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The shell composition of planktonic foraminifera used in many paleoreconstructions assumes they are accurately representing conditions at the surface/mixed layer. However, planktonic foraminifera are known to inhabit a depth range that extends below the mixed layer. In the present study, foraminifera were collected at discrete depth intervals using a Multiple Opening and Closing Net Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) in either cyclonic or anticyclonic eddies that had contrasting environmental conditions. The foraminifera abundances and distributions were compared to the water depth, temperature, density, and chlorophyll profiles. Nine species were found consistently among all the tows and composed at least 96% of the species found, though a shift in the species abundances and depths occurred between eddies. Species occurred where physical factors were compatible with conditions and feeding opportunities they were adapted to. Three species pink and white Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerinoides sacculifer thrived best when a steep density gradient resulted in a shallower mixed-layer that restricted them under more intense light and allowed them to better exploit their algae symbionts. Globigerina bulloides was found outside its sub-polar habitat because the waters of the cyclones were cool enough (less than 26??C) at the same depths that sufficient chlorophyll was available. Two species Orbulina universa, and Globorotalia menardii were consistently absent in the mixed layer, but tracked deeper chlorophyll concentrations. Three other species were found inconsistently among the tows: Hastigerina pelagica, Globigerinella siphonifera, and Globigerinella calida. H. pelagica probably follows chlorophyll concentrations. G. siphonifera, and G. calida have a preference for deeper waters within the photic zone. The drastic doubling to tripling of the foraminifera abundances in cyclones biases downcore reconstructions of sea surface temperature towards cooler conditions. Also, the shift in species composition between the two eddies indicates that in environments where eddies, upwellings, or rings exist may bias the downcore composition of each species towards cooler conditions. G. sacculifer was found to live primarily in the mixed layer and at least 75% of its downcore individuals are expected to represent conditions there. Researchers should consider the described species distributions to better understand the water column conditions they are reconstructing.

The impacts that environmental factors brought to the population of the Formosan landlocked salmon are discussed in this paper and the evidence results indicate that the air temperature and typhoon have taken negative effect during past 15 years. Under the population simulations, without considering the environmental factors, it is clear that the population growth rate tends towards a steady state in the long run. On the contrary, the population would be in decline or suffer the extermination while we consider those factors.

The shell composition of planktonic foraminifera used in many paleoreconstructions assumes they are accurately representing conditions at the surface/mixed layer. However, planktonic foraminifera are known to inhabit a depth range that extends below the mixed layer. In the present study, foraminifera were collected at discrete depth intervals using a Multiple Opening and Closing Net Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) in either cyclonic or anticyclonic eddies that had contrasting environmental conditions. The foraminifera abundances and distributions were compared to the water depth, temperature, density, and chlorophyll profiles. Nine species were found consistently among all the tows and composed at least 96% of the species found, though a shift in the species abundances and depths occurred between eddies. Species occurred where physical factors were compatible with conditions and feeding opportunities they were adapted to. Three species pink and white Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerinoides sacculifer thrived best when a steep density gradient resulted in a shallower mixed-layer that restricted them under more intense light and allowed them to better exploit their algae symbionts. Globigerina bulloides was found outside its sub-polar habitat because the waters of the cyclones were cool enough (less than 26??C) at the same depths that sufficient chlorophyll was available. Two species Orbulina universa, and Globorotalia menardii were consistently absent in the mixed layer, but tracked deeper chlorophyll concentrations. Three other species were found inconsistently among the tows: Hastigerina pelagica, Globigerinella siphonifera, and Globigerinella calida. H. pelagica probably follows chlorophyll concentrations. G. siphonifera, and G. calida have a preference for deeper waters within the photic zone. The drastic doubling to tripling of the foraminifera abundances in cyclones biases downcore reconstructions of sea surface temperature towards cooler conditions. Also, the shift in species composition between the two eddies indicates that in environments where eddies, upwellings, or rings exist may bias the downcore composition of each species towards cooler conditions. G. sacculifer was found to live primarily in the mixed layer and at least 75% of its downcore individuals are expected to represent conditions there. Researchers should consider the described species distributions to better understand the water column conditions they are reconstructing.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur lycka upplevs av förskolebarn.  Individuella intervjuer gjordes med 26 förskolebarn (73% pojkar) mellan 4 och 5 år, med hjälp av en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Tidigare forskning har visat på att lycka har många delar så som kärlek, välbefinnande, tillfredställelse, god hälsa och att lycka skulle kunna vara något större så som meningen med livet. Materialet analyserades med stöd av ICF-CY och resultatet visade att barn upplevde lycka när de kände sig delaktiga i ett sammanhang. Omgivningsfaktorer, så som att barnen fick något av materiell karaktär samt familjekontexten har också betydelse om barn känner sig lyckliga. Barn ville känna sig delaktiga, ha en stabil omgivning och kärleksfulla nära relationer. Denna studie bidrar till att belysa barns egen uppfattning av just begreppet lycka samt ger kunskap som bidrar till att kunna upprätthålla barns chans att få känna lycka. Vidare forskning skulle vara att undersöka om olika personlighets typer  har olika uppfattning om lycka.

This thesis is the main product of a Masters degree in Health Science, written by a student at the Department of Social Work and Health Science at Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The thesis discusses sickness presenteeism in general and sickness presenteeism among nurses in particular. Nursing is one of the occupations that are more exposed to sickness presenteeism. Despite this, very little research has yet been done on this correlation – in Norway, almost none. The thesis consists of two articles. The first article presents the concept of sickness presenteeism along with existing theories and research in general and concerning nurses. This is a theoretical article, in which the purpose is to identify why sickness presenteeism is not an ideal situation for nurses and which work-related factors that influence sickness presenteeism among nurses. The research question for this article is “What work-environmental factors have an influence on nurses sickness presenteeisem?” The second article is an empirical article and is done in connection with a survey of nurses’ sickness presenteeism within a Norwegian hospital. The survey examines the connection between sickness presenteeism and the use of substitutes, different working time arrangements and the influence of teamwork. The purpose of this article is to assess how the three work-environmental factors influences nurses’ sickness presenteeism, conducted with the help of three hypotheses. These are: H1: Working-time arrangements have an influence on sickness presenteeism H2: Low extent of using substitutes is related to higher level of sickness presenteeism H3: Good working relationship between co-workers is related to higher level of sickness presenteeism The empirical work for this master’s thesis has been conducted using a quantitative method. This method was chosen based on a desire to investigate the extent, distribution and differences within sickness presenteeism among nurses. A quantitative method gives an opportunity to investigate a larger group of nurses, and obtain results that can also be valid for other nurses. If a qualitative method were to be used, it would not have been possible to collect information from the same number of nurses and the results would most likely not represent nurses in general because of assumed differences between nurses. By using a qualitative method I was also able to compare the results with results from similar studies done in other countries. Still, the quantitative method has little room for a flexible approach to theory, and does not provide information about what might cause the sickness presenteeism. I still found this method to be the most suitable for what I wanted to achieve in this master’s thesis. A survey based on questions used by other researchers with an interest in the same field, was used to collect data. Using questions that others had already used made the results easier to compare, and also acted as some kind of quality control to the questions I first developed. The choices made concerning the survey, items and analysis is further described in chapter 2.0 Method of my empirical article. The strength and limitations of the method is discussed in chapter 4.1 Strengths and limitations of that same article.

There is an upsurge of trend in studying the internationalization strategy (IS) of firms from China in international business (IB) research area. However studies which have done on Chinese firms in IB area are mostly focused on large state owned enterprises (SOEs), and there are few studies which have focused on the IS of Chinese privately owned  enterprises  (POEs).  This  study  used  the  framework  of  environment – internationalization  strategy – performance as  the theoretical support,  and  adopted  a case study method on a Chinese POE –Wonder Auto Technology Inc.. By analyzing the firm's ISs, the study results showed that Chinese POEs use export, foreign direct investment  (FDI),  and  strategic  alliance  as  their  ISs,  environmental  factors  from institution,  industry,  and  firm  level  could  influence  a  firm's  choices  of internationalization  strategies,  and  these  strategies  are  positive  related  to  the  firm's performance.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

This study investigated the effects of drought, nitrogen fertilizer and elevated CO2 and its interaction with nitrogen fertilizer on the physiology, growth, and production of the oil crop safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in a semi-controlled glasshouse environment. Three levels of water stress were imposed: rosette (mid-season drought), stem elongation (terminal drought) and rosette to maturity (mid-season + terminal drought). Results indicated that all drought treatments imposed reduced stomatal conductance, but after the relief of mid-season drought plants recovered and as a result there were no significant differences from control in terms of yield components (branch and capital number) and seed number. Terminal drought and mid–season + terminal drought induced significant reductions in branch number (48% and 50%), in capitula number (33% and 67%), in seed number (89% and 92%), in above ground dry weight (30% and 54%) and in individual fresh seed weight (90% and 94%) respectively. However, water stress treatments had no significant effect on the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) in dark adapted leaves compared with the control. Levels nitrogen fertilizer was studied equivalent to 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 kg N ha-1 were evaluated. Safflower responded incrementally to increasing nitrogen applied in a curvilinear asymptotic fashion. Assimilation rate (42%), transpiration rate (32%), stomatal conductance (52%) and LAI (42%) increased III up to 100 kg N ha-1 compared with the control. The above ground dry weight and seed yield associated with WUE continued to increase with each increment in nitrogen rate and above ground dry weight (42%), individual seed fresh weight (76%) and WUE (41%) increased up to 175 kg N ha-1 compared with the control. The effect of elevated CO2, (1000 μmol mol-1) significantly increased assimilation rate (27%) reduced stomatal conductance (29%) and transpiration rate (18%), increased LAI (28%) and above ground dry weight (51%) when measured at anthesis compared with ambient (400 μmol mol-1). At the same time plant organ N content was reduced. At harvest, elevated CO2 increased above ground dry weight (42%) and individual fresh seed weight (49%). The interaction effect of elevated CO2 with nitrogen input was investigated using four nitrogen levels equivalent to 25, 75,125 and 175 kg ha-1. The nitrogen response rate was raised by elevated CO2 equally at each nitrogen application rate so that there was no significant interaction effect between the two for most parameters measured. In this way both CO2 and nitrogen were acting as “fertilizers”. Overall the results showed that despite being put forward as a drought resistant crop for low input agricultural systems safflower is capable of responding positively to well irrigate and well fertilized conditions. Furthermore under conditions of elevated CO2 it can be expected to increase its yield potential but to achieve this will require a higher degree of nitrogen fertilization. CO2 is capable of substituting for up to 100 kg N ha-1 without a decline in yield and this shows that CO2 is the primary limiting factor in safflower assimilation. IV Seed oil content and its fatty acid profile appeared to be relatively stable and were not affected drastically by either nitrogen fertilization or elevated CO2.This demonstrated the integrity of the oil filling process during seed fill and emphasized that this is primarily under genetic control with relatively little influence from environmental parameters.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une approche interdisciplinaire mêlant la Géographie à l'épidémiologie et à la Statistique. Il s’agit d’une thèse d’ordre méthodologique appliquée à une problématique de santé publique. L'idée est de concevoir une dialectique adaptée à la géographie de la santé et de proposer ou transposer des méthodes probabilistes, géostatistiques et d’apprentissage statistique afin de modéliser, puis d’identifier des Facteurs Environnementaux (FE) géographiques liés à des risques morbides. Dans cette recherche l’environnement est considéré dans ses multiples dimensions. Il est décrit par des indicateurs spatiotemporels physicochimiques, sanitaires et socio-économiques. L’environnement géographique des Caractéristiques Individuelles et Médicales (CIM) des populations ciblées est aussi pris en compte. Les propositions heuristiques visent à identifier des Déterminants Environnementaux de Santé (DES) ou des facteurs de risques contributifs. La dialectique se veut opérationnelle et reproductible à toutes les maladies. Les propositions sont appliquées à des séquelles développées après le traitement d’une leucémie chez l’enfant - Cohorte LEA. Dans les pays développés, l’accès à des traitements performants engendre une augmentation de l’incidence des séquelles - qui ont des répercussions sur la qualité de vie. Par conséquent, l’après-cancer et la santé des enfants se sont positionnés au cœur des préoccupations sociales en Europe en général et en France, en particulier. Au-delà des objectifs scientifiques visés, des contributions en santé publique sont attendues. Il s’agit de proposer des indicateurs spatiaux opérationnels permettant aux hommes politiques de mettre en place des mesures sanitaires collectives, et aux praticiens de santé de proposer des solutions préventives individuelles - visant à réduire les risques environnementaux d’exposition auxquels sont assujetties les populations du simple fait de leur situation géographique. Et ainsi, d’améliorer l’accès à une bonne santé environnementale. / This thesis is an interdisciplinary approach combining Geography, Epidemiology and Statistics. It is a methodological thesis applying to a public health issue. The concept consist in developing a dialectical adapted to the geographic health and proposing or transposing probabilistic methods, geostatistical and datamining instruments, to model and to identify geographic environmental factors related to morbid risks. In this research the environment is considered in its integrity. It is described by spatiotemporal indicators: physicochemical, health and socioeconomic. The geographical environment of the individual and medical characteristics of targeted populations is also taken into account. Heuristic proposals aim to identify environmental health determinants, or contributing risk factors. The methods have been implemented or adapted to the issue. They are applicable and reproducible in all diseases studied in Geographic Health. In order, to illustrate these proposals, they are applied to squeals observed following the treatment of childhood leukemia - Cohort LEA. In developed countries, access to effective treatments leads to an increase of squeals incidence. Those have an impact on the quality of life. Therefore, post-cancer and children's health have positioned themselves at the core of social concerns in Europe and in France. Beyond the scientific goals, contributions in public health are expected. The idea is to provide operational space indicators to politicians in order to help them to take collective health measures. And for health professionals to be able to offer individual medical solutions, devoted to reduce the risk of exposure to environmental factors of the populations due to their geographical location. In consequence, to improve access to a good environmental health.