Este trabalho buscou estudar os efeitos do nível de Swirl e alteração da massa de combustível injetada nas emissões de poluentes de um motor Diesel. Foram selecionados 15 cabeçotes de uma população de 100 cabeçotes e agrupados pelo nível de Swirl. Como o motor testado utiliza 5 cabeçotes, 15 cabeçotes foram separados e classificados em 3 categorias pelo nível de Swirl. Em seguida, o motor foi montado com as 3 categorias de cabeçotes no dinamômetro com o objetivo de levantar os efeitos nas emissões de gases e parâmetros de desempenho do motor. Foram medidas as emissões de NOx, CO, THC, fuligem, fumaça e consumo de combustível nos 13 pontos do ciclo ESC, complementadas com medições de torque e potência à plena carga. Além disso, nas condições de plena carga foi explorado o efeito da alteração da massa de combustível injetado, pela mudança do ponto final de injeção, nos parâmetros de desempenho e emissões. / This work aimed at the investigation of the effects of the level of Swirl and the amount of fuel mass injected in the emissions of pollutants on a diesel engine. Cylinder heads were selected from a population of 100 cylinder heads and them grouped by Swirl level. As the engine used in the tests have 5 cylinder heads, 15 cylinder heads were separated into 3 categories by the Swirl level. The engine was mounted with the 3 Swirl level cylinder heads categories with the aim to investigate all effects on emissions and performance such as NOx, CO, THC, soot, smoke, fuel consumption, power and torque. The tests were performed following the ESC cycle and exploring the full load curve behavior with changes of the end of injection point, therefore altering the amount of fuel mass injected.

Com o advento da crise do petróleo na década de 70, os motores, que antes eram calibrados para fornecer máximos torque e potência, após a crise passaram a ser calibrados de forma a fornecer consumo específico e emissões mínimos. A partir de então os motores passaram a ser ensaiados em bancadas dinamométricas que possuíam módulo para medição de emissões e que simulavam condições mais reais de tráfego, segundo um ciclo de ensaios preestabelecido. Este trabalho contém um levantamento bibliográfico sobre o instrumental, metodologias e procedimentos utilizados nos ensaios dinamométricos permanentes e dinâmicos e propõe a implementação de uma metodologia para realização de ensaios em tempo real controlado por computador. Traz também os resultados experimentais relativos à parte da metodologia que foi implementada. / With the advent of petroleum crisis in the 70\'s, engines, previously calibrated in order to supply maximum momentum and power, after the crisis they started being calibrated to supply minimum specific consumption and emissions. After this, engines started being tested in dynamometric benches equipped with emission measure modules and that simulate traffic conditions closer to reality, according to a prior emissions cycle. This work contain a bibliographic survey about instruments, methodologies and procedures used in the steady-state and dynamic dynamometric tests and proposes the implementation of a methodology to perform real time tests controlled computationally. It brings too experimental results related to the implemented methodology.

Users of current web search engines are often presented with a large number of returns after submitting a search term and choosing from the list might lead to them suffering from the effect of “choice overload”, as reported in earlier work. However, these search results are typically presented in an ordered list so as to simplify the search process, which may influence search behaviour and moderate the effect of number of choices. In this thesis, the effects of the number of search returns and their ordering on user behaviour and satisfaction are explored. A mixed methods approach combining multiple data collection and analysis techniques is employed in order to investigate these effects in terms of three specific issues, namely, choice overload in search engine use, variety seeking behaviour in a situation where multiple aspects of search results are required, and the chance of encountering serendipity. The participants were given search tasks and asked to choose from the sets of returns under experimental conditions. The results from the first three experiments revealed that large numbers of search results returned from a search engine tended to be associated with more satisfaction with the selected options when the decision was made without a time limit. In addition, when time was more strongly constrained the choices from a small number of returns led to relatively higher satisfaction than for a large number. Moreover, users’ behaviour was strongly influenced by the ordering of options in that they often looked and selected options presented near the top of the result lists when they perceived the ranking was reliable. The next experiment further investigated the ranking reliance behaviour when potentially useful search results were presented in supplementary lists. The findings showed that when users required a variety of options, they relied less on the ordering and tended to adapt their search strategies to seek variety by browsing more returns through the list, selecting options located further down, and/or choosing the supplementary web pages provided. Finally, with the aim of illustrating how chance encountering can be supported, a model of an automated synonym-enhanced search was developed and employed in a real-world literature search. The results showed that the synonym search was occasionally useful for providing a variety of search results, which in turn increased users’ opportunity to come across serendipitous experiences.

Este trabalho buscou estudar os efeitos do nível de Swirl e alteração da massa de combustível injetada nas emissões de poluentes de um motor Diesel. Foram selecionados 15 cabeçotes de uma população de 100 cabeçotes e agrupados pelo nível de Swirl. Como o motor testado utiliza 5 cabeçotes, 15 cabeçotes foram separados e classificados em 3 categorias pelo nível de Swirl. Em seguida, o motor foi montado com as 3 categorias de cabeçotes no dinamômetro com o objetivo de levantar os efeitos nas emissões de gases e parâmetros de desempenho do motor. Foram medidas as emissões de NOx, CO, THC, fuligem, fumaça e consumo de combustível nos 13 pontos do ciclo ESC, complementadas com medições de torque e potência à plena carga. Além disso, nas condições de plena carga foi explorado o efeito da alteração da massa de combustível injetado, pela mudança do ponto final de injeção, nos parâmetros de desempenho e emissões. / This work aimed at the investigation of the effects of the level of Swirl and the amount of fuel mass injected in the emissions of pollutants on a diesel engine. Cylinder heads were selected from a population of 100 cylinder heads and them grouped by Swirl level. As the engine used in the tests have 5 cylinder heads, 15 cylinder heads were separated into 3 categories by the Swirl level. The engine was mounted with the 3 Swirl level cylinder heads categories with the aim to investigate all effects on emissions and performance such as NOx, CO, THC, soot, smoke, fuel consumption, power and torque. The tests were performed following the ESC cycle and exploring the full load curve behavior with changes of the end of injection point, therefore altering the amount of fuel mass injected.

<p>Information retrieval has been a prevasive part of human society since its existence.With the advent of internet and World wide Web it became an extensive area of researchand major foucs, which lead to development of various search engines to locate the de-sired information, mostly for globally connected computer networks viz. internet.Butthere is another major part of computer network viz. intranet, which has not seen muchof advancement in information retrieval approaches, in spite of being a major source ofinformation within a large number of organizations.Most common technique for intranet based search engines is still mere database-centric. Thus practically intranets are unable to avail the benefits of sophisticated tech-niques that have been developed for internet based search engines without exposing thedata to commercial search engines.In this Master level thesis we propose a ”state of the art architecture” for an advancedsearch engine for intranet which is capable of dealing with continuously growing sizeof intranets knowledge base. This search engine employs lexical processing of doc-umetns,where documents are indexed and searched based on standalone terms or key-words, along with the semantic processing of the documents where the context of thewords and the relationship among them is given more importance.Combining lexical and semantic processing of the documents give an effective ap-proach to handle navigational queries along with research queries, opposite to the modernsearch engines which either uses lexical processing or semantic processing (or one as themajor) of the documents. We give equal importance to both the approaches in our design,considering best of the both world.This work also takes into account various widely acclaimed concepts like inferencerules, ontologies and active feedback from the user community to continuously enhanceand improve the quality of search results along with the possibility to infer and deducenew knowledge from the existing one, while preparing for the advent of semantic web.</p>

<p>To fulfil emission requirements specified by environment demands, such as Euro 4 and Euro 5, there is a need to utilize engines based on technologies such as Variable Turbine Geometry (VGT) and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). A model of an engine using VGT and EGR was created by Ph.D student Johan Wahlström at Linköping University. This thesis evaluates Wahlström's model and shows how it successfully describes the engine and its behaviour. The thesis also confirms theories about the occurrens of non.minimum phase behaviour in different transfer functions, e.g. from VGT signal to the mass flow through the compressor.</p><p>An interesting phenomenon when applying VGT and EGR is a nonlinearity leading to, for example, that the same pressure in the intake manifold can occur for two different VGT signals. Such phenomenon can cause problems when designing a control system. Furthermore, this nonlinearity also results in a replacement of the nonminimum phase behaviour with an overshoot when a large (above 80%) VGT control signal is used.</p><p>This thesis also provides a linearized model, which describes the engine satisfactory. The linearization results in transfer functions with two zeros and three poles, whose locations do not change much when varying engine speed and load (except at high load and low engine speed). This fact will most likely make it possible to utilize just a few different linearizations for all speeds and loads. However, altering VGT and EGR positions greatly affect the transfer functions. Thus, several linearizations are probably needed to cover all operating points.</p><p>When designing a future control system a good strategy is to utilize a decoupled system since the model has strong cross-connections. Another solution would be to apply multi dimensional control strategy, e.g. LQ-theory.</p>

Search engines are the most popular tools for finding answers to questions, but unfortunately they do not always provide complete direct answers. Answers often need to be extracted by the user, from the web pages returned by the search engine. This research addresses this problem, and shows how an automated theorem prover, combined with existing ontologies and the web, is able to reason about world knowledge and return direct answers to users' questions. The use of an automated theorem prover also allows more complex questions to be asked. Automated theorem provers that exhibit these capabilities are called World Knowledge Reasoning systems. This research discusses one such system, the CNL-WKR system. The CNL-WKR system uses the ACE controlled natural language as its user-input language. It then calls upon external sources on the web, as well as internal ontological sources, during the theorem proving process, in order to find answers. The system uses the automated theorem prover, SPASS-XDB. The result is a system that is capable of answering complex questions about the world.

In an attempt to generalize previous models of the bidirectional vortex mean flow, a new solution is presented that can cope with arbitrary injections and outlet conditions. In the process, the steady, inviscid and axisymmetric equations of motions are reduced to one partial differential equation for the stream function, known as the Bragg-Hawthorne equation, which is solved exactly. The solution is shown to be highly dependent on the imposed boundary conditions: the mean flow changes according to the manner by which the fluid is injected or extracted from the vortex chamber. From the stream function, the velocity is obtained along with the vorticity and pressure distributions which are carefully derived and analyzed. The results are then compared to several inviscid models found in the literature. After determining an exact inviscid solution to the problem, viscous effects at the core are added to overcome the known singularity that arises at the centerline. The governing equations are hence revisited while keeping the viscous diffusion term in the tangential momentum equation. The core region, where viscous effects lead to the onset of a forced vortex, is rescaled using appropriate transformations. An asymptotic approximation is then applied to linearize and solve the resulting ODE for the tangential vi velocity. The inner viscous solution is then matched to the outer inviscid result using Prandtl’s Matching Principle. Finally, the viscous correction is passed onto the vorticity and pressure formulations.

This work assesses if a plausible theoretical thermo-chemical scheme can be conceived of, that is capable of extracting work from chemical reactants which can be compared with work produced by a fuel cell, when both processes are supplied with the same reactants. A theoretical process is developed to convert heat liberated from a chemical reaction to work. The hypothetical process is carried over a series of isothermal chemical reactor - heat engine combinations. Conducting the chemical reaction and work extraction over a series of temperature steps minimizes irreversibilities that result from the chemical reaction and heat transfer. Results obtained from the numerical calculations on the scheme confirm that when a large number of reactors-engine combinations are used, irreversibility of the proposed hypothetical reactor-engine combination can be reduced to zero. It is concluded from the results, that the theoretical model is as efficient as a fuel cell when both have the same chemical reaction under identical conditions. The effect of inert gas chemistry on the process has also been observed. It is determined from the results that the chemistry of the inert gas does not affect the proposed process. It is determined from results of a parametric study on the composition of inert gas, that the reduction of inert gas does not significantly improve the efficiency of the proposed process.

Variable compression engines are a mean to meet the demand on lower fuel consumption. A high compression ratio results in high engine efficiency, but also increases the knock tendency. On conventional engines with fixed compression ratio, knock is avoided by retarding the ignition angle. The variable compression engine offers an extra dimension in knock control, since both ignition angle and compression ratio can be adjusted. The central question is thus for what combination of compression ratio and ignition angle the maximum efficiency is achieved, considering the set of compression ratios and ignition angles that give a sufficiently low knock intensity. Four knock detection methods are proposed, compared and evaluated with respect to robustness for noise and choices of parameter values. Three of the knock detectors are categorised as on-line, and are designed for giving feedback about knock occurrence to the engine control unit. The methods can determine both whether or not knock is present and the crank angle at knock onset. A study of the relationship between knock oscillation properties and knock-onset is performed. It is concluded that the logarithm of the normalised knock energy depends almost linearly on the rate of knock occurrence. A new formulation of multi-zone engine models is presented. The formulation makes it easy to increase or decrease the number of zones during the simulation. One of many possible applications is the investigation of engine efficiency. An analysis of experimental data shows how the engine efficiency changes with compression ratio and ignition angle. An engine torque model is developed and validated, from which the optimal choice of compression ratio and ignition angle can be calculated with high accuracy.