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Through four novelists from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries-Haywood, Defoe, Austen, and Chopin-this work examines the way the mother's importance evolves throughout literature. In Haywood's works, motherhood is seen as a dominant force in her child's life, but not a dominant force in society. Defoe approaches motherhood in a dramatically different way; for him, motherhood is secondary to financial security, and this opinion is reflected in the lives and actions of his characters. In spite of the absence of a maternal influence, Austen's characters do not experience true hardship in the way that Haywood's and Defoe's do. However, their lives are adversely affected by this absence. Chopin's protagonist has never experienced a maternal influence, and this absence has dramatically affected her life. She is unsure about what she wants from life, and this knowledge, along with her realization of society's restrictions upon her, ultimately leads to her suicide.

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<p>The Oriental tale in the eighteenth century was a very popular form which has been ignored until fairly recently. Furthermore, woman's contribution to this popular but marginalized form has been almost utterly neglected. Beginning with Eliza Haywood's Adventures of Eovaai. Princess of Iiaveo, through Frances Sheridan's History of Nouriahad and concluding with Ellis Cornelia Knight's Dinarbas; A Tale Being£:!: Continuation of Rasselas, Prince gfAbissinia, this study chronologically follows the rise of the domestic woman in the decidedly undomestic Oriental tale as these three authors negotiate genre, their culture and their gender through the writing of Oriental tales.</p> <p>The Oriental tales as written by these women represent an opposing voice to developing literary realism so beloved of the middle classes. While Oriental tales are at least partially reactionary in their inflection of earlier romance conventions, they are also as necessary as realism for the development of capitalism: capitalism relies not only on an ethic of saving, generally associated with realism, but also on an ethic of spending. Emphasizing sumptuous description and luxury, they reinforce expenditures, which punctuate periods of working and saving, and women are absolutely central in the development and construction of their culture through their writing and through their gender association with consumption for their culture.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Die vorliegende Dissertation analysiert Textgeneratoren aus der Frühzeit der Computergeschichte, seit den 1970er Jahren, ausgehend von ihrem Quelltext. Variablenskripte, Joseph Weizenbaums "Eliza", Kenneth Colbys "Parry", frühe Adventurespiele und Terry Winograds "SHRDLU" werden auf die ihnen zugrundelegienden metaphorischen und algorithmischen Strukturen untersucht. Alle diese Programme lassen sich auf den Glauben der formallogischen Tradition zurückführen, Sprache und das in ihr repräsentierte Wissen von Welt stellten vollständig explizierbare und sogar formalisierbare Sachverhalte dar, wie er in Ludwig Wittgensteins "Tractatus" kulminiert. Technisch werden hier optionale Elemente in Baumstrukturen angeordnet und erzeugen scheinbar unerschöpfliche Varianz. Dem wird eine zweite Traditionslinie gegenübergestellt, die statt an Optionen an Operationen arbeitet und mit dem Dadaisten Tristan Tzara, der Wiederentdeckung des russischen Mathematikers Andrei Markov durch Claude Shannon und den Cutup-Experimenten von William S. Burroughs verbunden ist. Als deren Weiterführung beschreibt die Arbeit das im Rahmen dieser Promotion entwickelte Computerprogramm "Poetry Machine", einen auf semantischen Netzwerken basierenden, interaktiven Textgenerator, der sich selbständig mit Informationen aus dem Internet versorgt. Im Anhang findet sich die Übersetzung des grundlegenden Textes "Ein Beispiel statistischer Forschung am Text ''Eugen Onegin'' zur Verbindung von Proben in Ketten" von A. Markov ins Deutsche. / The present dissertation analyses text generators from the early times of computer history, since the 1970ies, starting from their source code. Variable scripts, Joseph Weizenbaum''s "Eliza", Kenneth Colby''s "Parry", early adventure games and Terry Winograd''s "SHRDLU" are investigated regarding their metaphorical and arithmetical structure. These programs can be traced back to the belief of the formal-logic tradition that language and the knowledge about the world represented by it can be fully explained and even be formalised, like it culminates in Ludwig Wittgenstein''s "Tractatus". Technically, optional elements are arranged in tree-like structures and generate seemingly endless variance. A second line of tradition is opposed to this, that works on operations rather than on options. It is linked to the dadaist Tristan Tzara, the re-discovery of the Russian mathematician Andrei Markov by Claude Shannon and the cutup-experiments of William S. Burroughs. As a continuation, the computer program "Poetry Machine" is described in detail, which was developed within the framework of the present dissertation. This interactive text generator is based on semantic networks and acquires its information autonomously from the internet. The translation of the fundamental text "An Example of Statistical Investigation of the Text ''Eugene Onegin'' Concerning the Connection of Samples in Chains" by A. Markov into German is given in the appendix.

Through her texts depicting amorous adventures, Eliza Haywood engages with critical, contemporary discussions about power relations and consent in both social and legal constructs. Her texts resist the boundary between the private domain of interpersonal relationships and the public domain of political relations. Rather, her fiction engages in a wide-reaching discourse that explores the interrelations between power, agency, consent, and education, and lays bare the ways in which societal roles and expectations are reinforced in damaging ways. This thesis aims to prove that Haywood’s repetition of central motifs—including the continued tension between resisting and yielding to sexual pressure or temptation, and the line between seduction and rape—serves to question how these behaviours become normalized and naturalized. Through analyzing three categories of relationships—women and their fathers or guardians, women and their lovers, and women with other women—this thesis unpacks how women’s agency is stifled by parental relationships, transferred to male lovers, and finally empowered by female intimacy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University of Pennsylvania. / Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_tt_me_rcla.pdf: 956452 bytes, checksum: 7060663ce1ceb6e3c5bce289a23777f1 (MD5) / Ao tratar da história da Geografia enquanto disciplina escolar, tanto no que tange as determinações políticas e teóricas do currículo formal quanto dos fatores cotidianos, que e produzem a cultura escolar, aqui entendida conforme Vidal(2005), e a dinâmica do currículo real e oculto, desenvolvemos a presente pesquisa. Nosso objetivo foi o de contribuir para o estudo da historia das disciplinas escolares, no contexto do ensino da Geografia. No âmbito da metodologia, empregamos a pesquisa documental e a metodologia da história oral. A pesquisa bibliográfica e documental abrangeu a analise da produção acadêmica que trata da história da Geografia Escolar, da história do ensino no Brasil e no Estado de São Paulo e documentos oficiais, em especial aqueles que prescrevem orientação pedagógica e de conteúdo curricular, como orientações curriculares oficiais e prescrições metodológicas de ensino, como as Guias Curriculares Propostos para as Matérias do núcleo comum do Ensino do 1º Grau (1973), a Proposta Curricular para o ensino de Geografia-primeiro Grau(1991) e os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais(1997). Com isso, e a partir de Goodson (1998), estabelecemos uma periodização em quatro estágios do ensino de Geografia no Brasil para o período de 1549 a 2009. Caracterizamos cada período apontando as tendências de cada um, em especial para o quarto estágio (1960-2009). Este, com maior relevância para nosso trabalho, abrange significativas mudanças no ensino de Geografia das últimas décadas da historia. Para a analise de quatro estágios do ensino de Geografia no Brasil realizamos uma pesquisa empírica com a produção de dados de relato oral, com o emprego da metodologia da historia oral, mais especificamente a linha Temática Hibrida. Nossa opção metodológica se justifica na medida em que nos... / When talking about the history of Geography as a educational discipline, both in terms of political and theoretical determinations of formal curriculum and daily factors which produce the school culture, herein understood according to Vidal(2005), and the dynamics of occult and real curriculum, we developed this research. Our aim was to contribute to the history study of school disciplines in the Geography teaching context. As the methodology scope we applied the documental research and the oral history methodology. The bibliographic and documental research included the academic production analysis which deals with the Educational Geography history, the teaching history in Brazil and in the State of São Paulo and official documents, in special those which prescribe pedagogical orientation and curricular content, as official curricular orientations and methodological prescriptions of teaching, such as Proposed Curricular Guides to the Subjects of Teaching common nucleus of 1º Grade (1973), the Curricular Proposal to the teaching of Geography – elementary school (1991) and the National Curricular Parameters (1997). Thus, and starting from Goodson (1998), we established periods in four stages in Geography teaching in Brazil from 1549 to 2009. We characterized each period pointing out the tendencies to each one, in special the fourth stage (1960-2009). This one with a bigger relevance to our study covers important changes in Geography teaching of the last decades of history. To the analysis of four stages of Geography teaching in Brazil we performed an empiric research producing oral report data, applying the oral history methodology, more specifically the Hybrid Theme line. Our methodological option is justified according as the proposal of discussing the phenomenon of Geography teaching starting from the memory registry... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The Long Eighteenth Century was a period in which change was constant and proceeding the Restoration Era; this sense of change continued throughout the era. Charles II created an era in which women were allowed on the theatre stage, and his mistresses accompanied him to court; Charles II set the stage for the proto-feminist ideas of the eighteenth century that would manifest themselves in Eliza Haywood’s Love in Excess, Daniel Defoe’s Roxana, and Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Simple Story. These novels showcase the enlightenment of women and some of their male contemporaries and the beginning struggles of female agency. The eighteenth century was a time in which the separate sphere mentality grew ever stronger within the patriarchal society, and yet, women began to question their subservient place in this society—although this struggle would continue to intensify throughout the nineteenth century and eventually come to fruition in the late nineteenth century.

This thesis explores Mormon women's experiences with death as revealed in their personal writings from 1847-1900. The study includes an examination of women's involvement in caring for the sick and tending to the dead, as well as an exploration of women's personal reactions to death. A careful reading of Mormon women's writings from this period reveals that Mormonism equipped believers with powerful doctrines and rituals which helped women cope with the sorrow and profound grief that accompanied the deaths of those they loved. In addition, members living in Mormon communities rendered invaluable physical, emotional, and spiritual support to each other as they cared for the sick and dying, prepared the dead for burial, and dealt with the lingering sense of loss brought on by death. Significantly, special community-sanctioned customs and traditions associated with illness and death provided solace in difficult times.