This qualitative exploration takes place within the context of homelessness, oral health and health promotion. The idea for this work was associated with 'An Action Plan for Improving Oral Health and Modernising NHS Dental Services in Scotland', which identified homeless people as a priority group. This led to ‘Something to Smile About’ (STSA), a pilot oral health promotion intervention for homelessness sector practitioners and homeless clients. An evaluation of STSA, which was judged to have failed, highlighted the interplay between intervention design, and the two principal stakeholders: practitioners and homeless clients. The aim of the research was to explore the contextual and experiential elements of homelessness that influence homeless people’s engagement with health promotion. As the research progressed, these two factors were conceptualised as the public and private faces of homelessness. It became apparent that to fully understand the issues surrounding homeless people’s engagement, it would be necessary to explore the private, innermost elements of homelessness. Seventeen homelessness sector practitioners and 34 homeless people took part in a qualitative exploration, in order to examine the engagement process from the perspective of both stakeholders. It emerged that that the homelessness policy context, coupled with work environments and perceptions of clients, shaped practitioners’ interactions and thus influenced client engagement. Practitioners utilised a narrow ‘window of engagement opportunity’ within a wider framework of managing client health problems and preparation for engagement, engaging with clients, and finally, disengaging from clients. From the work with homeless people, a ‘journey’ through homelessness emerged, in the form of a trajectory from ‘deconstruction’ of pre-homeless identity, to ‘construction’ of a homeless identity, and finally, to ‘reconstruction’ of a post-homeless, ‘reclaimed’ life. Appropriate points for engagement on this trajectory were identified. The thesis ends with a set of recommendations to assist practitioners to engage their homeless clients, and from the client perspective, encourage and facilitate engagement with practitioners and health promotion services.

The engagement process in group therapy is a significant step in the treatment of clients in building feelings of safety and inclusion, which becomes challenging when the clientele is attending involuntarily. The following research project monitored the progress of a 20-week batterer intervention program, measuring the perceived effectiveness of the facilitator in engaging the clients, and the congruency of the facilitator’s and the participants perceived level of engagement. The observations of groups and the facilitator’s interview proved helpful in determining that group members and the facilitator did have likeminded perceptions of group engagement, but perception of the level at which the participants were presumably engaged in the therapeutic process was different. This study could impact social work practice by encouraging modification of the criteria for group members, and diversifying the therapeutic techniques used by facilitators.

As various stakeholders examine the value and quality of higher education, a greater emphasis is being put on educational outcomes. There is constant focus on improving the quality of undergraduate education and one of the keys to this is understanding what makes a good instructor. Effective instructors rely on a variety of tools and techniques to engage their students and help them learn. One common tool that instructors in higher education rely on in the classroom is humor. The primary research question this study is attempting to answer is: In what ways, if any, does humor infused instruction promote high levels of affective, cognitive, and participant perceptions of behavioral engagement among college students? The researcher's hypothesis is that college students who view video clips of humor infused instruction will be significantly more affectively, cognitively, and behaviorally engaged than students who view video clips of the same instructional content without humor. In order to test whether instructor use of humor in class increases student engagement, students were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group watched a lecture on fallacies that includes humorous illustrations and examples while the other group watched a lecture that does not include these humorous illustrations and examples. Immediately after watching the lecture students were asked to complete an 18-item questionnaire that measured their engagement.

En los últimos años, la evolución de los medios online ha ocasionado gran impacto en las tendencias de compra. Esto afecta principalmente a las marcas que buscan crecer a través del mundo digital, por lo que cada vez son más las marcas que trasladan sus negocios a redes sociales o páginas web, buscando dar al consumidor una mejor experiencia de compra. El objetivo principal, en muchos casos, es tener un valor diferencial que haga que sus marcas conecten con sus clientes, es ahí donde entra el término engagement, también conocido como consumer Brand engagement (CBE) que trata de la relación entre el consumidor y la marca, creando un vínculo social y emocional que lleva al consumidor a interactuar con la marca en el ámbito tanto online como offline. La presente investigación considera dos de las principales estrategias de promoción basadas en precio (reducción directa y reducción en el propio producto) como principal fuente de engagement para las marcas en Instagram y se pretende descubrir si la relación entre ambas es positiva o negativa. Para ello, se utilizaron técnicas de recolección de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos que luego de ser analizados dan resultados favorables a la investigación. / In the las years, the evolution of online media has caused a big impact on buying trends. The mainly effects brands that seek to grow through the digital world, so that more and more brands that move their business to social networks or web pages, seeking to give the consumer a better shopping experience. The main objective, in many cases, is to have a differential value that makes their brands connect with their costumers, that’s where the engagement term comes in, also known as consumer brand engagement (CBE) that deals with the relationship between the costumer and the brand, creating social and emotional link that leads the costumer to interact with the brand, both online and offline. This research considers two of the main strategies of promotion based in price (direct reduction and reduction in the product itself) as the main source of engagement for the brands in Instagram and it is intended to discover if the relationship between both is positive or negative. To reach this objective, quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques were used, after being analyzed, they give favorable results to the investigation. / Trabajo de investigación

Business leaders in the accounting/auditing profession have limited knowledge of how employee engagement, employee job satisfaction, and organizational commitment relate to each other. The role of engaged, satisfied, and committed employees is important as globalization allows for unprecedented talent mobility. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between employee engagement, employee job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. The theoretical framework incorporated Emerson's social exchange theory and Bakker and Demerouti's job demands-resource theory. The sample included 82 out of 295 members of the Northeast Chapter of the New York State Society of CPAs who work in Albany County, New York. The sample was recruited through a nonrandom purposive sampling method. There is significant association measured between employee engagement and employee job satisfaction (r = .717, p < .001). Additionally, there is a significant association between employee engagement and organizational commitment (r = .702, p < .001). Based on the analysis, there is a significant association between employee job satisfaction and organizational commitment (r = .853, p < .001). The regression model showed that employee engagement and employee job satisfaction, when taken together, were significant predictors of organizational commitment (F(2, 79) = 115.112, p < .0005, R2 = .745). The implications for positive social change include strategies geared towards increasing engagement and job satisfaction, which in turn influences organizational commitment, resulting in a highly productive workforce and increased profitability.

Sixty-five percent of small business leaders indicated a lack of workforce engagement practices as an administrative strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of employee disengagement. Guided by Weber's organizational theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies some leaders used to increase employee engagement. Five small business leaders in the southwestern United States participated in semistructured interviews. The participants employed successful strategies to increase employee engagement. Data collection included the review of company documents, face-to-face interviews, and member checking to explore successful strategies to increase employee engagement. Data analysis included coding and organizing data and information according to Yin's 5-step process. Using topic coding, data were arranged into nodes grounded in the context of organizational theory. The study results revealed 3 principal themes: effective and honest communication, supportive leadership behavior, and implementation of employee engagement practices into the business culture and practices. The implications of this study for positive social change include that leaders can apply employee engagement strategies for emerging leaders and develop mentoring and leadership opportunities and programs to maximize the sustainability of the organization.

Die Entwicklung von Jugendlichen ist ein Resultat individueller und kontextueller Charakteristika (Lerner & Lerner, 2011). Unter dieser Perspektive sind Wirkungen eines gemeinnützigen Engagements sowohl auf Eigenschaften des Individuums (dem Engagierten) als auch des Kontextes (das gemeinnützige Engagement) zurückzuführen. Diese Arbeit betrachtet sowohl individuelle als auch kontextuelle Faktoren, die im Zusammenhang mit unterschiedlichen Engagementerfahrungen und Veränderungen in verschiedenen Entwicklungsbereichen des Engagierten stehen. Vorangegangene Forschungsarbeiten konnten bereits darstellen, dass positive Effekte eines gemeinnützigen Engagements durch die Erfahrungen im Engagement mediiert werden (Youniss & Yates, 1997, Reinders & Youniss, 2006). Demnach fühlen sich Jugendliche durch ihr gemeinnütziges Engagement verstärkt als effektiv Handelnde (agency-Erfahrung) und erleben häufiger, dass sich die Sicht auf die eigene Person (ideology-Erfahrung) in Folge der eigenen Aktivität im Engagement verändert. In dieser Studie werden zwei Hauptaspekte betrachtet: Zum einen werden Wirkungen kontextueller Faktoren fokussiert, indem zwischen verschiedenen Arten gemeinnützigen Engagements differenziert wird. Gemeinnützige Engagements unterscheiden sich demnach nach dem Ausmaß, a) in dem Engagierte direkte soziale Kontakte zu den Adressaten im Engagement haben und b) in dem Engagierte und Engagementadressaten einen unterschiedlichen sozialen Status aufweisen. Zum anderen betrachtet diese Studie Effekte der role identity des Engagierten als einen individuellen Faktor. Die role identity beschreibt das Ausmaß, in dem die Rolle des Engagierten ein Teil des eigenen Selbstkonzeptes ist, wobei sich Engagierte im Ausmaß ihrer role identity voneinander unterscheiden können (Grube & Piliavin, 2000). Es wird geprüft, in welchem Ausmaß sowohl die Art des Engagements als auch der Grad der Internalisierung der Engagiertenrolle (role identity) die jugendliche Entwicklung beeinflussen. Zur Untersuchung der Rolle kontextueller Faktoren wurde angenommen, dass die Art des Engagements das Ausmaß der Reflexionshäufigkeit der Jugendlichen indirekt über die ideology-Erfahrung beeinflusst (Mediation). Zusätzlich wurde vermutet, dass sich die von den Engagementerfahrungen (agency-Erfahrung) ausgehenden Effekte auf die Reflexion zwischen den Engagierten mit und ohne direkte Kontakte zu statusungleichen Personen/Gruppen unterscheiden (Moderation). Für die individuellen Faktoren wurde erwartet, dass das Ausmaß an role identity die Bereitschaft zum prosozialen Handeln sowie die Häufigkeit, mit der die Engagierten über Intergruppenbeziehungen nachdenken (Reflexion), indirekt beeinflusst. Die Vermittlung des Effektes erfolgt hierbei durch die agency- und ideology-Erfahrung (Mediation). Ebenso wurde angenommen, dass sich der Effekt von den Erfahrungen (agency- und ideology-Erfahrung) auf die Reflexion und auf das prosoziale Handeln zwischen den Engagierten mit unterschiedlicher role identity-Ausprägung unterscheidet (Moderation). Die Datengrundlage bildet eine zwei Messzeitpunkte umfassende Längsschnittstudie von 2400 deutschen Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 14 und 15 Jahren. Die Förderung des Projektes erfolgte durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Re1569/6-1 und Re1569/6-2). Die Analyse der angenommenen Zusammenhänge basiert auf Grundlage einer Substichprobe von engagierten Jugendlichen (n=682). Die Spezifikation der Mediations- und Moderationsmodelle erfolgte über true change-Modelle im Rahmen latenter Strukturgleichungsmodellierungen. Die Ergebnisse der Mediationsanalysen zeigen, dass Jugendliche, die im Rahmen ihres gemeinnützigen Engagements in direkter Interaktion zu statusungleichen Personen/Gruppen stehen, mehr ideology-Erfahrung erlebten. In Folge der stärkeren ideology-Erfahrungen für Engagierte mit direkten sozialen Kontakten ergibt sich im Vergleich zu Engagierten ohne solche direkten Beziehungen ein höheres Ausmaß an Reflexion von Intergruppenbeziehungen. Des Weiteren kann gezeigt werden, dass ein höheres Ausmaß an role identity zu stärkeren agency- und ideology-Erfahrungen führt. In Folge der stärkeren agency- und ideology-Erfahrung war festzustellen, dass Jugendliche mit einer höheren role identity-Ausprägung verstärkt über Intergruppenbeziehungen nachdenken und eine höhere Bereitschaft zum prosozialen Handeln aufweisen. Die Ergebnisse der Moderationsanalysen verweisen darauf, dass der Effekt von der agency-Erfahrung auf das prosoziale Handeln zwischen engagierten Jugendlichen mit höherer role identity-Ausprägung stärker ausfällt. Zudem ist festzustellen, dass der Effekt von ideology-Erfahrung auf das prosoziale Handeln durch das unterschiedliche Ausmaß an role identity moderiert wird. Zusammengefasst konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die Identifikation mit der Rolle des Engagierten als auch die Art des Engagements wichtige Faktoren für die Erklärung der Wirkungsweise gemeinnützigen Engagements auf die jugendliche Entwicklung sind. / Individual and contextual characteristics shape adolescents’ development (Lerner & Lerner, 2011). In that sense, community service effects involve on the one hand individual (the volunteer) and context (community service activity) contributions. This study investigates how personal and contextual factors are related with experiences made during service as well as with the volunteers’ developmental outcomes. Previous research showed that positive community service effects were mediated through the experiences made during service. Being active in service, adolescents felt efficacious while helping others (agency experiences) and experienced that their views about themselves and the world were challenged (ideology experiences). In the present study, two main aspects are considered. First, contextual characteristics were focused, differentiating two types of voluntary activities. Volunteers’ activities differ in the extent to which a) they work with the receiver of the help directly and b) the social status differs between the volunteer and the receiver of the help. Second, the study investigates effects of the volunteers’ role identity, as an individual characteristic. Role identity describes the extent to which a specific role features as a volunteer becomes a part of a persons’ self-concept. Volunteers typically differ in the degree of personal role identity (Grube & Piliavin, 2000). In this study it was tested how the type of community service and the extent of internalizing the volunteer role affect the personal development of the adolescents. Focusing contextual factors, it was suggested that the type of volunteer work indirectly affected the degree to which volunteers engage in prosocial activities and reflecting on intergroup relations, as mediated through adolescent’ on agency and ideology experiences (mediation). Moreover, the effects of ideology experiences on the volunteers’ intergroup reflections differ between volunteers with and without direct contacts with the receivers of help (moderation). In respect to individual factors, it was expected that the effect of role identity on volunteers’ engagement in prosocial behaviors and intergroup reflections were mediated through adolescents’ agency and ideology experiences (mediation). Further, it was assumed that the effect of service experiences on volunteers’ community service outcomes (prosocial behavior, intergroup reflections) differ depending on the extent the volunteer’s role identity (moderation). The data were collected in a two-wave longitudinal study surveying 2400 German adolescents aged between 14 and 15 years. The project was supported by the German Research Foundation (Re1569/6-1 und Re1569/6-2). Focusing on the subsample of adolescents who were actually engaged in volunteering (n=682). The hypothesized mediation and moderation relations were modeled in true intraindividual change models using latent structural equation modeling techniques. Supporting the mediation hypotheses, the analyses showed that adolescents working within a service context with a direct interaction to people from different social backgrounds made more ideology experience during their volunteer work. In consequence, those volunteers in direct social community service activities reflected more on intergroup relations than volunteers without such direct contacts. Further, adolescents who identified with their volunteer role to a greater extent reported more agency and ideology experiences during community service. Subsequently, those higher rates of service experiences were linked to higher rates of intergroup reflections and prosocial behaviors. The main results of the moderation analysis showed, that the effect of agency experiences on prosocial behaviors differed between volunteers with different rates of role identity. Furthermore, the effect of ideology experience on prosocial behaviors was also moderated by adolescents’ extend of role identity. Overall, volunteers’ role identity as well as the type of volunteers’ activities was shown to be important factors contributing to service effects on adolescents’ development as mediated through the experiences made during service.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Globally both public and private businesses are experiencing an enormous number of challenges posed by both the internal and external environment. However, the private security industry is not immune to that as they are facing challenges such as, weak and ineffective regulations and enforcement , long working hours, inconsistent recruitment and selection standards nonexistence of accountability and transparency which makes it easy for leaders to be involved in illegal practices, poorly compensations of security guards with limited or no benefits, low skills because of lack of training often undertaking dangerous jobs in contentious spaces. These challenges and allegations attributed to leaders bring about an increase in stress/workload which in turn can possibly result into loss of trust, and disengagement on part of security guards against their leaders. According to literature, a new breed of authentic leaders should be developed in order to overcome these challenges. Authentic perspective of leadership believed that, this type of leadership display high degree of integrity has a deep a sense of purpose, and committed to their core values. Consequently they promote a more trusting working relationship between them and their employees that can also translate into a motivated and engaged workforce. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between authentic leadership of supervisors / managers, trust and work engagement of security guards in a private security firm operating in the Western Cape. A sample of 218 security guards was chosen through the non-probability convenience sampling with the use of the nonexperimental cross sectional design. A composite questionnaire consisted of biographical data section, Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ), Workplace Trust Survey (UWES) (Trust in the immediate manager sub-scale), and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) was used in the present study. The data was analyzed by means of statistical techniques such as factor analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic and complex psychosomatic condition, characterised by a primary drive to be thin and a refusal to maintain normal body weight. Only a minority of people diagnosed with AN ever become asymptomatic and more research has been called for to address high drop-out rates and lack of engagement in AN treatment services, in particular psychotherapeutic treatment. Prior studies have generally examined this problem in terms of patient mediated variables, such as attitudes and behaviours, with little focus on contextual factors. Research that has studied therapeutic engagement in the area of AN has yet to examine psychotherapeutic treatments-in-practice. Guided by this gap in the literature this thesis examines ways in which therapists engage with adolescents diagnosed with AN in naturally occurring psychotherapeutic interactions. A secondary and concurrent focus is to look at how the therapists’ underlying theoretical models are reflected in in situ practice. The data corpus comprises twenty-four therapy sessions recorded in an eating disorders programme based in a children’s hospital. In contrast to eating disorders treatment statistics reported in the literature, the programme has a low drop-out rate, zero mortality rate and good long-term patient outcomes, making it an especially suitable setting to examine engagement. Drawing on methods from discursive psychology (DP) and conversation analysis (CA), a number of interactional practices are found which show how the key principles of engagement and neutrality are brought off, or achieved as such in turn-by-turn interaction. Central to the analysis, is the recurrent production of patients’ bodily states and conduct as delicate items. As these topics are also the primary focus of the institutional setting, the analysis shows how practices such as perspective display series and dispositional management allow delicately marked institutional tasks to be carried out. The analysis also examines how patients’ bodies and conduct are embedded in, and constituted as problematic in the interactions. Regularities, such as agentic repositioning in accounts, demonstrate the co-production of patients as psychologically compliant with treatment while physically non-compliant. This thesis contributes to work in applied CA concerning links between theoretical models and interactional practices by demonstrating naturally occurring regularities that describe key guiding principles of the eating disorders programme. It also builds on work in DP concerning examinations of the body and embodiment, by showing how patients’ physical bodies are an integrated feature of the interactions. Finally, this thesis has implications for a clinical audience in terms of extending therapists’ awareness of how engagement with patients is constituted interactionally, which also contributes to wider AN literature on ‘resistance’ to therapy.

Studies of nonresident fathers have largely neglected the influence of their personality on their contact and involvement with children. The present two-stage study, using quantitative and qualitative data collection methods, undertook to investigate the extent to which selected personality characteristics influenced nonresident fathers� continued engagement with children. The study initially collected demographic and personal data from two hundred and sixty nonresident fathers throughout Australia. This first stage of data collection focussed on fathers� experience of the separation and their subsequent frequency and level of contact and their level of involvement with children. It included several multi-item variables, which measured nonresident fathers� relationships with former partners and children, their adjustment to their new parental role, their role satisfaction and role strain. It also included measures of fatherhood salience, nonresident fathers� parental authority within the separated family, their satisfaction with that authority, their attitude to child support and their perception of resident mothers� attitude to contact. It also administered abridged Sensitivity and Impulsivity scales devised by Eysenck (1969). At the second stage of the study, one hundred and thirty-five of these fathers participated in an interview. One hundred and twenty of them completed a personality questionnaire, which measured scores on the four folk scales of Responsibility, Socialization, Self-control and Good Impression, taken from the California Psychological Inventory. The study found Socialization was the only selected personality characteristic to be significantly associated with nonresident fathers� engagement with children. All four folk scales were positively correlated with nonresident fathers� role adjustment, which was significantly associated with nonresident fathers� contact and was part of the model best predicting their involvement with children. Results showed that nonresident fathers� scores on the Sensitivity measure were negatively associated with role adjustment. Most nonresident fathers in the study had frequent contact with children but limited involvement with them. They reported having little scope to share in parental decision making or to be involved in children�s schooling. The study found fatherhood salience, role adjustment, parental authority and attitude to child support to be positively associated with engagement. It showed interparental hostility, interparental conflict and nonresident fathers� role strain to be negatively correlated with engagement. The study also found that dissatisfaction with parental authority within the separated family, role strain and a negative attitude to child support were associated with ongoing interparental hostility. Qualitative data confirmed nonresident fathers� common experience of being marginalised within the family. They also revealed that many participants went to great lengths to maintain some parental relevancy for their children, despite social and legal systems tending to impede them from meeting parental responsibilities and caring for their children.