This work treats the importance of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system and problems that face users. One of the biggest problem is how to choose the right system spending less time and money. The purpose of this work is to design the method of matching requirements raised by system and customer, and to implement this method by creating model which will collect, match and return acceptable results to customer.

Working memory is the ability to store relevant information temporarily to guide thoughts and behavior. As a basic executive function that is required for everyday tasks, it is essential to understand working memory to fully understand cognition. A neural correlate of working memory has been suggested in the persistent activity displayed by single neurons during the retention interval of working memory tasks performed by monkeys. Physiological and computational studies have proposed that the maintenance of this activity depends on NMDA receptor activation. Human homologues of persistent activity have been suggested using neuroimaging methods and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. To help bridge the gap between these studies within and between species, EEG signals in the form of event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while one female rhesus macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta) performed a series of tasks that involve visual working memory, in which a visual array presented for 500 ms must be maintained in working memory for a retention interval of 1 s to guide a subsequent saccade to a stimulus. In addition, the effect of NMDA blockade on ERPs was investigated by administering a sub-anesthetic dose of the NMDA antagonist ketamine. A neural correlate of visual working memory was identified in the ERP that was contralaterally-specific to the to-be-remembered target during the retention interval of the tasks. For the first time in the monkey, it was shown that the amplitude and polarity of this activity reflects the spatial location of the target stimulus, scales with the number of items that had to be remembered, and is predictive of trial outcome. The activity was less positive for contralaterally presented stimuli, greater memory loads, and correct trials. Furthermore, this contralateral activity was modulated by ketamine, primarily during the retention interval but also during memory item presentation at P100 and P300. Taken together, these properties support this contralateral activity as a candidate for an electrophysiological index of working memory that is similar to that of humans. These findings also provide a link to the single-neuron mechanisms of working memory in monkeys and further validate the monkey as a model of human visual working memory. / Thesis (Master, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-02 11:39:34.593

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The main objective of this study was to investigate whether event related potentials (ERPs) can be used as a biomarker of disease severity staging in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) within a heterogeneous group of patients presenting to a memory disorders clinic for initial evaluation. Based on the known progression of AD pathology, we hypothesized ERP components would be abnormal, commensurate with disease severity in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, mild, and moderate to severe dementia due to AD. ERP components were predicted based on the known sites of their neural generators. ERP peaks measured during an auditory oddball paradigm from twenty-two AD (n=9) and non-AD (n=13) patients were compared to their clinical outcomes using multivariate ANCOVA controlling for age with Bonferroni corrections. The predictive abilities of significant ERP components were examined using a binary logistic regression model. Significant between-group effects were found in N100 distractor amplitude, F(2, 12) = 6.062, p = .015, ηp2 = .503. The results supported our hypothesis that N100 amplitude would be increased in AD, suggesting that sensory gating may be more impaired in mild AD than in non-AD related cognitive impairment.

This thesis deals with the implementation of the ERP system. The thesis is divided into theoretical knowledge and case study. Its aim is to develop a comprehensive search for applications such as ERP and its application to a specific case study. The theoretical part describes the characteristics and evolution of ERP systems. The practical part deals with a case study of the implementation of the specific ERP system.

Cette thèse de doctorat explore les stratégies et modes opératoires des acteurs chinois d'une société multinationale française qui ont adapté une ressource globale, à savoir un progiciel de gestion intégré (PGI), de façon singulière et officieuse, dans le but de répondre à des logiques contradictoires, voire rivalisantes, entre les entités chinoises et le siège social français. Pour cela, nous utilisons des données qualitatives composées d'entretiens ouverts et semi-ouverts, d’observations participatives, et d’observations des pratiques et des usages logiciels. Notre recherche s’appuie sur deux études empiriques. A - Une étude de cas longitudinale de quatre ans (2006-2010) analyse l’utilisation du PGI mondial d’une multinationale française déployé dans ses filiales chinoises. B - Un projet de recherche-action d'un an (2010-2011) présente le suivi d’un programme d'actions correctives visant à formaliser ou non ces pratiques. Ces deux études constituent la base empirique des trois papiers de recherche qui structurent notre thèse, respectivement intitulés : . I- “Enterprise systems in use: From global control to local enacted workarounds” . II- “A canonical action research project of ERP in use: From French HQ to the formalization of Chinese workarounds”. III- “A theory-free framework : An alternative born from a difficult journey to put ‘theory’ into an empirical dataset”. L’étude des usages et pratiques des utilisateurs chinois a révélé de nombreux conflits entre les processus institutionnalisés et standardisés, retranscrits dans le PGI mondial de la multinationale, et les besoins locaux des entités chinoises. L’uniformisation des processus à l’échelle mondiale ne s’est donc pas déroulée comme cela était initialement prévu par le siège social français. Face à cette situation, notre thèse examine les logiques et les effets de ce non-alignement. / This dissertation explores the mechanisms of global information systems (IS) diffusion and adoption of a French multinational corporation (MNC) within Chinese settings. By using an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system as exemplar, it aims to explain why and how users of remote subsidiaries enact the system in different ways than the prescribed approach suggested by the headquarters. This study also measures the impacts of these local informal and unexpected practices on the global ERP system. It is based on a four-year (2006-2010) longitudinal case study and one-year action research project both realized at French headquarters and Chinese subsidiaries of an MNC. Research methods rely on interpretive qualitative methods and combine participative observation, interviews and documentary evidence. Along with an introductory chapter, the dissertation comprises three related papers. The first paper provides a longitudinal account detailing the emergence of local workarounds at Chinese subsidiaries of the MNC. It discusses how the development and quest for these alternative practices was justified as indispensable and appropriate to respond to the local needs as the formal structure laid out by the headquarters was not sufficient to cover the local situation. The second paper is based on a one-year canonical action research study which took place after the longitudinal study. It first studies the impacts of these informal practices on the overall ERP system and second, relates a corrective program launched to attempt to formalise these practices. The third paper is the outcome of my PhD reflections on the application of theoretical framework(s) to empirical studies. As an outcome from the difficulties experienced during this research journey to find a perfect “fit” between a complex and rich organizational dataset and existing theories that might be seen as highly abstract, or too conceptual to interpret empirical findings, this paper suggests a disciplined approach to adopt a theory-free framework to enable the development of original and rich interpretations without bounded theoretical frameworks. The contributions of the dissertation are threefold: theoretical, methodological and practitioner oriented. First, by focusing at a micro-level perspective, activity theory provides a rich framework to understand the emergence of local work practices. The third paper also suggests important theoretical contributions since it provides an empirical demonstration of the difficulties encountered to find a “perfect fit” while applying social and organizational lenses to empirical datasets. Given these difficulties, I suggest the development of a theory-free and disciplined approach as a potential alternative in circumstances where there is theory-data misfit. Second, this dissertation proposes an original combination of two research methods that complement each other to deliver a rich empirical account of IS practice negotiation where conflicting local and global interests existed. Thanks to a long-term access to the company, I have been able to observe and collect thick descriptions of user work practices in a longitudinal case study. Following this in-depth inquiry, I led an action-research program, first to examine the degree of diffusion of these informal practices across Chinese subsidiaries and then to formalize them when appropriate. Lastly, the dissertation offers to practice a better understanding of the ways remote users might develop informal structures to make an information system fit. In particular, it relates a complete history from global template instructions to local practice negotiations and provides data collected both at the headquarters and at Chinese subsidiaries.

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Cílem této diplomové práce je vytvoření odlehčené metodiky tvorby BI/DW a její kompletní implementace v prostředí maloobchodní společnosti Diva Center s.r.o. Zpracovaná metodika by měla pokrýt všechny nezbytné kroky zavedení funkčního a přínosného projektu BI/DW.

Enterprise Systeme werden immer mehr von Bedeutung, was sie in die Mitte der Aufmerksamkeit und der Berücksichtigung durch Organisationen in verschiedensten Formen rückt – seien es Unternehmen oder Industrien von riesigen öffentlichen oder privaten Organisationen bis hin zu mittleren und kleinen Dienstleistungsunternehmen. Diese Systeme verbessern sich ständig, sowohl funktionell, als auch technologisch und sie sind unumgänglich für Unternehmen, um ihre Produktivität zu vergrößern und um in dem nationalen und globalen Wettbewerb mitzuhalten. Da lokale Softwarelösungen die Bedingungen, speziell von großen Betrieben, funktionell und technologisch nicht erfüllen konnten und da riesige globale Softwarehersteller, wie SAP, Oracle und Microsoft ihre Lösungen rapide verbessern und sie ihren Markt immer mehr über den Globus expandieren, nimmt die Nachfrage für diese globalen Marken und deren nahezu einwandfreien Softwarelösungen täglich zu. Die Zustimmung für internationale ERP Unternehmensberatungsanwendungen nimmt deswegen exponentiell zu, während die Forschung der beeinflussenden Faktoren und des Fachwissens wenig verbreitet ist. Deswegen ist es so dringlich, dieses Gebiet zu erforschen. Das schlussendliche fünf-in-fünf Framework dieser Studie sammelt zum ersten Mal in der Geschichte alle historisch erwähnten, kritischen Erfolgsfaktoren und Projektaktivitäten. Diese wurden in fünf Phasen unterteilt und nach den fünf Schwerpunkten der internationalen ERP Projektdurchführung kategorisiert. Dieses Framework bietet einen Überblick und bildet einen umfassenden Fahrplan für solche Projekte. / The importance of enterprise systems is increasingly growing and they are in the center of attention and consideration by organizations in various types of business and industries from extra-large public or private organizations to small and medium-sized service sector business. These systems are continuously advancing functionally and technologically and are inevitable and ineluctable for the enterprises to maximize their productivity and integration in current competitive national and global business environments. Also, since local software solutions could not meet the requirements of especially large enterprises functionally and technically, and as giant global enterprise software producers like SAP, Oracle and Microsoft are improving their solutions rapidly and since they are expanding their market to more corners of the globe, demand for these globally branded low-defect software solutions is daily ascending. The agreements for international ERP implementation project consultancy are, therefore, exponentially increasing, while the research on the influencing factors and know-hows is scattered and rare, and thus, a timely urgency for this field of research is being felt. The final developed five-in-five framework of this study, for the first time, collects all mentioned-in-the-history critical success factors and project activities, while sequencing them in five phases and categorizing them in five focus areas for international ERP implementation projects. This framework provides a bird’s-eye view and draws a comprehensive roadmap or instruction for such projects.