Liberalized electricity markets, increased awareness of clean energy resources and theirdecreasing costs have resulted in large numbers of distributed power generators beinginstalled on distribution network. Installation of distributed generation has altered thepassive nature of distribution grid. A concept of Active Distribution Network is proposedwhich will enable present day infrastructure to host renewable energy resources reliably.Fault management that includes fault localization, isolation and service restoration ispart of active management of distribution networks.This thesis aims to introduce a distributed protection methodology for fault localizationand isolation. The objective is to enhance reliability of the network. Faults are identifiedbased on root mean square values of current measurements and by comparing thesevalues with preset thresholds. The method based on multi-agent concept can be usedto locate the faulty section of a distribution network and for selection of faulty phases.The nodal Bus Agent controls breakers that are associated with it. Based on indicationof fault, adjacent bus Agents communicate with each other to identify location of fault.A trip signal is then issued to corresponding Breakers in adjacent Bus Agents, isolatingthe faulty section of line. A case study was carried out to verify suitability of the proposedmethod. A meshed network model and multi-agent based protection scheme wassimulated in Simulink SimPowerSystems. Considering nature of Distribution Network,separate breakers for each phase are considered. The distribution network protectionsystem identified fault introduced in the network correctly along with interrupting thefault current.Keywords

The current shift towards renewable energy resources creates volatility in the electricity production that must be compensated by nevi sources of balancing energy. To ensure a normal operation of the power system, the transmission system operators procure power reserves able to provide regulation energy through market processes. Virtual power plants are now likely to participate on the balancing markets. In this study, the technical and economic feasibility of having virtual power plants participate in the Swiss balancing market is assessed. The study begins with the evaluation and compa.rison of four European balancing market designs and continues with the clarification of the concept of virtual power plant. The focus is then set on the Swiss ancillary services market, recently open to virtual pmver plants. After a detailed market description, an economic model simulating the participation of a virtual power plant made of industrial resources on the secondary and tertiary control markets has been developed. This model \Vas evaluated on an actual market design: the Sv.riss ancillary servicel:l market. 5 cases were simulated, allowing to estimate the opportunity fom both the capacity and the energy market productl:l. The simulations indicated that an example company (based on an actual situation) could hope a decrease in its energy cost between :3 and 4% by participating in a control pool over a year. Other simulations demonstrated the greater profit expected from secondary reserves compared to tertiary rel:lerves, and the need to develop an automatized activation system. The encouraging economic study is followed by a technical overview of the envisioned system. A generic technical characterization of virtual power plant is presented, on v.rhich the Swiss use-case is later applied. The breakdown into functional requirements allowed to highlight specific issues. The design of the control strategy, particularly to deliver secondary control, as well as the hardware communication interface to use are tvw aspects that ,vill require further analysis. Additionally, on an economic level, the investment cost for remote communication modules are acceptable with respect to the economic potentials estimated in the first part, for medium­sized industrial energy resources. In conclusion, the study established the profitability of an aggregation project on the Swisl:l market but also demonstrated the need to pursue research for the project to be fully feasible on a technical level.

Microgrids are new challenging power systems under development. This report presents a feasibility study of microgrid development. This is an essential task before implementing microgrid systems. It is extremely important to know the number and size of distributed energy resources (DERs) needed and it is necessary to compare investment costs with benefits in order to evaluate the profitability of microgrids. Under the assumption that a large number of DERs improves the reliability of microgrids an optimization problem is formulated to get the accurate mix of distributed energy resources. Uncertainty in physical and financial parameters is taken into account to model the problem considering different scenarios.  Uncertainty takes place in load demanded, renewable energy generation and electricity market price forecasts, availability of distributed energy resources and the microgrid islanding. It is modeled in a stochastic way. The optimization problem is formulated firstly as a mixed-integer programming solved via branch and bound and then it is improved formulating a two stage problem using Benders’ Decomposition which shortens the problem resolution. This optimization problem is divided in a long-term investment master problem and a short-term operation subproblem and it is solved iteratively until it reaches convergence. Bender’s Decomposition optimization problem is applied to real data from the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and it gives the ideal mix of distributed energy resources for different uncertainty scenarios. These distributed energy resources are selected from an initial set. It proves the usefulness of this optimization technique which can be also applied to different microgrids and data. The different solutions obtained for different scenarios are explained and analyzed. They show the possibility of microgrid implementation and determine the most favorable scenarios to reach the microgrid implementation successfully.  Reliability is a term highly linked to the microgrid concept and one of the most important reasons of microgrid development. Thus an analysis of reliability importance is implemented using the importance index of interruption cost (  ) in order to measure the reliability improvement of developing microgrids. It shows and quantifies the reliability improvement in the system.

Hybrid Energy Resource System (HERS) is studied and applied aroundworld in recent years. Control and monitor of them are quite important in realapplication. HERS also has the equirement to integral with power grid such asdistribution grid networks. Therefore, to design and implement the informationcommunication system following IEC 61850, which is most promising standard fordesign of substation communication and automation system, is necessary. This paperpresents the design of Information Communication Technology (ICT) architectureand Unified Modeling Language (UML) models and final implementation through LabVIEW programming for Smart Energy Container. Applying design following IEC61850 series standards allow the HERS can communicate and interoperate with other IEC61850 devices and SCADA systems. The implementation is applied to SmartEnergy Container which contains wind power, solar power, battery energy storagesystem, and hydrogen energy storage system. Verification and testing results shows thedesign is qualified to control and monitor Smart Energy Container. / Smart Energy Container

The recent increase of electric cars adoption will inuence the electricity demand in the distributionnetworks which risks to be higher than the maximum power available in the grid, if not well planned. Forthis reason, it is on the DSOs and TSOs's interest to plan carefully coordinated charging of a bulk of EVsas well as assess the possibility of EVs acting as energy storages with the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) or Vehicleto-Building (V2B) capability. When parked and plugged into the electric grid, EVs will absorb energy andstore it, being also able to deliver electricity back to the grid/building (V2G/B system).This can be anoptimized process, performed by an aggregator, gathering multiple EVs that discharge the battery into thegrid at peak time and charge when there is low demand i.e. overnight and o-peak hours.Numerous studies have investigated the possibility of aggregating multiple EVs and optimizing theircharging and discharging schedules for peak load reduction or energy arbitrage with participation in theelectricity market. However, no study was found for optimizing a shared eet of EVs with daily reservationsfor dierent users trying to perform V2B. In this study an optimization modelling algorithm (mixed integerlinear problem - MILP) that manages the possible reservations of the shared eet of EVs, coordinates thecharging and discharging schedules, and provides V2B (Vehicle-to-Building), with the objective of minimizingenergy costs and accounting with battery ageing has been developed. A case study with real data for abuilding is carried out modelling dierent number of EVs for two dierent days in year 2017, one in Marchand other in June.Results show that the prots are higher for all cases when introducing V2B as compared to a no optimizationscenario: V2B with battery degradation (50 ore/kWh) has decreased daily variable electricity costsbetween 54 and 59% in March and 60 and 63% for June when compared without smart charging. Integrationof battery degradation cost in V2B applications is necessary and inuences signicantly the chargingand discharging strategies adopted by EV and nally the total daily costs: The total daily cost increaseby maximal 10% for the day in March and 13% for the day in June when comparing the scenario that hasstationary battery and uses only-charging model for EVs with the scenario applying V2B mode consideringa degradation cost of 80 ore/kWh. / Ö kningen av antalet elbilar kommer att påverka lasten i elnätet som riskerar att bli högre än kapacitetom det inte är väl planerat. Därför är det i elnätsföretags intresse att samordna laddningen av de flesta elbilarna samt att utvärdera möjligheterna att använda elbilar som energilager gentemot elnätet (Vehicleto-Grid,V2G) eller byggnader (Vehicle-to-Building, V2B). Vid parkering och anslutning till elnätet kommer elbilar att ladda energi och lagra den, samtidigt de kan leverera el tillbaka till elnätet eller byggnaden (V2G/V2B). Detta kan vara en optimerad process som utförs av en aggregator genom att ladda flera elbilar i låglasttimmar och ladda ur dem under höglasttimmar.Många studier har undersökt möjligheten att aggregera flera elbilar och optimera laddningsoch urladdningsplaner för topplastreduktion eller energiarbitrage på elmarknaden. Ingen studie har dock hittats för att optimera en gemensam flotta av elbilar med dagliga reservationer för olika användare som försöker utföra V2B. Denna studie har utvecklat en optimeringsmodell (blandad heltalsprogrammering MILP) som hanterar möjliga reservationer av en flotta av elbilar, koordinerar laddning och urladdning planering, och utför V2B för att minimera energikostnader med hänsyn till batteriets åldrande. En fallstudie för en byggnad genomfördes modellering av olika antal elbilar för två dagar 2017, en i mars och andra i juni.Resultaten visar att vinsten är högre i samtliga fall då man introducerar V2B jämfört med scenario utan optimering: V2B med batteriladdningskostnad 50 öre/kWh minskade dagliga rörliga elkostnader mellan 54% och 59% i mars och mellan 60% och 63% i juni jämfört med utan smart laddning. Att inkludera batteriladdningskostnaden i V2B-applikationer är nödvändigt och har en signifikant inverkan på laddningsstrategierna och de totala kostnaderna: De totala dagliga kostnaderna ökar med upp till 10% i mars och upp till 13% i juni då man jämför scenariot att bara ladda elbilar och ha stationärt batteri med scenariot V2B med hänsyntill batteriladdningskostnad 80 öre/kWh.

'Losing Control combines a glimpse behind the security screens with sharp analysis of the real global insecurities - growing inequality and unsustainability.' The New Internationalist The attacks in New York and Washington on 11th September 2001 took most of the world by surprise. It showed that, for those living in the West, the threat of terrorist attack is now very real. Maintaining control of global security has become a matter of paramount importance to all Western governments. As the war against 'terrorism' widens into a war against particular states who may have played little part in the disaster, the idea that we can maintain global security by desperately clinging to our current security paradigm becomes increasingly improbable. In Losing Control, Paul Rogers calls for a radical re-thinking of western perceptions of security that embraces a willingness to address the core issues of global insecurity. This acclaimed book has already become an essential guide for anyone who wishes to understand the current crisis, and this updated edition contains a new preface and a new chapter which address the specific problems that have arisen since the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Drawing on examples from around the world, Rogers analyses the legacy of the Cold War's proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; the impact of human activity on the global ecosystem; the growth of hypercapitalism and resulting poverty and insecurity; the competition for energy resources and strategic minerals; biological warfare programmes; and paramilitary actions against centres of power. The new edition brings the whole analysis right up to date, arguing persuasively that the world's elite cannot maintain control and that a far more emancipatory and sustainable approach to global security has to be developed. / Also published in Japanese

Современные технологии позволяют значительно снизить количество многих вредных веществ, выделяющихся при работе ТЭС. Но это не относится к выбросам углекислого газа (СО2), а ведь именно выбросы этого газа являются причиной «парникового эффекта», который, в свою очередь, приводит к различным климатическим изменениям и глобальному потеплению. Поэтому в данном исследовании применяется метод повторного использования поступившего газа в турбину. / Modern technologies can significantly reduce the amount of many harmful substances released during the operation of thermal power plants. But this does not apply to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and it is the emissions of this gas that cause the "greenhouse effect", which, in turn, leads to various climate changes and global warming. Therefore, in this study, the method of reusing the incoming gas into the turbine is used.

This report addresses the parameter settings for a protective relay designed to safeguard a 15 kW wind turbine located in Rimbo, Norrtälje municipality, against unintentional islanding. This type of situation arises when distributed energy resources continue to supply local loads, even if the main grid has been unintentionally disconnected. The previous protection system experienced malfunctions and has been replaced with a new protective relay to ensure reliable protection. The new protective relay introduces two parameters (relay settings) associated with unintentional islanding protection function, namely RoCoF (rate of change of frequency) hysteresis, and delay, which were not defined in the previous protective relay. This report aims to determine suitable relay settings and verify that the relay operates as intended, taking into account both local and national requirements for connected generators. When these requirements did not specify or recommend a specific value, reference was made to practices in neighbouring countries, and consideration was given to the generator owner's benefit. Testing the relay with the chosen settings was crucial to ensure a correct understanding and accurate input of the settings. The testing was conducted in a laboratory environment with carefully defined signals of controlled frequency and voltage, while the relay's trip output was logged. The report includes information about the current settings along with a theoretical background to explain their functionality. It also presents test results and the provided information on parameter configurations. Additionally, recommended settings for RoCoF hysteresis and implementation delay are suggested, aiming to enhance protection against inadvertent operation. The results confirmed that the relay can be used in Rimbo, Norrtälje municipality, according to the parameters described in the report. / Denna rapport behandlar parameterinställningar för ett skyddsrelä som skyddar en 15 kW vindkraftsturbin i Rimbo, Norrtälje kommun, mot oavsiktlig ödrift. Denna typ av situation uppstår när distribuerade energiresurser försätter att mata lokala laster, även om stamnätet har kopplats bort oavsiktlig. Det tidigare skyddssystemet har blivit skadat och ersatt med ett nytt skyddsrelä för att säkerställa ett tillförlitligt skydd. Det nya skyddsreläet introducerar två parametrar (reläinställningar) relaterade till skyddsfunktionen mot oavsiktlig ödrift, nämligen RoCoF (frekvensderivata intervall) hysteres och fördröjning, som inte var definierade i det tidigare skyddsrelät. Denna rapport syftar till att fastställa lämpliga reläinställningar och verifiera att reläet fungerar enligt avsikt, med hänsyn till både lokala och nationella krav för anslutna generatorer. När dessa krav inte specificerade eller rekommenderade ett specifikt värde, refererades det till praxis i närliggande länder och hänsyn togs till generatorägarens fördel. Testning av reläet med de valda inställningarna var av central betydelse för att säkerställa en korrekt förståelse och korrekt inmatning av inställningarna. Testningen utfördes i en laborationsmiljö med noggrant definierade signaler av kontrollerad frekvens och spänning, samtidigt som reläets utlösningsutgång loggades.  Rapporten inkluderar information om de aktuella inställningarna tillsammans med en teoretisk bakgrund för att förklara deras funktion. Den presenterar också resultat från tester och den tillhandahållna informationen om parameterinställningar. Dessutom rekommenderas inställningar för RoCoF-hysteres och fördröjning för implementering, med målet att förbättra skyddet mot oavsiktlig ödrift. Resultaten konstaterade att reläet kan användas i Rimbo, Norrtälje kommun enligt de parametrar som beskrivs i rapporten.

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