal, for example) to a non-specialized audience (MYERS, 2003). The corpus of analysis is composed by six sections entitled Reading Beyond the Words from the Prime collection which were selected based on the themes citizenship and human values, according to the Textbooks Guide - TNP 2012 of Modern Foreign Language (BRASIL, 2011). The analysis of the sections is based on guiding questions about some current concepts in the field of EFL: 1) language as genre; 2) reading as critical literacy; and 3) scientific literacy. We adopt Critical Genre Analysis approach (MEURER, 2002; BHATIA, 2004, 2010; MOTTA-ROTH, 2006) which considers the conditions of production, distribution and consumption of texts to the analysis and interpretation of the social practice constituted in a certain genre (MOTTA-ROTH, 2008a, p. 362). The results indicate that there is a perspective of language as discursive genre, for the relation text-context is present in the reading activities. The conception of reading is interactive and critical literacy perpasses some stages of reading, mainly pre-reading and post-reading activities. In relation to the while-reading stage, however the activities give space to critical literacy and interactive reading, they could have a more focused formulation on the relation among text, discursive and social practice. Scientific literacy is also timidly explored, but there is an attempt of defining some concepts of language science by means of resources such as intertextuality and semantic relations, besides activities which explore scientific knowledge when questioning, for example, about the producers, methods and products of science. Generally, there is an attempt of recontextualizing the discourse of language science in the analyzed textbooks. Thus, the language teacher plays the role of agent in the implementation of teaching towards the promotion of scientific literacy in the field of EFL, because language plays the role of mediator in learning other types of knowledge. / Na atual sociedade letrada e tecnologizada, o letramento científico vem desempenhando, de maneira crescente, a função social de preparar o cidadão para atuar nas mais diversas esferas do convívio social (SANTOS, 2007, p. 480). Entendemos que o letramento científico diz respeito às capacidades do indivíduo de ler, escrever, compreender e expressar pontos de vista (Idem, p. 478), utilizando o conhecimento científico e tecnológico no próprio cotidiano (ULHÔA; GONTIJO; MOURA, 2008, p. 8). Considerando a relevância do letramento científico na atual sociedade globalizada, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como se dá o processo de popularização do discurso da Ciência da Linguagem em livros didáticos (LDs) de Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (ILE). Consideramos popularização da ciência (PC) como a recontextualização do conhecimento científico na mídia de massa (documentário televisivo e revista eletrônica, por exemplo) para uma audiência não especializada naquela área científica (MYERS, 2003). O corpus de análise é composto por seis seções Reading Beyond the Words da coleção Prime que foram selecionadas segundo as temáticas cidadania e valores humanos, conforme o Guia de Livros Didáticos - PNLD 2012 de Língua Estrangeira Moderna (BRASIL, 2011). A análise das seções parte de perguntas norteadoras sobre alguns conceitos correntes na área de ILE: 1) linguagem como gênero discursivo; 2) leitura como letramento crítico; e 3) letramento científico. Adotamos a Análise Crítica de Gênero (MEURER, 2002; BHATIA, 2004, 2010; MOTTA-ROTH, 2006) que considera as condições de produção, distribuição e consumo de textos para a análise e interpretação da prática social constituída em um determinado gênero (MOTTA-ROTH, 2008a, p. 362). Os resultados indicam que há uma visão de linguagem enquanto gênero discursivo, pois a relação texto-contexto está presente nas atividades de leitura. A concepção de leitura é a interativa e o letramento crítico perpassa algumas etapas de leitura, principalmente a pré-leitura e a pós-leitura. Em relação à etapa de leitura propriamente dita, embora as atividades ofereçam abertura para o letramento crítico e a leitura interativa, elas poderiam ter uma formulação mais focada na relação entre texto, prática discursiva e prática social. O letramento científico também é timidamente explorado, mas há uma tentativa de definir alguns conceitos da Ciência da Linguagem por meio de recursos, como a intertextualidade e as relações semânticas presentes ao longo das seções, além de atividades que exploram o conhecimento científico ao questionar, por exemplo, acerca dos produtores, métodos e produtos da ciência. De modo geral, há uma tentativa de recontextualização do discurso da Ciência da Linguagem nos LDs analisados, mas ela não abrange as atividades como um todo. Desse modo, o professor de línguas desempenha o papel de agente na implementação de um ensino com vistas à promoção do letramento científico na área de ILE, visto que a linguagem desempenha o papel de mediadora na aprendizagem de outros conhecimentos.

The Swedish school has grown multicultural due to the recent years' migration and globalization of society. This place higher demands on the school's responsibility to educate students who are accepting and understanding towards each other, no matter their cultural and ethnic backgrounds. With application of postcolonial theory and its features; alterity, identity and racial prejudice to C.N Adichie's novel Americanah, it is argued that the inclusion of postcolonial literature in the EFL classroom may help students in developing an understanding for democratic values, and in exploring their roles in a diverse environment.

Oral proficiency plays a crucial part in mastering the English language. It is, because of that, heavily debated among professors and teachers. Among teachers, uncertainty prevails regarding how oral proficiency should be taught and assessed. This qualitative study aims to raise awareness of how teachers define, understand, and experience oral proficiency in the upper secondary EFL classroom. Furthermore, this study seeks to analyze teachers’ conflicting perceptions regarding the assessment process along with what problems they encounter and how they solve these problems. Four EFL teachers from three schools in the south of Sweden lay the foundation for the study. Semi-structured interviews were used as the method of data collection in order to gain insights from the teachers’ reflections. The data of the interviews were analyzed with the help of the grounded theory approach. Adopting this theory, the results of the study show that the four EFL teachers had general difficulties understanding the terms assessment and oral proficiency. While one teacher viewed oral proficiency as a two-fold challenge, another stated that in order to get a good grade, good discussion abilities are vital. When assessing students’ oral proficiency, the teachers focused on different features such as pronunciation, fluency, variation, interaction, content, and vocabulary.

Teachers with or without special training encounter dyslexic students daily. As such, these teachers need to have tools for these encounters. One hundred seventy-two teachers took part anonymously in an online survey. This paper looks closely at the following: the multi-sensory approach, extra-classroom groups, the impact of motivation and how to motivate students, and the social implications of dyslexia in a classroom situation and what can be done about them. This paper also includes the so-called special stipulations, a part of the Swedish school ordinance that allows a teacher to omit criteria when grading a student under specific circumstances. The survey showed that there is a myriad of different aids being used and that there are many different views on the special stipulations, some positive and some critical. Finally, one of the most important findings shown by the study is that there is a general lack of knowledge about the impact of the opacity of English orthography. / Lärare med eller utan särskild utbildning möter elever med dyslexi dagligen, och behöver därmed verktyg för dessa bemötanden. Etthundrasjuttiotvå lärare deltog anonymt i en online undersökning. Den här uppsatsen tittar närmre på följande: det multi-sensoriska tillvägagångssättet, grupper utanför klassrummet, hur bristen på motivation påverkar elevernas inlärning och hur man kan motivera dem. Även möjliga sociala konsekvenser dyslexi kan ha i en klassrumssituation och vad man kan göra åt dem diskuteras. Till sist ingår även undantagsbestämmelsen, även känd som PYS-paragrafen. Den är en del av den svenska skolförordningen och tillåter en lärare att bortse från enstaka kursmål när det kommer till betygssättning under särskilda omständigheter. Undersökningen visade att det finns ett stort antal hjälpmedel som används, och många olika tankar om undantagsbestämmelsen, en del positiva, andra kritiska. Slutligen så visar min undersökning att det finns en brist på kunskap om den låga transparensen hos den engelska ortografins påverkan.

The aim of this study was to find out how Utbildningsverket’s (UR) pedagogical material, belonging to two miniseries aimed at upper secondary school, use top-down- and bottom-up strategies to teach listening comprehension. For this purpose, a case study method was used where the materials worked as the case to be studied. Furthermore, the approaches that were used for this study were based on taxonomies established by previous research: First, a taxonomy of strategies for listening comprehension illustrated by Graham and Santos (2015). Secondly, a taxonomy relating to listening types, illustrated by Field (2009). With these taxonomies and the English 5 syllabus, the materials were studied as a qualitative case study. The results show that the two criteria in the English 5 syllabus, which relate to strategies, are addressed within the teacher’s guide of both miniseries. Moreover, My English Mistakes and The Great Debate, both implicitly instruct students to use various strategies. The results also show that the top-down strategies are overrepresented in frequency but less varied in listening type variation. However, the strategies that are instructed are not explained or motivated in the materials.

This essay analyses John Green’s The Fault in Our Stars (2012) with a theoretical approach of reader-response theory to show how the potential interpretations of the gaps in the novel make it a relevant choice of literary work for EFL education. The essay also examines whether the concept of gaps can be used as a tool in literary analysis. The concept of gaps stem from Wolfgang Iser’s ideas on the individual reader, which in turn is one of the perspectives, together with Stanley Fish’s interpretative communities, from which the gaps found in The Fault in Our Stars are analysed. The results are connected to a list of criteria, created by applying the criteria of English syllabuses for upper secondary school by the Swedish National Agency for Education to a revised version of Janice Bland’s list of what constitutes a good literary work for the classroom. The result is that The Fault in Our Stars covers difficult and relatable topics and emotions, which enables productive discussions that challenge students’ world views and help develop their interpretative skills. The findings also show that the novel bears literary complexity, with its prevalent use of metaphors and similes, as well as clear intertextuality with typically canonical works. The analysis also shows how the concept of gaps are an effective tool for interpretation in literary analysis. In conclusion, The Fault in Our Stars is a suitable and comprehensive choice of YA literature in the upper secondary school EFL classroom.

Most Brazilian students learning English face difficulty when studying thepresent perfect. It is one of the most challenging aspects of the Englishlanguage for Portuguese speakers due to the similar form with a divergentsemantic value. The Brazilian Portuguese present perfect forces iteration andthe student automatically transfers the same meaning when translating anEnglish sentence literally. Brazilian learners get confused about when and inwhat situations to use the English present perfect and frequently are not able todistinguish it from the simple past use. This study is comprised of two parts.First, a comparative study was done to investigate which Portuguese tensetranslators of famous literary books consider to be equivalent to the Englishpresent perfect according to the message which is being conveyed. Thedatabase used was the bidirectional parallel corpus of English and PortugueseCOMPARA. Second, textbooks developed to teach English in Brazil wereanalyzed in order to verify from what perspective students were beinginstructed concerning the present perfect and whether the semantic differencesbetween the two languages were pointed out. According to the translationcorpus, the English present perfect is mostly equivalent to Brazilian Portuguesesimple past. Adverbs are also often needed to express the English presentperfect meaning in Portuguese. The textbooks were found to present poorexplanations and seem not to call the learners’ attention to the source of the problems. Textbooks do not stress the importance of the semantic value and thecontext, and do not call attention to the different meanings between theBrazilian and the English present perfect.

[pt] A valorização do professor é de suma importância para seu crescimento profissional. Ela pode se dar de diversas formas. O foco da presente dissertação é tentar compreender de que formas essa valorização é entendida por três profissionais da área de ensino de língua inglesa da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Através de entrevistas individuais e autobiográficas, cada uma das professoras aponta sua trajetória profissional e o que as motiva a pensar em deixar a carreira ou prosseguir nela pelo prisma do que entendem por valorização em sua área de atuação. A pesquisa é qualitativa e interpretativa na tentativa de compreender o que motiva as entrevistadas. Mesmo partindo de contextos distintos (escola pública, curso livre de inglês e escola particular), as três possuem visões comuns no que diz respeito à liberdade de atuação, remuneração e identidades impostas pela lógica mercantilista que o neoliberalismo trouxe para dentro do cenário de ensino. Todas dialogam, tendo ou não conhecimento teórico prévio, com teorias sobre valorização profissional docente, através de uma corrente da Linguística Aplicada voltada para as profissões. / [en] Teachers professional appreciation is of the utmost importance for their professional development. It can be achieved in a plethora of ways. The present dissertation focuses on trying to understand in which ways such valorization is perceived by three professionals of the area of English language teaching-learning in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Through individual and autobiographical interviews, each of the teachers discusses their professional journey and what motivates them to either consider leaving their profession or continue working as teachers, as they attempt to comprehend what professional appreciation is in their area of expertise. The research is qualitative and interpretative attempting to understand what motivates the interviewees. Even coming from different backgrounds (public schools, English courses and private schools), the three of them share similar visions in relation to freedom of agency, salary and identities imposed by the mercantilist agenda brought about by neoliberalism to schools. Regardless of having theoretical background knowledge about the theme, all of them echo theories about professional appreciation, also related to Applied Linguistics of the professions.

The general aim of this study was to investigate the implementation of active learning approaches in the teaching of English Language support courses to first-year university students. The study was planned to identify factors that affected the implementation of active learning in classrooms where English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is taught, the perceptions of EFL instructors and their students regarding active learning, the linkage between assessment practices and productive skills, and the commonly used types of active learning techniques. The study was conducted in three Ethiopian universities and employed a qualitative approach to data generation and analysis. As such, data generation strategies focused on relevant documents, classroom observation, individual interviews, and focus group discussions. The participants of the study included 27 EFL instructors and their students (17 groups of focus group discussion), enrolled for English Language support courses at freshman level. Based on my analysis of the data, the primary barriers to the implementation of active learning techniques in EFL classrooms were as follows: Students’ poor background exposure to the English language; Students’ negative associations with language learning; EFL instructors’ ineffective classroom management; The adverse influence of students’ external social environments; Dependency in group work; low relevance of English Language support courses; Lack of administrative support from Universities. The participants of the study were aware of the importance of active learning and student-centred approaches and in favour of the implementation thereof. Despite this, they did not feel that they practised them effectively in the teaching and learning process. In fact, the instructors explained that, in the face of very unfavourable circumstances for active learning and student-centred approaches, they felt utterly disappointed, with no sense of achievement, when attempting to use these approaches in their classrooms; they did not believe that the existing situation was conducive to the implementation of active learning and student-centred approach. Furthermore, these EFL instructors did not use a variety of active learning techniques in the teaching and learning process of English supportive courses. The dominant techniques they used were group work and pair work. They did not utilise alternative techniques to teach essential productive skills (i.e. speaking and writing).The participants also indicated that the assessment techniques they used were not closely related to lesson objectives or language learning goals in the development of productive skills. The relationship between assessment types and active learning techniques was characterised by traditional pencil-and-paper tests designed solely for grading purposes; and not to improve the actual learning process. In grading, the weight given to productive skills was very small in contrast to that assigned to receptive skills (i.e. listening and reading), grammar and vocabulary. Their relationship involved teaching simply to prepare students for tests, irrelevant and untimely feedback, substandard assessment, absence of dynamism in the two-dimensional assessment techniques, and incongruence between assessment techniques and actual language skills and competence. In relation to feedback, both the students and their instructors pointed out that EFL students were more concerned with their grades than with the potential to learn when receiving feedback on their writing or oral presentations. In line with these findings, this thesis concluded by offering relevant recommendations for alleviating the problems observed in the teaching of English language support courses - both in general and with particular regard to productive skills development. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics)