In an increasingly transparent and rapidly changing market customer demands needs to be satisfied in a more customized approach, while the rate of change in the business sector continues to increase. The relationship between technology and competition has been strengthened where technology represents great opportunities to achieve and maintain competitive advantages. Correct investment calculations can be crucial for enterprises, where unsuccessful investments within internal elements can lead to critical consequences. Despite the large investment required to implement an ERP system and the long implementation time, few enterprises remain within the budget and time frame. SME are exposed to greater financial risks where access to knowledge and resources are limited. The study aims to investigate the hidden costs that may exist when implementing an ERP system, which has been achieved using a qualitative method. Through interviews with enterprises and system suppliers, primary data has been collected and analyzed based upon the theoretical framework. The study results in the factors of precision, education and external integration as important aspects to consider when implementing ERP system.

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka framgångsfaktorer vid införandet av ERP-system i olika företag. Både kundernas och leverantörens syn på framgångsfaktorer vid införandet har klargjorts. </p><p>Min empiriska undersökning har utförts på fem olika företag och jag har intervjuat totalt fem personer som samtliga haft mycket centrala roller vid ERP-införandena. Vid intervjuerna har jag använt mig av kvalitativ ansats där informanterna har fått berätta relativt fritt om vad de uppfattat kunna påverka framgången med införandet av ERP-systemen. Jag analyserade det insamlade materialet med hjälp av empirinär kvalitativ bearbetning, i form av innehållsanalys. </p><p>Undersökningens resultat visar att kunderna och leverantören inte ser helt lika på vilka faktorer som bidrar till framgång. Det finns dock några tydliga samband mellan leverantörens och kundens syn på framgångsfaktorer. Samsyn ligger i att kunden ska göra en dokumenterad processmappning av verksamhetens före och efterläge vilket leder till att leverantörens arbete underlättas och implementeringen av systemet kommer igång snabbare. Vidare samsyn finns kring det faktum att kunden ska förbereda sig på den kommande förändringen genom att utbilda personalen i handhavandet av systemet samt ge personalen ökad förståelse kring förändringsproblematiken. Detta leder till större engagemang hos kunden och snabbare acceptans av systemet i företaget.</p> / <p>The purpose of this report has been to investigate successfactors when implementing ERP-systems in different companies. The opinion of both the supplier and the customer’s point of view about the successfactors has been explained. </p><p>The empiricalstudy has included five different companies and a total of five persons. I have used a qualitative approach during the different interviews. The material from the interviews was analysed with the qualitative method content analysis. </p><p>The study shows the supplier and the customers both have and have not the same opinion about which successfactors to consider when implementing. There are a few obvious connections between the supplier and the customer’s point of view. They agree about the importance of linking business processes and information to the system in the feasibility study. This will lead to an easier and more rapid implementation phase. They also agree about the importance of educating the personal, both in practical skills of the system and also information of the reactions of change in the organisation. This will lead to a greater engagement from the customer and quicker system acceptance.</p>

The major objective of present study is to find out the sources which cause higher Work in Process (WIP) in the production line. In which a detailed analysis is performed in the area of inventory, reorder point, Takt time, and Kanban. All the analyses are based on the data obtained from the company’s ERP system and have been used to run some scenarios during the analysis.Lots of problems are responsible to cause higher WIP. But current report only focuses and concentrates in leveling the work load, implementing pull system, suggesting reorder point and Takt time.The current situation is described through Value-stream Map (VSM) and the impact cost matrix is used to show the impact of each problem in the production line in terms of costs. In the analysis chapter, root cause method has been used in order to show the cause and effect of higher WIP. Detailed analyses together with explanations are listed by orders. Therefore, three major suggestions are proposed and the future VSM is plotted to show the effect and change of the suggestions which helps to improve the current situation by eliminating the waste.

I denna uppsats presenterar vi en ny infallsvinkel på hur datatolkning i moderna organisationer bör hanteras, såväl praktiskt som teoretiskt. Studien genomfördes med ett kvalitativt och abduktivt tillvägagångssätt byggt på grounded theory med deltagande observationer och intervjuer med aktörer inom organisationen. Vårt teoretiska ramverk är byggt utifrån Carliles (2002) teorier om semantiska barriärer och påbyggda genom Iveroths (2011) tidigare forskning utifrån common meaning. Således är vårt teoretiska ramverk lämpligt för att tolka hur barriärer som hindrar en synkron datatolkning mellan olika aktörer i organisationer belysts i tidigare litteratur, hur dessa barriärer kan överbryggas samt olika synsätt på kunskapen som ett regelrätt mått.Avsaknad av kunskapskonsensus i organisationer grundar sig i semantiska barriärer för datatolkningen som måste överbryggas med sociala interaktioner. Organisationer går mot kunskapskonsensus genom att utifrån datakällan arbeta med – i) teknologiskt medierade trading zones men även ii) socialt dimensionerade överbryggningsaktiviteter med målet att skapa kunskapskonsensus mellan och inom aktörsgemenskapen.

ERP-system (Enterprise Resource Planning Systems) spelar en allt större roll för organisationer och att implementeringen av dem blir framgångsrika är av stor betydelse för ett företag. Det finns exempel där en misslyckad implementeringsprocess medfört att hela företag försatts i konkurs. Följaktligen har flera studier gjorts gällande ERP-implementeringar. Ibland syftar artiklarna till att visa på rekommenderade tillvägagångssätt genom att redogöra för implementeringens kritiska framgångsfaktorer – de moment, aktiviteter eller liknande som genom studien identifierats som avgörande för en framgångsrik implementering. Majoriteten av studierna har berört organisationer i privat sektor. Författarna till denna uppsats ansåg att det fanns starka argument för att dessa studiers resultat inte med nödvändighet är applicerbara på organisationer i offentlig sektor, utan att de kritiska framgångsfaktorerna kan skilja sig åt eller ha olika prioriteringsgrad i respektive sektor. Att studera huruvida kritiska framgångsfaktorer och framgångsmått kan skiljas åt och prioriteras olika torde vara av vikt för implementeringar av ERP-system. Denna uppsats är uppstånden av denna anledning, att söka finna kritiska faktorer i implementeringen av ERP-system för organisationer i offentlig sektor.

In recent years, the trend toward globalization has given rise to rigorous competition for market shares. Businesses have faced the stern demand to swiftly respond to changes in market conditions. They must keep up with environmental situations inside and outside industry, fully integrate various resources of the enterprise, and ponder how to effectively use business resources. Therefore, ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems that integrate the internal value chains of enterprise have received special attention. It is an undisputed fact that an ERP system can integrate internal resources of an enterprise to create for it an overall advantage, improve the flow and elevate the response effectiveness of the enterprise, upgrade information system, and respond to customers¡¦ satisfaction of supply chain management. However, the universal ERP system that is adopted by most enterprises is either costly or difficult to maintain. Moreover, the universal ERP system usually fails to consider special needs of different industries. Therefore, how to ensure a rapid, saving, and effective success through the implementation of ERP systems constitutes the largest challenge faced by enterprises that use such systems. In view of this, this study investigated, from the perspective of ERP supply chain effectiveness of the ¡§differentiation focus strategy¡¨ and the ¡§bowling pin model strategy,¡¨ the impact of the adoption of industry-specific ERP systems on ERP software manufacturers and enterprises that have introduced such a system. Besides, the study used case study approach to conduct a field survey of ERP software manufacturers that have implemented industry-specific ERP system strategy and of four textile and PCB manufacturers that have introduced industry-specific ERP systems with a view to understanding operating models in which industry-specific ERP systems have been successfully introduced and implemented. Through the analysis of this study, it was found that: (1)ERP information manufacturers that adopt industry-specific ERP strategy locating conform to Michael E. Porter¡¦s competitive strategy and differentiation focus strategy, and at the same time verify the bowling pin model theory of Geoffrey A. Moor that technology adopts life cycle. Information manufacturers can enjoy vertical profit-base market advantages of industry-specific ERP and thus avoid competition within industry. As they focus on their specialized field, they not only can strengthen ERP¡¦s professional system functions but also can elevate their effectiveness in follow-up service and maintenance, leading to the reduction of operating costs. From cases of ERP software manufacturers, it was also found that, in areas that special industries cluster, the value of industry-specific ERP in such markets is enlarged. (2)From the perspective of developing industry-specific ERP, after a preliminary development method is used to direct a user to put up concrete industrial characteristic demands and flow, more friendly and suitable operating systems are specified. After being examined and used by a second user, systems are re-examined, revised, and strengthened. After being introduced by a third user and verified and implemented, such systems can become mature, standard industry-specific ERP package systems. (3)From the perspective of enterprise users, adopting the proof of concept method is more practical, accurate, and promising in selecting and evaluating suitable, correct ERP systems. This method can help estimate the outcome after introduction and make it easier to evaluate benefits, for example, keeping project flow schedule and costs under control, implementation and simulation of new enterprise flow schedule. (4)Each industry has professional knowledge and characteristics specific to it. For example, in the case of PCB industry, use rate of base plate material and design and management of engineering data are core professional knowledge of lumber industry. In the case of textile industry, analysis of fabrics, management of characteristics of semi-finished fabrics, integration and automation of process are critical functions essential to competitiveness of this industry. A universal ERP system cannot take care of unique characteristics of various industries. Therefore, only an industry-specific ERP that is specialized in and designed to meet characteristics of a concerned industry can perfectly satisfy the core professional operation of the industry. (5)Because industry-specific ERP systems set the best model of business flow and are concise and suitable, they produce more rapid effectiveness, less impact on organization adjustment, and require smaller investments after being introduced into a business. In view of the preceding findings, the study concluded that the adoption of industry-specific ERP can solidly, effectively, and accurately achieve purposes of ERP systems and can ensure the achievement of potential benefits. At the same time, information manufacturers can obtain vertical profit-base market, enlarging the effect of overall supply value chains.

<p>När företag ska implementera ERP-system är det viktigt att företaget ser till att få kvalitet på implementeringen. Ett ERP-system är ett informationssystem som ska hantera alla funktioner inom ett företag på ett integrerat sätt. För att få kvalitet på implementeringen krävs att budgeten hålls, att implementeringen blir klar i tid, att processerna i företaget optimeras, att kraven tillfredsställs och att integreringen med andra system klaras av på ett bra sätt.</p><p>Examensarbetet har undersökt om Business Blueprints kan vara en hjälp för företag när det gäller att säkra kvaliteten på implementeringar av ERP-system. Business Blueprints är en modell som guidar företag genom hela systemutvecklingen. Undersökningen har genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer och en litteraturstudie.</p><p>Resultatet av undersökningen som detta arbete omfattar kan sammanfattas med att Business Blueprints är en hjälp för företag när det gäller att kvalitetssäkra implementering av ERP-system.</p>

Undersökning i denna uppsats har utgjorts av en fallstudie. Fokus i vårt arbetehar legat på implementering, ledarskap och delaktighet.Syftet med vårt examensarbete har varit att studera hur implementeringen avaffärssystem kan gå till i en offentlig organisation och hur medarbetarnasdelaktighet samt chefernas ledarskap ser ut under implementeringen. Detövergripande syftet har varit att identifiera förbättringsområden och ge förslagtill lösningar. Vi har utgått från att kombinera en kvantitativ enkät medkvalitativa djupintervjuer för vår fallstudie.Sammanfattningen av våra slutsatser var följande: Den studeradeorganisationen inom offentliga sektorn är stor, komplex, hierarkisk samt har enspecifik ansvarsfördelning med befattningar och behörigheter och därför har enstegvis implementering tillämpats. Styrkor i implementeringsprocessen harvarit: projektmetodik, planering, stegvis införande, nyckelpersonerna somavancerade användare, testverksamhet och en egen förvaltningsorganisation.Svagheter i implementeringsprocessen har varit: ledarskap, förändringsledning,delaktighet, utbildning, kommunikation, resursplanering, oklart syfte, otydligamål samt vision som inte kommunicerats ut till medarbetarna i organisationen.Svagheter och styrkor sammanfattades i en egenutvecklad modell som delarimplementeringsprocessen i två delar – den tekniska och den organisatoriska.Den avgörande faktorn i implementeringsprocessen visade sig vara denorganisatoriska delen med aspekter som handlar om organisation och ledning. / The investigation in this paper consisted of a case study. The focus of our workhas been on implementation, leadership and participation.The aim of this thesis was to study how the implementation of ERP can go to apublic organization and how employee participation and managers' leadershiplooks during implementation. The overall aim has been to identify areas forimprovement and suggest solutions. We have combined a quantitative surveyand qualitative interviews for our case study.The summary of our conclusions were the following: The studied organizationin the public sector is large, complex, and hierarchical and has a specificresponsibility with roles and permissions and that is why a stagedimplementation with sixth insertion step has been applied. Strengths in theimplementation process were: project methodology planning, gradual entry keypersonnel, and advanced users, testing activities and its own managementstructure. Weaknesses in the implementation process were: leadership, changemanagement, empowerment, education, communication, resource planning,unclear purpose, unclear objectives, and vision that are not communicated tothe employees in the organization. Weaknesses and strengths were summarizedin a proprietary model that shares the implementation process in two parts- thetechnical and the organizational. The decisive factor in the implementationprocess proved to be the organizational part, aspects of which involveorganization and management.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:40:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_496_Dissertação-Renata Gomes de Jesus .pdf: 818261 bytes, checksum: 76b435eb3149b1979808ba4ab2dfbcc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-11 / À medida que se verifica o avanço das Tecnologias da Informação, há um acréscimo no número de empresas que passa a adotar sistemas computacionais para auxiliar na gestão de seus processos. Na década de 90, houve uma crescente adoção de sistemas ERP (sigla para Enterprise Resource Planning) pelas empresas brasileiras. Vistos a princípio como a solução para muitos dos problemas organizacionais, essas ferramentas nem sempre deixam as organizações que as adotam totalmente satisfeitas com os resultados alcançados. Sua implantação não consiste somente de uma mudança tecnológica dentro de uma organização. Transformam-se também, os modelos mentais dos atores envolvidos, pois sua principal característica é a de integração dos processos. Quando o ERP começa a ser utilizado no dia-a-dia empresarial, é comum surgirem problemas decorrentes não só da tecnologia. O objetivo desse trabalho é o de analisar como fatores humanos, notadamente aqueles vinculados aos aspectos individuais, podem interferir no resultado final da implantação. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se o método do estudo de caso, tendo como objeto de estudo a Chocolates Garoto S.A., empresa capixaba que passou por esse processo no final da década de 90. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva e utilizou uma abordagem qualitativa. / As verifies the advance of the Information Technology, there is an increase in the number of companies that adopt computational systems to assist in their activities. In the 90’s, the use of systems ERP package (acronym to Enterprise Resource Planning) obtained great success in the mark et of Information Technology. Seen in principle as the solution of many or ganizational problems, the ERP systems not always completely satisfy the organization s that adopt them with the results. The implantation of a ERP system do not consist only in a technologic change within the organization, but also in a change in mental models, because its main characteristic is process integration. Afte r the implantion it is common to arise problems resulting from not only technologic aspects. The object of this research is to analyse how the human aspects, as the ones tied to individuals aspects, can interfere in the final result of the implantation. For the realizatio n of this reasearch it was used the Study of Case method, having as object of study the Chocolates Garoto S.A., an organization from Espírito Santo that had being throught the process of implantation of the SAP R/3 system at the end of the 90’s. The reasearch is characterized as descriptive and used a qualitative broaching.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:40:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_496_Dissertação-Renata Gomes de Jesus .pdf: 818261 bytes, checksum: 76b435eb3149b1979808ba4ab2dfbcc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-11 / À medida que se verifica o avanço das Tecnologias da Informação, há um acréscimo no número de empresas que passa a adotar sistemas computacionais para auxiliar na gestão de seus processos. Na década de 90, houve uma crescente adoção de sistemas ERP (sigla para Enterprise Resource Planning) pelas empresas brasileiras. Vistos a princípio como a solução para muitos dos problemas organizacionais, essas ferramentas nem sempre deixam as organizações que as adotam totalmente satisfeitas com os resultados alcançados. Sua implantação não consiste somente de uma mudança tecnológica dentro de uma organização. Transformam-se também, os modelos mentais dos atores envolvidos, pois sua principal característica é a de integração dos processos. Quando o ERP começa a ser utilizado no dia-a-dia empresarial, é comum surgirem problemas decorrentes não só da tecnologia. O objetivo desse trabalho é o de analisar como fatores humanos, notadamente aqueles vinculados aos aspectos individuais, podem interferir no resultado final da implantação. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se o método do estudo de caso, tendo como objeto de estudo a Chocolates Garoto S.A., empresa capixaba que passou por esse processo no final da década de 90. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como descritiva e utilizou uma abordagem qualitativa. / As verifies the advance of the Information Technology, there is an increase in the number of companies that adopt computational systems to assist in their activities. In the 90’s, the use of systems ERP package (acronym to Enterprise Resource Planning) obtained great success in the mark et of Information Technology. Seen in principle as the solution of many or ganizational problems, the ERP systems not always completely satisfy the organization s that adopt them with the results. The implantation of a ERP system do not consist only in a technologic change within the organization, but also in a change in mental models, because its main characteristic is process integration. Afte r the implantion it is common to arise problems resulting from not only technologic aspects. The object of this research is to analyse how the human aspects, as the ones tied to individuals aspects, can interfere in the final result of the implantation. For the realizatio n of this reasearch it was used the Study of Case method, having as object of study the Chocolates Garoto S.A., an organization from Espírito Santo that had being throught the process of implantation of the SAP R/3 system at the end of the 90’s. The reasearch is characterized as descriptive and used a qualitative broaching.