Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1956. / Includes tables. Typescript. Sponsor: A. M. Miel. Dissertation Committee: A. H. Passow, R. M. Strang. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [99]-103).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1981.

Espécies típicas de sub-bosque são pouco estudadas quanto à sua aplicação na restauração e enriquecimento de florestas degradadas. São em geral arvoretas ou arbustos finais de sucessão, tolerantes ao sombreamento, capazes de germinar, se estabelecer e completar seu ciclo de vida neste ambiente, representando importante fonte de recursos como alimento e abrigo para polinizadores e dispersores. Porém, não são amplamente utilizadas nos plantios de restauração por não serem espécies de dossel, e em paisagens altamente fragmentadas há poucas chances de chegarem naturalmente em áreas em processo de restauração. Visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de plantio e enriquecimento em áreas degradadas ou em processo de restauração que favoreçam a recuperação do subbosque, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de mudas de 10 espécies típicas de sub-bosque plantadas em quatro diferentes condições: plantio inicial de restauração, áreas em processo de restauração com 5 e 10 anos de idade e um fragmento remanescente degradado. Todas as áreas de estudo localizam-se na região de Batatais, SP e estão inseridas no Bioma Mata Atlântica, mais especificamente na fisionomia de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. As mudas foram plantadas em janeiro de 2012 e observadas durante 15 meses quanto ao crescimento e sobrevivência. As áreas de estudo foram caracterizadas quanto aos atributos químicos, físicos e granulométricos do solo, cobertura e florística do dossel. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) mostrou que entre estas variáveis a que teve maior relação com o crescimento relativo das mudas foi a cobertura do dossel. A área que teve maior eficiência na introdução das espécies típicas de sub-bosque, considerando crescimento e sobrevivência, foi o plantio inicial de restauração, onde 3 espécies foram muito eficientes e 6 foram eficientes. No plantio com 5 anos 1 espécie foi muito eficiente e 4 foram eficientes, porém, cresceram bem menos que no plantio inicial. Os resultados apontaram ainda que apenas 3 espécies foram eficientes na área em processo de restauração de 10 anos e nenhuma no fragmento remanescente degradado, mostrando a dificuldade de se realizar o enriquecimento de áreas com alto nível de sombreamento, e de se reverter o processo de degradação nessas áreas, reforçando a importância da utilização de alta diversidade de espécies e grupos funcionais nos plantios de restauração e da conservação das áreas florestais remanescentes. / Species typical from understory layers are poorly studied regarding their use in restoration and enrichment of degraded forests. They are generally treelets or shrubs of final successional phase, shade tolerant, able to germinate, establish and complete their life cycle in this environment. They are an important source of resources as food and shelter to pollinators and dispersers. Despite their ecological importance, these plants have not been widely used in restoration plantings because they are not canopy species. In fragmented landscapes, these species have little chance of being recruited naturally into areas undergoing restoration. In order to contribute to the development of techniques of planting and enrichment in degraded areas or areas being restored and promote the recuperation of understory layers, this study evaluated the survival and growth of seedlings of 10 understory species planted under four different conditions: initial planting; 5-year-old restoration area; 10- year-old restoration area; and degraded forest fragment. All sites are located in the region of Batatais, SP, Brazil, inside the Atlantic Forest biome, specifically in the Seasonal Semidecidual Forest type. Seedlings were planted in January 2012 and measured during 15 months for their survival and growth. Study sites were characterized regarding soil chemical and physical attributes and granulometry, and canopy composition and coverage. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that relative growth of seedlings was more strongly related to canopy coverage. Considering survivorship and growth, introduction of understory species was more successful at the initial planting site, where three species were very successful and six were successful. In the 5-year-old restoration area, one species was very successful and four were considered successful, however, they grew considerably less than at the initial planting site. Results point out that only three species were successful at the 10-year-old restoration area and none at the forest fragment, which shows the difficulty of enriching areas with high levels of shading, and thus, the difficulty of reversing degradation of forest remnants. This reinforces the importance of using high diversity of species and functional groups in restoration plantings and also of conserving remnant forests.

O enriquecimento ambiental pode ser considerado uma condição que proporciona aumento da estimulação sensorial, cognitiva e motora, que levaria, a curto e longo prazos, a mudanças comportamentais importantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição ao enriquecimento ambiental (1) na ansiedade e memória aversiva, ambos no labirinto em cruz elevado, (2) na memória operacional espacial no labirinto aquático de Morris, e (3) na neurogênese hipocampal, em ratos. Os animais foram expostos ao enriquecimento ambiental a partir do desmame (22 dias), onde permaneceram até o último dia de teste (17º mês). Nesse período, foram submetidos ao Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE) no 3º e 15º mês, e ao Labirinto Aquático de Morris (LAM) no 9º e 16º mês. Uma semana antes da exposição ao labirinto aquático, receberam uma injeção intraperitonal de bromodeoxyuridina (BrdU). Vinte e quatro horas e trinta dias após essa injeção grupos independentes de animais foram sacrificados e seus encéfalos processados imunohistoquímicamente para revelar o BrdU. O enriquecimento ambiental produziu um efeito ansiolítico em animais jovens, mas não nos idosos. A memória aversiva de animais jovens e idosos não se alterou. No labirinto aquático, enquanto os animais expostos ao ambiente enriquecido por 9 meses apresentaram uma estratégia mais eficiente de busca em relação aos respectivos controles, os animais expostos ao ambiente enriquecido por 15 meses apresentaram mais flexibilidade para se adaptar as novas situações; no entanto, o enriquecimento ambiental parece não alterar diretamente o desempenho na memória operacional espacial. Em relação a neurogênese hipocampal, o enriquecimento foi capaz de aumentar cerca de 2 vezes o número de novas células; no entanto, a exposição ao labirinto aquático foi capaz de aumentar a taxa de sobrevivência de novos neurônios / Environmental enrichment in laboratory animals is a housing condition that provides enhanced sensorial, motor and social stimulation as compared to maintenance in standard laboratory cages. It has been claimed that this kind of stimulation improves cognition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to environmental enrichment on anxiety and aversive memory in the elevated plus maze, spatial working memory in the Morris\' water maze, and hippocampal neurogenesis. The animals were subjected to environmental enrichment from weaning (22 days) up to the last test (17 months). During this period, they were tested in the 3rd and 15th months of life in the elevated plus maze, and in the 9th and 16th months of life in the Morris\' water maze. A week before exposure to the water maze, the animals received an intraperitoneal injection of BrdU. Twenty-four hours and 30 days after the injection independent groups of animals were sacrificed for performing immunohistochemistry. Exposure to the enriched environment rendered young animals, but not elderly, less anxious. In addition, the aversive memory of both groups remained unchanged along aging. In the Morris\' water maze, animals exposed to the enriched environment showed a more effective searching strategy to find the hidden platform on the first trial than the controls, when tested at 9 months. In addition, the flexibility to deal with novel situations at 15 months was greater for animals exposed to the enriched environment. Even though, exposure to the enriched environment did not alter performance of spatial working memory. Environmental enrichment doubled hippocampal neurogenesis, and the survival of the new neurons was greater when the subjects were exposed to the Morris\' water maze task

M.Comm.

LL.M. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Magister Legum - LLM / This paper attempts a comprehensive analysis of the offence of illicit enrichment in Zambia. It focuses on how the offence fits into the broader legislative framework in Zambia. More importantly, the paper addresses aspects of the offence related to the presumption ofinnocence, the protection against self-incrimination and the presumption of legality in the light of the Zambian Constitution to determine whether the concerns raised are legitimate. Also, considering the potential effectiveness of criminalising illicit enrichment by public officials, this study investigates whether the law in Zambia can be implemented to balance the constitutional rights of the accused and the right of society to recover illicitly obtained wealth. Finally, the research seeks to determine the possible challenges of implementing and prosecuting the offence, and its efficacy in the fight against corruption in Zambia.

Magister Legum - LLM / Corrupt practices such as bribery and other abuses of public functions for private gain have been criminalised in almost all legal systems. Criminalisation of acts of corruption constitutes one of the major dimensions of the international anti-corruption instruments. The clandestine nature of corruption crimes creates difficulties in gathering evidence for prosecution and effective implementation of the law. To overcome such problems, some indicators of corruption such as possession of property that far exceeds legitimate sources of income need to be criminalised. It is also imperative to deal with the challenges associated with such criminalisation. This paper tries to analyse the challenges related to due process of law in the investigation and prosecution of illicit enrichment. Further, complexities associated with the process of recovering illicitly acquired assets, such as resources and expertise, as well as effective co-operation among various jurisdictions, need to be explored. Special consideration will be given to the criminalisation of illicit enrichment and its prosecution in the Ethiopian anti-corruption legal framework.

It is a fallacy to assume that because a school is small it must necessarily be a poor school. Unfortunately size, number and quantity have become criteria of success in our American way of life, and educators, too, sometimes associate bigness with goodness. This fact has been noted by the American Association of School Administrators. True, the small school poses some problems and limitations not found in the larger schools, but there are also some definite advantages in the small school. It is the purpose of this paper to focus attention on the small school and to suggest ways and means of providing an enriched curriculum in the small school despite the limitations. Particular attention will be directed to the Windermere, Florida, Elementary School, where the writer is employed. / Typescript. / "August, 1956." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Marian Black, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-54).

"It is the purpose of the writer to explore, through this paper, the field of materials of instruction in order to ascertain how a supervisor of instruction in a small rural county might work effectively so as to improve the learning opportunities for children through a better use of materials. Through a survey of the literature in the field of materials of instruction and a consideration of the nature of supervision in a small county, the writer hopes (1) to gain an understanding of need for a variety of materials, (2) to gain a knowledge of instructional materials, (3) to see the role of the supervisor in aiding the teacher in certain aspects of materials, and (4) to make recommendations in regard to the improvement of instruction in Wakulla County as influenced by materials"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "August, 1952." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts." / Advisor: Mildred E. Swearingen, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-56).