Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Rural development by means of providing uninterruptible power supply has become a priority among developing countries. Nigeria especially has on its top agenda the mandate to provide clean and cost-effective means of energy to the rural communities, hardest hit by wave of incessant outages of electricity supply. Renewable Energy (RE), a clean form of energy that can be derived from natural sources is widely available throughout Nigeria but is not harnessed. In this dissertation a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) framework is proposed for renewable energy towards rural community development in Nigeria as indicated in the 18-point recommendations of Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Moreover, a cost-benefit analysis tool is formulated and developed from the CBA framework in order to analyze comparatively the costs and intangible benefits of renewable energy projects for rural application. A case study demonstrating the working methodology of the proposed framework is presented in order to establish the cost-benefit components by assessing the comparative cost-benefit analysis of RE at a rural site of Nigeria. Erinjiyan Ekiti rural area is located for CBA assessment with three RE resources (solar, wind and small hydro) selected for consideration. Through the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the respondents' willingness to pay for RE supply is obtained and RE benefits in monetary terms computed. Using three economic decision criteria namely: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR); the three RE resources are ranked according to their economic viability. The result of the analysis provides useful insight to investors and decision makers into how RE projects in rural community should be conducted. Foremost, it is revealed that all three RE options will be economically viable if implemented, though adequate caution must be taken when making a decision. Based on the CBA assessment, the Small-Hydro Power (SHP) option is ranked as the most viable option. However, this is swiftly negated if RE social impact, such as the spiritual belief of the rural dwellers, who rely on the only potential river as a medium of communication with their ancestors, are taken into consideration. Furthermore, a sensitivity assessment of the three RE options revealed that only solar photovoltaic (PV) option is marginally viable, thus turns negative upon an assumed increase in discount rate of only 17%. Herein, the proposed CBA framework provides a useful insight into an efficient method of appraising RE projects in rural communities. A CBA simulation tool is formulated and adapted from the CBA framework to enable quicker, reliable and automated means of assessing RE projects with a view to making wise investment decision. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Amid the climate change crisis of the 21st century, South Africa faces its own, tailor-made challenges. In its attempt to contribute to the global effort to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development, South Africa faces the challenge of a history steeped in cheap electricity - the curse of an abundance of coal. The municipality, as the lowest leg of governance, currently finds itself at a tough nexus, involving; municipal mandates to provide basic services; the possible financial risks of implementing RETs; the regulatory ambiguity surrounding electricity generation and distribution jurisdiction; and the necessary implementation of RETs as a means of addressing the growing risk of revenue loss from reduced electricity sales as consumers install their own RETs, and as a contribution to national climate change mitigation. This nexus is herein referred to as the ‘municipal dilemma’. This thesis, via a complex systems approach, explores the major barriers and policy opportunities in the implementation of renewable energy technologies (RETs) by municipalities embedded within the larger ambit of the South African government, as they attempt to address what the author has termed the ‘municipal dilemma’. What is especially interesting and relevant about a complex systems approach is the notion of learning and therefore adaptability. In light of municipalities and their role in the South African context, the notion of systems learning affords a unique perspective into the municipal dilemma and means of overcoming it. From a literature analysis of policy, through to a specific case study of Hessequa municipality, this study sought to assist municipalities in addressing this dilemma. South Africa’s energy and municipal management policies starting from the Constitution, is found to be conducive to the growth of RETs. Furthermore, there are clear channels through which municipalities can engage with these new technologies to address the municipal dilemma. What is seen to hinder this process is a web of institutional, political and regulatory barriers stemming from the over-politicization of the country’s energy sector - a direct result of a long history entrenched in coal-fired electricity generation. What was found lacking in the South African energy debate was the perspective of the municipality itself, which is ultimately tasked with catering for the energy needs of South African citizens while participating in national efforts. The notion that municipalities are best positioned to be influential in the growth of RETs is reinforced by the literature explored and through a complex systems approach. To effectively play their role, municipalities must: (a) be creative and bold in their development of appropriate policies to support RETs; (b) align their efforts with provincial and national programmes and simultaneously influence these programmes through municipal experience; (c) take advantage of systems in place, such as the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) process, to gradually build capacity within the municipality to manage increasingly complex RET implementation; (d) develop long-term strategies which, as per the tenets of complex systems theory, must feed from and into the ever-changing national and global landscape. This thesis posits that the municipal dilemma not only needs to be addressed, but offers the municipality a unique opportunity to rethink its role in the South African context. It has been found that a conducive regulatory environment is on the rise in the South African energy context. This environment, however, still requires much input from municipalities which are well positioned to offer direction to the policy creation process. In doing so, municipalities not only address the municipal dilemma, by also take their place as custodians of sustainable development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Te midde van die krisis van die 21ste eeu, naamlik die uitdaging van klimaatverandering, staar Suid-Afrika sy eie, unieke uitdagings in die gesig. Met die nodigheid om by te dra tot die globale poging om klimaatsverandering te versag en volhoubare ontwikkeling mee te bring, is Suid-Afrika gekonfronteer met die uitdaging van 'n geskiedenis ‘ryk’ in goedkoop elektrisiteit - die vloek van 'n oorvloed steenkool. Hierdienooreenkomstig bevind die munisipaliteit, as die laagste been van regering, homself in 'n moeilike krisispunt, naamlik die handhawing van die grondwetlike mandaat om basiese dienste te verskaf, en om ekonomiese ontwikkeling te verseker, maar tog by te dra tot die land se volhoubare ontwikkeling. Dit is uiters moeilik om alle aspekte genoegsaam aan te spreek, en hierna word verwys as die munsipale dilemma. Ter oorweging van die munisipaliteit as ingebed in 'n groter stelsel, naamlik die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, en met 'n komplekse stelselsbenadering om die munisipale dilemma aan te spreek, ondersoek hierdie tesis die groot struikelblokke tot, en beleidsgeleenthede vir, die implementering van hernubare energietegnologie deur munisipaliteite. In terme van die komplekse stelsels benadering is veral belangrik die opvattings van leer en dus aanpasbaarheid van die stelsels en hul relevansie vir die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Uit 'n ontleding van die beleidsliteratuur, en deur ‘n spesifieke gevallestudie van Hessequa munisipaliteit, poog hierdie studie om munisipaliteite te help in die aanspreek van hul dilemma. Daar is gevind dat Suid-Afrika se energie- en munisipale bestuursbeleid, vanaf die Grondwet, die groei van hernubare energietegnologie bevorder. Verder is daar duidelike kanale waardeur munisipaliteite betrokke kan raak by hierdie nuwe tegnologie ten einde die munisipale dilemma aan te spreek. Hierdie proses word wel verhinder deur 'n web van institusionele, politieke en regulatoriese hindernisse, wat spruit uit die oorverpolitisering van die land se energie-sektor; 'n direkte gevolg van 'n lang geskiedenis verskans in steenkool-aangedrewe opwekking van elektrisiteit. Wat ontbreek in die Suid-Afrikaanse energie-debat is die perspektief van die munisipaliteit self, wat uiteindelik getaak is met die adressering van die behoeftes van die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, met gelyktydige deelname aan nasionale pogings. Die plaaslike en globale gevallestudies lig talle gemeenskaplike temas uit en vorm die basis van die gevolgtrekkings van hierdie tesis. Die idee dat munisipaliteite die beste geposisioneer is om invloedryk te wees in die groei van hernubare energietegnologie word versterk deur die literatuur ondersoek en deur middel van 'n komplekse sisteem benadering tot die gevallestudies. Om effektief te wees in hul rol, moet munisipaliteite (a) kreatief en dapper wees in hul ontwikkeling van toepaslike beleide om dié tegnologieë te ondersteun; (b) hul pogings in lyn bring met provinsiale en nasionale programme en terselfdertyd hierdie programme beïnvloed deur munisipale ervaring; (c) voordeel trek uit stelsels wat reeds in plek is om geleidelik kapasiteit op te bou binne die munisipaliteit om die toenemend komplekse hernubare energie implementering te bestuur; en (d) langtermyn strategieë ontwikkel in die steeds veranderende nasionale en internasionale landskap. Hierdie tesis postuleer dus dat die munisipale dilemma nie net aangespreek moet word nie, maar bied die munisipaliteit 'n unieke geleentheid om sy rol in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te heroorweeg. Wat bevind is, is dat toepaslike beleid reeds bestaan en dat munisipaliteite hul plek kan inneem as bewaarders van volhoubare ontwikkeling.

Após a dissolução da União Soviética, pela primeira vez na história Rússia, Ucrânia e Belarus passaram a conviver como Estados independentes. Nesta condição, eles precisaram estabelecer contatos entre si e com os demais países do sistema internacional. Para a Rússia, dentre todas as relações interestatais nas quais está envolvida, aquelas que mantém com Ucrânia e Belarus são dotadas de relevância ímpar. O mesmo ocorre com ucranianos e bielo-russos, no pertinente aos russos. O desafio proposto consistia em investigar o porquê de tais distinções. Os resultados demonstraram que três fatores estão entre as causas que conferem singularidade às interações observadas. São eles: a questão cultural e identitária, a geopolítica e a economia. Também foi revelado que os recursos energéticos cumprem papel de destaque nos vínculos estudados. Estes recursos não somente corroboram a incidência dos elementos citados nas relações observadas, como são de grande valia na compreensão dos motivos que levam tais fatores a reforçarem o caráter singular das interações entre os países em destaque. / After the Soviet Union was dissolved, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had to coexist as independent States for the first time in history. These countries had to establish communication channels anew between them, and with other countries worldwide. Among all other countries with which Russia maintains international relations, those that the country maintains with Ukraine and Belarus are uniquely important. The same is true for Ukraine and Belarus in their relation with Russia. The objective of the present study was to investigate why these relations are so important. The results indicate that there are three factors that render the interaction between these countries remarkably unique: culture and identity; geopolitics; and the economy. It was also observed that energy resources play a strong role in the relationship between the three nations. The relevance of energy resources corroborates the importance of the factors cited. Moreover, energy resources are of the utmost importance for the understanding of the reasons underlying the unique characteristics of the interactions between the countries studied.

Após a dissolução da União Soviética, pela primeira vez na história Rússia, Ucrânia e Belarus passaram a conviver como Estados independentes. Nesta condição, eles precisaram estabelecer contatos entre si e com os demais países do sistema internacional. Para a Rússia, dentre todas as relações interestatais nas quais está envolvida, aquelas que mantém com Ucrânia e Belarus são dotadas de relevância ímpar. O mesmo ocorre com ucranianos e bielo-russos, no pertinente aos russos. O desafio proposto consistia em investigar o porquê de tais distinções. Os resultados demonstraram que três fatores estão entre as causas que conferem singularidade às interações observadas. São eles: a questão cultural e identitária, a geopolítica e a economia. Também foi revelado que os recursos energéticos cumprem papel de destaque nos vínculos estudados. Estes recursos não somente corroboram a incidência dos elementos citados nas relações observadas, como são de grande valia na compreensão dos motivos que levam tais fatores a reforçarem o caráter singular das interações entre os países em destaque. / After the Soviet Union was dissolved, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had to coexist as independent States for the first time in history. These countries had to establish communication channels anew between them, and with other countries worldwide. Among all other countries with which Russia maintains international relations, those that the country maintains with Ukraine and Belarus are uniquely important. The same is true for Ukraine and Belarus in their relation with Russia. The objective of the present study was to investigate why these relations are so important. The results indicate that there are three factors that render the interaction between these countries remarkably unique: culture and identity; geopolitics; and the economy. It was also observed that energy resources play a strong role in the relationship between the three nations. The relevance of energy resources corroborates the importance of the factors cited. Moreover, energy resources are of the utmost importance for the understanding of the reasons underlying the unique characteristics of the interactions between the countries studied.

Em função do crescente processo de liberalização dos mercados de gás natural e de energia elétrica nos países do hemisfério norte, bem como pelo aumento das restrições ambientais, as projeções de demanda mundial de gás natural indicam um forte crescimento, principalmente no segmento de geração de energia elétrica. Assim, pode-se afirmar que haverá uma convergência cada vez maior entre os mercados de gás natural e de eletricidade. O transporte do gás natural em sua forma liquefeita, o GNL (Gás Natural Liquefeito), representa um importante pivô para essa convergência, bem como para uma integração global crescente dos mercados de gás natural e eletricidade. Essas evoluções sempre estiveram distantes da realidade brasileira, pois a geração elétrica predominantemente hídrica historicamente reservou um papel limitado para a geração termelétrica. No entanto, desde 2001, como resultado da crise de abastecimento de energia elétrica, o Brasil também fez esforços importantes rumo a uma maior convergência entre os mercados de gás e eletricidade. Desde 2005, a importação de GNL tem sido analisada para o caso brasileiro, visando prioritariamente o atendimento de uma demanda termelétrica para o gás natural. A característica principal deste modelo é a necessidade de se garantir uma oferta de combustível flexível para usinas que deverão suprir uma demanda termelétrica igualmente flexível: oferta flexível para demanda flexível. A luz das evoluções em curso no mercado global, o presente trabalho avalia a viabilidade deste modelo a partir da análise das possibilidades do suprimento de GNL ser efetuado de forma flexível, atuando, assim, como mecanismo de flexibilização da oferta de gás natural e garantindo um melhor aproveitamento da capacidade de geração elétrica atualmente instalada no Brasil. / Due to the growth of liberalization process on natural gas and electricity markets on northern hemisphere countries, as well as due to raising environmental restrictions, world natural gas demand projections indicate a strong growth, mainly driven by the power generation segment. Therefore, we can affirm that will have an even higher convergence between natural gas and electricity markets. Natural gas transportation in its liquefied form, the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), represents an important pivot for this convergence, as well as for the raising global integration of electricity and natural gas markets. These evolutions were always distant from Brazilian reality, as dominant hydroelectric generation historically reserved a limited role for thermoelectric generation. However, since 2001, as a result from the electricity supply crisis, Brazil also did important efforts towards a greater convergence between natural gas and electricity markets. Since 2005, LNG importation has been analyzed for the Brazilian case, primarily focusing thermoelectric demand utilization for the natural gas. The main characteristic of this model is the necessity to guarantee a flexible fuel supply for power plants that shall supply an equally flexible thermoelectric demand: flexible supply for flexible demand. In light of the evolutions underway on the global market, this study evaluates the viability of this model based on the possibility of LNG supplies be done on flexible way, acting then as a natural gas supply flexibility mechanism and guaranteeing a better utilization of the thermoelectric generation capacity already installed in Brazil.

Após a dissolução da União Soviética, pela primeira vez na história Rússia, Ucrânia e Belarus passaram a conviver como Estados independentes. Nesta condição, eles precisaram estabelecer contatos entre si e com os demais países do sistema internacional. Para a Rússia, dentre todas as relações interestatais nas quais está envolvida, aquelas que mantém com Ucrânia e Belarus são dotadas de relevância ímpar. O mesmo ocorre com ucranianos e bielo-russos, no pertinente aos russos. O desafio proposto consistia em investigar o porquê de tais distinções. Os resultados demonstraram que três fatores estão entre as causas que conferem singularidade às interações observadas. São eles: a questão cultural e identitária, a geopolítica e a economia. Também foi revelado que os recursos energéticos cumprem papel de destaque nos vínculos estudados. Estes recursos não somente corroboram a incidência dos elementos citados nas relações observadas, como são de grande valia na compreensão dos motivos que levam tais fatores a reforçarem o caráter singular das interações entre os países em destaque. / After the Soviet Union was dissolved, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had to coexist as independent States for the first time in history. These countries had to establish communication channels anew between them, and with other countries worldwide. Among all other countries with which Russia maintains international relations, those that the country maintains with Ukraine and Belarus are uniquely important. The same is true for Ukraine and Belarus in their relation with Russia. The objective of the present study was to investigate why these relations are so important. The results indicate that there are three factors that render the interaction between these countries remarkably unique: culture and identity; geopolitics; and the economy. It was also observed that energy resources play a strong role in the relationship between the three nations. The relevance of energy resources corroborates the importance of the factors cited. Moreover, energy resources are of the utmost importance for the understanding of the reasons underlying the unique characteristics of the interactions between the countries studied.

Orientador: Carla Kazue Nakao Cavaliero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T04:28:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_AndreFrazao_D.pdf: 1282013 bytes, checksum: 81e5a3bfee8659fa4b13507c4817ccf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esta tese faz uma análise sobre a eletrificação rural para as comunidades isoladas do Brasil, mais especificamente para aquelas situadas distantes dos grandes centros consumidores, localizadas na região Norte e extremos da região Centro-Oeste do país. Analisou-se o atual programa vigente para a eletrificação rural no país contemplando as comunidades isoladas, qual seja o programa ?Luz para Todos?, verificando que este ainda possui limitações institucionais, metodológicas e financeiras para uma efetiva universalização do atendimento. Neste cenário, propôs-se a viabilização de uma política específica para a eletrificação das comunidades isoladas, com a criação inicial de um banco de dados e um planejamento por etapas, o qual inclui elementos de um Planejamento Integrado de Recursos, especificamente quanto à programação do processo de eletrificação, ao gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda (GLD) e à análise de custos completa ou multiobjetiva, para a definição da melhor opção para a geração distribuída de energia. O planejamento proposto inclui também elementos de um modelo de desenvolvimento endógeno, especificamente quanto aos investimentos em cadeia para a infra-estrutura, aos investimentos em capital humano local e à formação de redes para o mesmo fim. / Abstract: This paper analyzes the electrification process used for the isolated communities in rural Brazil, more specifically those farther from the great consuming centers, located in the country's Northern region and the extremities of the Mid-Western region. The current program for the agricultural electrification, the "Energy for All", was analyzed taking into consideration these isolated communities. This analysis showed that this program still has institutional, methodological, and financial limitations, which prevent it from achieving a broader and more effective service. With those issues in mind a proposal with specific policies geared towards the isolated communities was developed. The proposal included the creation of a data base and a ?stages' plan, which includes elements of an Integrated Planning Resources (especially when it comes to the distribution and implementation of energy), a Demand Side Management (DSM), and a complete or multi objective analysis of costs, which would help define the best option for the distribution and generation of energy. The considered proposal also includes elements of an endogenous model of development, more specifically the chain of investments for the infrastructure, investments in local human capital and the development of networks / Doutorado / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientadores: André Felipe Simões, Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T03:02:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Romeiro_VivianeRobertodaSilva_M.pdf: 3136122 bytes, checksum: 0e158602079d2fa1f12475c4fb5a7990 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A utilização racional do uso da energia (considerando sua interface ambiental e social) associada ao aprimoramento do desenvolvimento econômico representa um dos grandes desafios do planejamento energético. No entanto, embora o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo- MDL tenha almejado relativo sucesso no sentido de reduzir as emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa-GEE em alguns escopos setoriais, o setor de eficiência energética não tem sido alvo de relevante investimento desse tipo de projeto. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho baseia-se na premissa de que a inserção de mecanismos programáticos e mais abrangentes de regulação representaria um potencial para reestruturar o cenário de implementação do MDL em escopos setoriais com menor índice de participação, como transportes e eficiência energética. Ainda, a nova abordagem subsidiada pelas Ações de Mitigação Apropriadas Nacionalmente (NAMA's), ou Nationally Apropriate Mitigation Actions, representa uma opção promissora para financiamento internacional que poderia atuar concomitantemente a alguns mecanismos (especificamente os projetos e programas MDL) para reaplicar projetos em eficiência do uso da energia. O objetivo principal da dissertação é analisar em que medida a evolução dos instrumentos regulatórios do clima criados pela Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas para a Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC) está contribuindo para aprimorar a eficiência energética de uso final nos países em desenvolvimento. Partindo de uma pesquisa teórica e qualitativa, metodologicamente foi realizado estudo do Marcelo regulatório de proteção ao clima no âmbito dos países em desenvolvimento. Observou-se que a governança climática está sendo gradualmente inserida em uma perspectiva além da visão mercadológica, aportando mecanismos mais abrangentes e programáticos que imputam maior interferência do setor público em relação ao mercado (setor privado), que tem se apresentado com muitas limitações / Abstract: The rational use of energy, associated with economic development improvement, represents one of the most challenges in the energy planning context. Although the Clean Development Mechanism - CDM has got a relative success by reducing Greenhouse Gases Emissions- GGE, energy efficiency has not been considered yet as a strategic measure for significant investments. This work assumes that an inclusion of programmatic mechanisms and a more comprehensive regulation tools could represent a potential to maximize the CDM in areas with low participation, such as transport and energy efficiency. Also, the new approach by the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA's) emerges as a promising option for international funding that could be combined with other mechanisms. In this way, the aim of this thesis is to analyze how the evolution of climate change regulation proposed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is contributing to enhance energy efficiency actions in developing countries. Methodologically, it was made a bibliographic review from an analytical perspective of the carbon market framework in developing countries. As a result, it was observed that the climate governance has been gradually inserted in a more comprehensive and programmatic structure attributing more interference from the public sector instead of the private sector (which has been presenting many limitations) / Mestrado / Engenharia Mecanica / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T16:21:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanga_GodfreyAlois_M.pdf: 971523 bytes, checksum: 2bed5a0581e8c38cc4126dcaca4366bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar quantitativamente os impactos de melhoria de eficiência e de substituição de combustíveis para cocção na cidade de Dar es Salaam, na Tanzânia. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma pesquisa, enfocando os países em desenvolvimento, sobre energia para cocção e as características que definem a energia limpa, baseado nos recomendados padrões de eficiência e de emissão de gases poluentes e substâncias particuladas. Discute-se, também os mecanismos de promoção e popularização das tecnologias eficientes e dos combustíveis limpos. E seguidamente, o trabalho apresenta uma análise comparativa entre a melhoria de eficiência e a substituição de combustíveis em relação à demanda de energia para cocção, poluição do ar em ambientes fechados, emissão de gases de efeito estufa e custos. Espera-se que este trabalho seja útil na formação de políticas para melhorar a oferta de energia para cocção em Dar es Salaam como também para reduzir o desmatamento, poluição do ar em ambientes fechados e a emissão de gases de efeito estufa provenientes de uso de combustíveis tradicionais na Tanzânia / Abstract: The objective of this study is to verify quantitatively the impacts of energy efficiency improvements and cooking fuels substitution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The analysis focuses on developing countries and entails infonnation on access to cooking fuels, technologies and characteristics which defme a clean cooking 'energy based on the recommended efficiency and emissions standards. It also analyses various promotion and dissemination mechanisms for different energy efficient technologies and clean cooking fuels. Finally, the study presents a comparative analysis of energy efficiency improvement and fuel substitution in terms of cooking energy demand, indoor air pollution, emission of green house gases and costs. It is hoped that this work will be useful in policy fonnulation to improve energy supply in Dar es Salaam as well as in reducing tree depletion, indoor air pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases from the use of charcoal in Tanzania / Mestrado / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos