Denna uppsats består av en litteraturöversikt och två kvantitativa studier om män och transpersoner som säljer sexuella tjänster till andra män.Den första delen presenterar forskning om män som säljer sexuella tjänster till män i allmänhet och kring behovet av förebyggande åtgärder mot hiv och STI i synnerhet. Del två är en analys av män som säljer sexuella tjänster och deras inställning och praxis när det gäller säkrare sex. Analysen bygger på material från MSM (Män som har sex med män) enkäten som genomfördes 2006. Denna studie visar att män som säljer sex har betydligt högre risk-beteende än andra män som har sex med män. Detta visar på behovet av hiv-prevention i den grupp av män som säljer sexuella tjänster. Del tre av denna studie utgörs av en deskriptiv internetundersökning som gjorts bland män och transpersoner som säljer sexuella tjänster på internet. Bakgrunden till denna studie är att svenska officiella dokument många gånger reproducerar föreställningen om att män som säljer sex är osynliga, och att det saknas kunskap i ämnet. Denna studie visar att så inte är fallet. Studien visar att annonser är synliga och att det är möjligt att hitta män som erbjuder sina tjänster relativt lätt. Detta dokument innehåller också en deskriptiv studie om geografiskt ursprung, ålder, sexuell läggning, tillgängliga tjänster, säkrare sex och marknadsföring gällande män och transpersoner som säljer sexuella tjänster på internet. / This paper consists of one research review and two quantitative studies about men and transgender persons who sell sexual services to other men.The first part presents research about men who sell sexual services to men in general, and around the need for prevention against hiv and STIs in particular. Part two is an analysis of men who sell sexual services and their attitude and practice regarding safer sex. The analysis is based on material from the MSM (Men who have sex with Men) survey conducted in 2006. This study shows that Men who sell sex have significantly higher risk-behavior than other men who have sex with men. This indicates the need for HIV prevention in the group of men who sell sexual services.Part two of this study consists a descriptive internet survey made among men and transgender people who sell sexual services on the internet. The background for this study is that Swedish official documents repeatedly reproduce the notion that men who sell sex are invisible, and that there is no knowledge of the subject. This study shows that this is not the case. The study shows that advertising is visible and that it is possible to find people who offer their services relatively easily. This paper also includes a descriptive study about the geographic origin, age, sexual orientation, available services, safer sex, and marketing area of men and transgender personswho sell sexual services on the Internet.

Denna uppsats handlar om eskortbogsering och hur lotsars inställning är till att använda sig av detta. Den metod som använts är kvalitativ och ansatsen hypotetiskt deduktiv. Utifrån intervjuerna med lotsar som genomfördes i Göteborgs hamn märktes generellt att lotsarna är positivt inställda till att använda sig av eskortbogsering även om deras åsikter i vissa fall går isär om vilka fartyg som reglerna skall omfatta. I uppsatsen görs även jämförelser med en tidigare amerikansk studie gjord på området Puget Sound, som sedan används som underlag för Göteborgs hamn och Västkusten.  Slutsatsen är att lotsarnas inställning till användning av eskortbogseringen kommer säkert att vara densamma med tanke på att sjöfarten som bransch växer och transporterna världen över ökar. Det kan antas att kraven på säkerhet kommer att höjas. I detta fall kan det betyda att fler hamnar kan komma att ta efter Göteborg när det gäller krav och regler angående eskortbogsering. / This paper deals with escort towing and the pilots’ attitudes towards the usage of this. The method used is qualitative and the approach is hypothetico-deductive.  Results from the interviews conducted with pilots in Gothenburg harbor gave an impression that, in general, the pilots favored the use of escort towing although their opinions sometimes differed on what type of ships should be included and excluded by escort regulations. To further the study, a comparison has been made to an earlier American report on the Puget Sound area by using it as a basis for the Port of Gothenburg and the West Coast. The conclusion is that the pilots' attitudes towards escort towing will surely be the same given that the shipping industry is growing as well as transportation worldwide is increasing. With this in mind, it can be assumed that the requirements of safety will increase. In this case, it is believed that more ports may take after Gothenburg in terms of requirements and rules regarding escort towing.

This study explores the boundary-work accomplished by seventeen female and male escort workers. Escort work, defined as the acceptance of money for spending time with and offering companionship to others, is not illegal; however, social scientific research indicates that escort workers often engage in paid sexual activity, thus placing their occupation within the realm of prostitution. Previous research indicates that escort workers, subsumed within the highest echelon of the prostitution hierarchy, are less likely than their street and brothel counterparts to report victimization and stigmatization, and are more likely to earn higher wages and use safe-sex practices. In light of these significant variations in work-related experiences, I use the boundaries framework and study boundary-work accomplished by the participants in an attempt to avoid perpetuating negative labels associated with escort work. I define boundary-work as the process by which individuals create symbolic distinctions between themselves and others, and the individualized process of structural boundary negotiation. Individuals play a significant role in the processes of group inclusion and exclusion through the creation of symbolic boundaries; they also must negotiate structural boundaries, such as laws and stereotypical gender roles. Thus: the study of boundary-work provides a means for social scientists to engage in intra- and inter-group comparisons among "deviant" and "non-deviant" individuals. Through in-depth interviews with nine female and eight male escort workers, I identified the symbolic boundaries they used to distinguish themselves from others. In addition to the identification of socio-economic, cultural and moral boundaries used as criteria for inclusion in and exclusion from their personal and professional lives, this study also identifies various strategies used to negotiate one structural boundary: criminal law. In addition, this study provides support for rational choice theory, as all of the participants viewed escort work as a chosen profession, and each participant believed the benefits outweighed the real costs and potential risks associated with escort work. Future research needs to (1) tease out the structural elements of boundary-work, (2) use a measure of relative saliency among symbolic boundaries, and (3) collect data regarding boundary-work accomplished by members of assumed "deviant" and "non-deviant" groups, in order to address basic assumptions of deviance.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente estudo teve como objetivo construir e validar uma tecnologia educativa de enfermagem (manual) direcionada para acompanhantes durante o trabalho de parto e parto. Pesquisa metodolÃgica desenvolvida em onze etapas, sendo as cinco primeiras correspondentes à construÃÃo do manual, as cinco seguintes referentes ao processo de validaÃÃo e, a Ãltima, referente à disponibilizaÃÃo do manual. A primeira etapa correspondeu ao levantamento de conteÃdo. Na segunda etapa, houve a seleÃÃo e fichamento do conteÃdo levantado, de acordo com as demandas dos acompanhantes. Na terceira etapa, iniciou-se a elaboraÃÃo textual. Na quarta etapa, houve a captaÃÃo de modelos, seleÃÃo e elaboraÃÃo de 38 ilustraÃÃes. A quinta etapa correspondeu à diagramaÃÃo do manual, a qual foi realizada de acordo com as recomendaÃÃes da NBR6029 e desenvolvida atravÃs do programa CorelDraw 15.0. Realizadas as cinco etapas de construÃÃo do manual educativo, passou-se para o processo de validaÃÃo da tecnologia educativa produzida. Na sexta etapa, foram convidados, de acordo com critÃrios prÃ-estabelecidos, nove especialistas na Ãrea de interesse (saÃde da mulher; obstetrÃcia; tecnologia em saÃde; e validaÃÃo de instrumentos), os quais avaliaram objetivos, estrutura, apresentaÃÃo e relevÃncia do manual. Um determinado item foi considerado validado quando o mesmo obteve a classificaÃÃo de âTotalmente Adequadoâ por pelo menos metade mais um do nÃmero de especialistas e Ãndice de Validade de ConteÃdo (IVC) maior ou igual a 0,78. Alguns itens foram satisfatoriamente avaliados e outros necessitaram de modificaÃÃes. Quantos aos objetivos do manual, os especialistas consideraram validados todos os itens questionados, tendo o IVC variado entre 0,88 e 1,0. Quanto a estrutura e apresentaÃÃo do manual, trÃs itens necessitaram adequar-se as sugestÃes dos especialistas: clareza e objetividade das mensagens; sequÃncia lÃgica do conteÃdo e correspondÃncias do estilo da redaÃÃo ao nÃvel de conhecimento do pÃblico-alvo. O IVC dos itens pertencentes a este tÃpico variou entre 0,66 e 1,0. Todos os itens referentes à relevÃncia do manual foram considerados validados, tendo o IVC variado entre 0,88 e 1,0. O IVC Global do manual educativo foi de 0,94. Na sÃtima etapa, o manual educativo foi aplicado junto a onze representantes do pÃblico-alvo, os quais tiveram nÃvel de concordÃncia acima de 75% nos itens referentes à organizaÃÃo, estilo da escrita, aparÃncia e motivaÃÃo do manual. Na oitava etapa, foram realizadas as alteraÃÃes sugeridas por especialistas e representantes do pÃblico-alvo: reformulaÃÃo de frases; substituiÃÃo de palavras ou expressÃes; inclusÃo, substituiÃÃo ou realocaÃÃo de informaÃÃes e ilustraÃÃes. A nona etapa correspondeu à revisÃo de portuguÃs por profissional especializado. Na dÃcima etapa, foi verificado o Ãndice de Legibilidade de Flesch (ILF). Os tÃpicos do manual tiveram ILF entre 50 e 94, o que corresponde a uma leitura âMuito FÃcilâ ou âFÃcilâ, adequada a um pÃblico com atà nove anos de estudo. A Ãltima etapa correspondeu ao encaminhamento para impressÃo. Por fim, considera-se o manual educativo validado por especialistas e representantes do pÃblico-alvo quanto à sua aparÃncia e conteÃdo, sendo necessÃrio estudo posterior para a avaliaÃÃo do impacto desta tecnologia sobre a postura do acompanhante em sala de parto. / The present study aimed to build and validate a nursing educative technology (manual) directed for companions during labor and delivery. Methodological research developed in eleven stages. Begin, the five first regarding the construction of the manual, the following five referring to the validation process and, the last one, referring to the availability of the manual. The first stage corresponded to the content survey. In the second stage, there was a selection and written report of the raised content, in accordance with the demands of the companions. In the third stage, it was initiated textual elaboration. In the fourth stage, there was a raise of models, election and creation of 38 illustrations. The fifth stage corresponded to the layout of the manual, which was carried through according with the recommendations of the NBR6029 and developed through the program CorelDraw 15.0. After the five stages of construction of the educative manual, it was initiated the process of validation of the produced technology. In the sixth stage, nine specialists of the interest area were invited criteria in accordance with preset criteria (womenâs health; obstetrics; technology in health; e instrument validation), which evaluated aims, structure and presentation, and relevance of the manual. A certain item was considered validated when it obtained a âCompletely Adquetaeâ classification from at least half plus one of the number of specialists and Content Validity Index (CVI) higher or equal to 0,78. Some items were evaluated as satisfactory and others still need to suffer changes. As for the manualâs aim, specialists considered validated all questioned items, with an CVI between 0,88 and 1,0. As for structure and presentation of the manual, three items needed to adjust to the specialists suggestions: clarity and objectiveness of the messages; logic sequence of the content and match between writing and level of understanding of the target group. The CVI of the items that belong to this topic varied from 0,66 to 1,0. All items regarding the relevance of the manual were considered validated, with a CVI between 0,88 and 1,0. The global CVI of the educative manual was 0,94.. In the seventh stage, the educative manual was applied with eleven representatives of the target group obtained a level of conformity higher than 75% for the items evaluated such as organization, style of the writing, appearance and motivation of the manual. In the eighth stage, the alterations suggested from the specialists and representatives of the target group were accomplished: reformulating phrases, substitution of words or expressions; inclusion, substitution or relocation of information and illustration. The ninth stage corresponded to the review of the Portuguese by a specialized professional. In the tenth stage, the Fleschâs Index of Legibility was verified (FIL). The topics of the manual obtained a FIL between 50 and 94, which corresponds to an âEasyâ or âVery Easyâ reading, sufficient to a public with up to nine years of study. The last stage corresponded to printing of the manual. Finally, the educative manual validated by specialists and representatives of the target group is considered, regarding its appearance and content. Thus, further studies are necessary for the evaluation of the impact of this educative technology on the companionâs attitude in the labor room.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T16:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6811_1.pdf: 2358772 bytes, checksum: 7b56f734951f242c3bff238edfeaa9b4 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Imagine um mundo onde a construção de sistemas embarcados é tão fácil como criar sistemas em Java. Imagine se cada fabricante de microcontrolador disponibilizasse pacotes de componentes de software referentes aos seus processadores. Imagine se os desenvolvedores de sistemas operacionais fornecessem bibliotecas de drivers genéricos para os seus produtos. Imagine se os desenvolvedores de software embarcado pudessem criar seus sistemas com uma modelagem de alto nível apenas definindo uma arquitetura de componentes. Imagine ainda se fosse possível gerar código automaticamente para esta modelagem. O ESCoRT se propõe a trazer este imaginário para a realidade. Ele é um arcabouço teórico, metodológico e operacional para o desenvolvimento de sistemas embarcados utilizando componentes. É fundamentado por uma arquitetura que separa os componentes em camadas de acordo com a função que desempenham no sistema, sendo um dos principais trunfos a distinção que é feita atribuindo acesso ao hardware para a camada HAL e deixando para a camada Driver o tratamento de interrupções e a sincronização de acesso. Isto permite que os drivers não fiquem tão atrelados ao hardware, de forma a não ser necessário alterar a implementação dos drivers caso o processador seja substituído por outro. ESCoRT propõe uma metodologia de desenvolvimento focada na portabilidade e reuso, permitindo vários níveis de abstração, como abstração de hardware, abstração de compilador e abstração de kernel. A metodologia aplica um paradigma no qual a parte do desenvolvimento que exige conhecimento específico de sistemas embarcados é separada daquela responsável pela implementação da aplicação, o que permite que um desenvolvedor sem tanto expertise crie uma aplicação embarcada, uma vez que um profissional especializado tenha montado uma plataforma de software. ESCoRT também fornece um framework de componentes configuráveis que gera código automaticamente e é disponibilizado em forma de plugin para o Eclipse. Este trabalho apresenta também três estudos de caso para demonstrar as vantagens do ESCoRT, incluindo um projeto comercial real

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This thesis identifies and extends techniques that can be linked to the principle of maximum entropy (maxent) and applied to parameter estimation in machine learning and statistics. Entropy functions based on deformed logarithms are used to construct Bregman divergences, and together these represent a generalization of relative entropy. The framework is analyzed using convex analysis to charac- terize generalized forms of exponential family distributions. Various connections to the existing machine learning literature are discussed and the techniques are applied to the problem of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF).

Thesis (M.H.S.A.)--University of Michigan, 1982.

Thesis (M.H.S.A.)--University of Michigan, 1982.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1991.