Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Kraus, Christiane: Import tariffs to support environmental policy instruments--Hannover, 1999. / Literaturverz. S. 229 - 241.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Τα μεγάλα φράγματα έχουν συχνά επικριθεί για τις αρνητικές περιβαλλοντικές και κοινωνικές επιπτώσεις τους. Tο είδος και η βαρύτητα των επιπτώσεων ενός φράγματος συνδέονται με το μέγεθος και τα υλικά κατασκευής του, καθώς και με τα χαρακτηριστικά του ποταμού και της υδρολογικής λεκάνης του. Στα πλαίσια της αντιμετώπισης των περιβαλλοντικών προβλημάτων από την κατασκευή και λειτουργία ενός φράγματος, απαιτείται, όπως και για κάθε τεχνικό έργο, Εκτίμηση Περιβαλλοντικών Επιπτώσεων (ΕΠΕ), η οποία περιλαμβάνεται στη Μελέτη Περιβαλλοντικών Επιπτώσεων (ΜΠΕ) που εκπονείται πριν από το έργο. Με την παρούσα εργασία επιχειρείται η ολοκληρωμένη εκτίμηση και αξιολόγηση των περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων τόσο από την κατασκευή των φραγμάτων Βαλμαδούρας και Αστερίου, στους ποταμούς Πείρο και Παραπείρο, όσο και από τη μελλοντική τους λειτουργία. Επί πλέον επιχειρείται συγκριτική αξιολόγηση των επιπτώσεων που κάνει η ΜΠΕ με τη δική μας αξιολόγηση, καθώς και η διερεύνηση της εφαρμογής των περιβαλλοντικών όρων που ανατέθηκαν από το ΥΠΕΧΩΔΕ στον φορέα εκτέλεσης και λειτουργίας του έργου «Ύδρευση της Πάτρας από τους ποταμούς Πείρο και Παραπείρο». Κατ΄αρχήν γίνεται σύντομη αναφορά στο θεσμό των ΜΠΕ, ειδική αναφορά στα θέματα που αντιμετωπίζει η ΜΠΕ του έργου κατασκευής των φραγμάτων στους ποταμούς Πείρο και Παραπείρο και ιστορική αναφορά στην εξέλιξη της πορείας του μέχρι σήμερα. Ακολουθεί η περιγραφή των προτεινόμενων έργων βάσει της ΜΠΕ και των τεχνικών χαρακτηριστικών τους. Παρουσιάζονται τα βασικα σημεία της ΜΠΕ, οι επιπτώσεις του έργου και τα μέτρα αντιμετώπισης τους κατά τη ΜΠΕ, καθώς επίσης οι μελέτες αποκατάστασης του περιβάλλοντος που απαιτούνται βάσει αυτής και ακολουθεί η περιγραφή της υφιστάμενης κατάστασης του φυσικού και ανθρωπογενούς περιβάλλοντος στην περιοχή μελέτης. Με την εργασία πεδίου και τις προσωπικές παρατηρήσεις στα πλαίσια της μελέτης μας, έγινε δυνατή η καταγραφή των αλλαγών και των μέτρων που λαμβάνονται, καταβλήθηκε προσπάθεια να μελετηθούν και αξιολογηθούν οι επιπτώσεις του έργου στο έδαφος, στους υδάτινους πόρους, στη χλωρίδα και πανίδα και γενικότερα αυτές που συντελούν στην οποιαδήποτε υποβάθμιση του οικοσυστήματος, τόσο στην περιοχή των έργων όσο και στα κατάντη, ii μέχρι την εκβολή των ποταμών, ενώ έγινε επίσης εφαρμογή του πλαισίου DPSIR. Για τη δική μας αξιολόγηση, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι ίδιοι παράγοντες με αυτούς της ΜΠΕ, ωστε να συγκριθεί με την αξιολόγηση της ΜΠΕ. Με τον τρόπο αυτό έγινε δυνατόν να εντοπιστούν και τονιστούν οι διαφορές που υπάρχουν μεταξύ τους. Η εφαρμογή του πλαισίου DPSIR έγινε για πρώτη φορά για τα φράγματα, με σκοπό την καλύτερη ανάλυση των επιμέρους παραγόντων που επιδρούν στα παρόχθια οικοσυστήματα καθώς και στην εκβολή των ποταμών, δημιουργώντας μια κατάσταση όπου η αρνητική τους επιρροή είναι εμφανής. Έγιναν επίσης συναντήσεις και συνεντεύξεις με αρμόδιους φορείς και κατοίκους της περιοχής, και παρουσιάζεται η άποψη τους για την κατασκευή και λειτουργία του έργου. Από τη διερεύνηση της εφαρμογής των περιβαλλοντικών όρων καταγράφονται αυτοί που δεν τηρήθηκαν και τέλος, προτείνονται μέτρα διαχείρισης για την σωστή και ολοκληρωμένη λύση των εντοπισμένων και αναμενόμενων προβλημάτων από την κατασκευή και λειτουργία του τεχνικού έργου. / Large dams have been often criticized for their adverse environmental and social impacts. The kind and severity of the impacts depend on the size and the construction materials, as well as the characteristics of the river and its hydrological basin. In order to cope with the environmental problems caused by the construction and operation of a dam, an Estimation of Environmental Impacts (EEI) is necessary, as for any civil engineering project, which is included in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) conducted before the project’s construction. The present study is an attempt to an integrated estimation and evaluation of the Environmental Impacts from the construction of the Valmadoura and Asteri dams in Peiros and Parapeiros rivers respectively and of their future operation. Additionally, a comparative evaluation of the impacts between the EIA and our own evaluation is attempted, as well as the examination of the Environmental Rules imposed from the Ministry of Environment to the supervising authority for construction and operation of the project "Water supply for Patras from the rivers Peiros and Parapeiros". Primarily, a short reference to the institution of EIA is given, together with a special reference to the problems related to the EIA of the project of the dams’ construction in the rivers Peiros and Parapeiros and to the long history of the progress of this project from its beginning till today. A description of the proposed works follows, according to the EIA and their technical characteristics. The main points of the EIA, are presented, the impacts of the project and measures of mitigating the impacts proposed in the EIA, as well as the assessments for environmental restoration according to the EIA. Finally, a description of the existing situation of natural and human environment in the study area is given. Fieldwork and our own observations in the frame of our study enabled us to record changes and measures taken; we also attempted to study and evaluate the environmental impacts of the project’s works on soil, water resources, flora and fauna and generally these impacts causing any ecosystem degradation in the project application area downwards to the river mouth, while the DPSIR framework was also applicated. iv In order to compare the evaluation of the EIA and our own evaluation, we used the same factors as in the EIA. Thus it became possible to identify and highlight the differences between them. The application of the DPSIR framework was done for the first time for dams, and it was necessary in order to achieve a better analysis of the factors affecting riparian ecosystems down to the river Meetings and interviews with local citizens and relevant authorities and institutions were also organized; their opinions and ideas about the construction and operation of the project are presented. By investigating the implementation of the Environmental Rules, we recorded those which were ignored or not implicated. Finally, new measures for proper management are proposed in order to achieve a right and integrated solution of problems already known or expected to emerge in the course of the construction and operation of the technical project.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite calls for greater public participation in all aspects of environmental planning, impact assessment and decision making, opportunities for participation in the planning, legal and administrative systems governing these activities, are limited. Public participation has often been reduced to a procedural exercise instead of a substantive process to include the public in environmental decision making. Thus, it is relevant to examine public participation in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), providing ways to improve its effectiveness. The emphasis of this thesis is therefore, to compare the role of public participation in the environmental assessment process in the United Kingdom, South Africa and the United States. It begins by defining the principles of Environmental Impact Assessment and the concept of public participation and explores how the rationales of public participation may be integrated into the environmental planning process. Features of each of the three existing EIA systems are examined since components such as the appropriate legislative framework, the institutional framework, the public, and formal and informal public participation opportunities in the EIA process are the factors contributing towards effective public participation in Environmental Impact Assessment. The author argues that public participation deserves attention because the degree of participation affects the quality of the Environmental Impact Assessment, which, in turn, affects the quality of a decision about a project. Broader participation creates more information and alternatives to be presented to decision makers, enhancing the opportunity to mesh public values and government policy. Although public participation may slow down the EIA process, the real goal of EIA theory is to ensure sustainable development, no matter how long the EIA process takes. Apparently, the three EIA laws discussed in the comparative analysis, are consistent with sustainable development since these laws operate to force considerations of environmental impacts into the decision making process. Moreover, properly drafted EIA laws are based on a strict standard of procedural compliance to ensure that the responsible decision makers are fully apprised of the environmental consequences which they review. Involving the public is a safeguard against bad or politically motivated decisions, and a mechanism to increase public awareness of the delicate balance between economic and environmental trade offs. If conducted openly, it may ultimately increase public confidence in the decision making process. Public participation has the potential to enhance the maintenance of accountability in public and private sectors. The public should realise that they, individually or through interest groups, can participate in public matters that affect them, with a view to persuading decision makers and shaping environmental policies. The thesis further reviews the different roles the public can play during the various stages of an Environmental Impact Assessment process, whereby formal and informal public participation opportunities are explored according to the country-specific context. The comparative analytical framework in the thesis reveals significant variations within and between the three countries. Apparently, the three EIA systems seem to possess more or less mature, well-defined and formal Environmental Impact Assessment systems. For the UK and South Africa, examples could be taken from the United States, which has developed more adequate public participation provisions than those of the European Directive and of the South African EIA Regulations, particularly as far as the level and degree of public participation and techniques are concerned. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van beroepe op groter openbare deelname in alle aspekte van omgewingsbeplanning, inpakbeoordeling en besluitneming, is geleenthede vir deelname in die beplannings-, administratiewe en wetlike sisteme wat hierdie aktiwiteite beheer, beperk. Openbare deelname word dikwels gereduseer tot 'n proseduriële oefening in plaas van 'n substantiewe proses te wees om die publiek in omgewingsbesluitneming te betrek. Dit is derhalwe relevant dat openbare deelname in Omgewingsimpakbeoordeling (algemeen in Engels na verwys as EIA) ondersoek word tot einde wyses vir effektiwiteitsverbetering daar te stel. Die aksent van hierdie tesis is dus 'n vergelyking van openbare deelname in omgewingsbeoordeling in die Verenigde Koninkryk, Suid-Afrika en die Verenigde State van Amerika onderskeidelik. Daar word begin met definiëring van die beginsels van EIA en die konsep "openbare deelname" en 'n ondersoek na integrering van die rationales vir openbare deelname in die omgewingsbeplanningsproses. Kenmerke van elk van die drie bestaande EIA -stelsels word ondersoek aangesien komponente soos die geskikte wetgewende raamwerk, die institusionele raamwerk, die publiek, asook formele en informele openbare deelname-geleenthede in die EIA -proses, die bydraende faktore is tot effektiewe openbare deelname in EIA. Die navorser argumenteer dat openbare deelname aandag verdien omdat die graad van deelname die kwaliteit van die EIA affekteer met voortspruitende effek vir die kwaliteit van besluitneming rakende 'n projek. Breër deelname skep meer inligting en alternatiewe vir voorlegging aan die besluitnemers ter verbetering van die geleentheid vir die ineenskakeling van openbare waardes en regeringsbeleid. Hoewel openbare deelname die EIA-proses mag vertraag, is die werklike doel van EIA-teorie die bewerkstelliging van volhoubare ontwikkeling, ongeag van hoe lank die proses ook mag duur. Die drie EIA-wette bespreek in die vergelykende analise is oënskynlik konsekwent in terme van volhoubare ontwikkeling aangesien hierdie wette gerig is op die inkorporering van omgewingsimpak oorwegings in die besluitnemingsproses. Verder is behoorlik geformuleerde EIA-wette gebaseer op 'n streng standaard van proseduriële onderworpenheid ten einde te verseker dat die verantwoordelike besluitnemers ten volle ingelig is oor die omgewingsgevolge onder hersiening. Die insluiting van die publiek is 'n voorsorg teen swak of polities gemotiveerde besluite en 'n meganisme om openbare bewustheid ten opsigte van die delikate balans tussen ekonomiese en omgewings komprimieë. As dit openlik gedoen word, behoort dit op die lange duur die publiek se vertoue in die besluitnemingsproses te verhoog. Openbare deelname kan tot die behoud van, deur hul betrokkenheid aanspreeklikheid in die openbare en private sektore bydra. Die publiek moet besef dat hulle deur hulle betrokkenheid, individueel of deur middel van belangegroepe, in openbare aangeleenthede wat hulle raak, beluitnemers kan oorreed en omgewingsbeleid help vorm. Die tesis beskou ook die verskillende rolle wat die publiek gedurende die verskillende fases van 'n Omgewingsimpakbeoordelingsproses kan speel, en verken geleenthede vir formele en informele openbare deelname binne elke land se spefieke konteks. Die vergelykende analitiese raamwerk in die tesis bring betekenisvolle variasies binne en tussen die drie lande aan die lig. Oënskynlik verteenwoordig die drie EIA stelsels min of meer volwasse, goed definieërde en formele Omgewingsimpakbeoordelingstelsels. Die VK en Suid Afrika kan leer uit die voorbeeld van die VSA wat meer voldoende voorsienning vir openbare deelname bied as die van die Europese Direktief en van Suid Afrika se EIA Regulasies, in besonder sover dit die vlak en graad van openbare deelname en tegnieke betref

Capes / Dado o cenário de degradação dos ecossistemas aquáticos - de modo particular os de menor ordem e mais susceptíveis aos agentes estressores, como os riachos - especialmente em decorrência de processos associados à urbanização e à agropecuária, o presente trabalho tem por objetivos comparar as respostas das assembleias de peixes de três bacias expostas a diferentes pressões oriundas do uso e ocupação do solo (urbana, periurbana e rural), especificamente em relação a: (i) estrutura trófica; (ii) estrutura das redes tróficas (conectância, densidade de ligações, aninhamento, modularidade) e robustez das redes; (iii) padrões de ocupação do espaço Ecomorfológico; e (iv) relações entre os parâmetros listados anteriormente e a estrutura da paisagem. A hipótese de trabalho sustenta que as redes tróficas de riachos urbanos e rurais respondem diferentemente aos impactos que estão expostos. Os peixes foram coletados com pesca manual e elétrica trimestralmente no ano de 2013, em nove pontos amostrais pertencentes a 3 bacias: Ribeirão Cambé (essencialmente urbano), Ribeirão Cafezal (inserido em um contexto periurbano) e Ribeirão Taquara (essencialmente rural). Foram analisados 815 indivíduos, distribuídos em 19 espécies. A partir dessas espécies foram estimados 37 caracteres morfológicos, transformados em 22 índices ecomorfológicos, para posterior cálculo do grau de empacotamento do espaço ecomorfológico das assembleias, através das métricas: distância para o vizinho mais próximo, distância média para o centróide, e desvio-padrão da distância para o vizinho mais próximo. Posteriormente foram identificados os itens alimentares presentes no trato gastrointestinal dos indivíduos, e calculadas as seguintes propriedades topológicas das redes (conectância, densidade de ligações, aninhamento, modularidade) e a robustez. Foram identificados um total de 46 itens alimentares, sendo o P2 Taquara o mais rico, e o P3 Cambé o menos rico. Os riachos urbanos apresentaram tendência de simplificação e empobrecimento. Os pontos rurais apresentaram tendência de maior aninhamento e robustez, sugerindo maior complexidade e estabilidade, em comparação aos urbanos. Também nos riachos rurais foi possível detectar maior proximidade ecomorfológica entre as espécies da assembleia, sugerindo uma tendência de especialização, ao contrário dos urbanos, onde as espécies se encontravam mais distantes. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que as redes de interação trófica, associadas às análises de ocupação do espaço ecomorfológico revelaram-se ferramentas interessantes para a análise ambiental em riachos, apresentando resultados que sugerem que os impactos urbanos tendem a ser mais severos para as assembleias do que os rurais. / Given the scenario of degradation of aquatic ecosystems - particularly those of lower order and more susceptible to stressors, such as streams - especially due to processes associated with urbanization and agriculture, the present study aims to compare the responses of the assemblies of fish from three basins exposed to different pressures arising from the use and occupation of the soil (urban, periurban and rural), specifically in relation to: (i) trophic structure; (ii) structure of the trophic networks (connectivity, link density, nestedness, modularity) and robustness; (iii) patterns of occupation of the ecomorphological space; and (iv) relationships between the parameters listed above and the landscape structure. The working hypothesis holds that the trophic networks of urban and rural streams respond differently to the impacts they are exposed to. The fish were collected with manual and electric fishing quarterly in the year 2013, in nine sampling points belonging to three basins: Ribeirão Cambé (essentially urban), Ribeirão Cafezal (inserted in a periurban context) and Ribeirão Taquara (essentially rural). A total of 815 individuals were analyzed, distributed among 19 species. From these species, 37 morphological characters were estimated, transformed into 22 ecomorphological indexes, for later calculation of the degree of packing of the ecomorphological space of the assemblies, through the metrics: distance to the nearest neighbor, mean distance to the centroid, and standard deviation from the distance to the nearest neighbor. Subsequently, the food items present in the gastrointestinal tract of the individuals were identified and the following topological properties of the networks (connectivity, bond density, nesting, modularity) and robustness were calculated. A total of 46 food items were identified, with P2 Taquara the richest, and P3 Cambé the least rich. The urban streams showed a trend of simplification and impoverishment. The rural points presented a tendency of greater nesting and robustness, suggesting greater complexity and stability, in comparison to the urban ones. Also in the rural streams it was possible to detect greater ecomorphological proximity between the species of the assembly, suggesting a tendency of specialization, unlike the urban ones, where the species were more distant. Thus, it can be concluded that the networks of trophic interaction, associated to the analyzes of occupation of the ecomorphological space, have proved to be interesting tools for the environmental analysis in streams, presenting results that suggest that the urban impacts tend to be more severe for the assemblies than rural ones.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_frb_dr_rcla.pdf: 891415 bytes, checksum: b556d691c96336607d68d906e82d364f (MD5) / O presente trabalho propõe uma aplicação de abordagem metodológica, com uso de geotecnologia, visando à aquisição, análise e integração de dados sob o enfoque do uso sustentável de uma bacia hidrográfica em área de fronteira agrícola voltada para o plantio de grãos para exportação. Para o seu desenvolvimento, foram levantados dados de uso da terra e cobertura vegetal em dois cenários distintos (1975 e 1999) e, direcionados a sua aplicação para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Balsinhas, no estado do Maranhão, localizada entre os paralelos 07º 27' 00 S e 08º 12' 51 S, de latitude sul, e os meridianos 45º 44' 54 W e 46º 07' 59 W, de longitude oeste. O trabalho visa ainda, caracterizar áreas com diferentes graus de predisposição a riscos à degradação dos solos e realizar análises sob o ponto de vista da cobertura vegetal e suas transformações impostas pela intensificação e ampliação da ocupação agrícola, bem como indicações de impactos ocorridos nas vertentes e nos canais fluviais ao longo da bacia. / The present work proposes an application of a methodological approach, by means of geotechnology, which aims to data acquisition, analysis and network, concerning the self-support use a drainage basin located in agricultural border dedicated to grain crops for export. For their improvement, usage of soil and plant covering data in two distinct periods (1975 and 1999) were collected and their application addressed to a drainage basin of Balsinhas River, in the state of Maranhão, located between 07º 27' 00 and 08º 12' 51 parallels, south latitude, and 45º 44' 54 and 46º 07' 59 meridians, west longitude. This works also aims, to feature areas presenting different degrees to risks concerning soil degrading and to proceed to analysis on plant covering and its changes, which are imposed by the intensity and extension of agricultural occupation, as well as indications of impacts on slopes and river channels along the basin.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nogueira_m_dr_jabo.pdf: 383392 bytes, checksum: f9f8dbb7716417553719cfb4482ef445 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nas últimas décadas, a carcinicultura de água doce é um dos setores que mais cresceu dentro da aqüicultura. Muitas pesquisas têm sido realizadas a fim de buscar metodologias para se ter uma produção sustentável, ou seja, lucrativa e com baixo impacto ambiental. Neste contexto, o presente estudo analisou a qualidade da água de abastecimento e efluente em todas as fases do cultivo do camarão-da-amazônia, Macrobrachium amazonicum. Nas fases de larvicultura e berçário o sistema de cultivo adotado foi com recirculação de água e densidade de estocagem de 80 larvas/L e 7 pós-larvas/L, respectivamente. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas representada pelo Número Mais Provável de Escherichia coZi e análises fisicas e químicas para a verificação de pH, temperatura, sólidos totais suspensos, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, nitrogênio total, nitrito, nitrato, da água de abastecimento e efluente de 5 tanques de cultivo, em cada uma dessas fases. Na fase de crescimento final, foram analisados 12 viveiros de fundo natural, com fluxo contínuo de água e densidade de estocagem de 40, 60, 80 e 100 juvenis/m2, cujo delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos inteiramente casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Foram realizadas as mesmas análises microbiológicas, fisicas e químicas citadas nas fases de larvicultura e berçário, com o acréscimo nesta da análise de demanda química de oxigênio. Nesta fase, ainda realizou-se o balanço dos nutrientes: nitrogênio total, sólidos totais suspensos e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio para a obtenção de mais infonnações sobre o comportamento dessas variáveis na dinâmica dos viveiros. Em todas as fases, os resultados obtidos revelaram que a qualidade da água do efluente estava de acordo... / In recent decades, the freshwater carcinicultura is one of the sectors that more grew inside of the aquaculture. Many research have been carried out in order to develops methodologies for sustainable production, that is, lucrative and with low environrnent impact. In that context, the present study we analyzed the quality of the water of supply and effluent in alI the stages of the culture of the Macrobrachium amazonicum. In the stages of lavircultura and nursery the system of adopted culture was with recirculation of water and density of 80 stockage of larvae/L and 7 juveniles/L, respectively. Were conducted microbiological analysis represents for the number of Escherichia colí and physical and chemical analyses for the verification of pH, temperature, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate, of the water of supply and efluent of 5 tanks of culture, in each one of the stages. In the final stages of growth, 12 ponds of deep natural had been analyzed, with continuous flow of water and density of stockage of 40, 60, 80 and 100 juveniles/m 2, whose used experimental delineation was fulIy randomized blocks with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions. The same microbiological, physical and chemical analyses cited in the larvicultura and nursery had been carried out, with the addition in this of the analysis of chemical oxygen demando At this stage, was become balance of the nutrients: total nitrogen, suspended total solids and biochemical oxygen demand for the attainment of more information on the behavior of these variable in the dynamics of the ponds. At all stages, the results showed that water quality of the effiuent was in accordance with the current law and that did not have significant difference between the water and effluent... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)