<p>This project was aimed at critically analyzing the use of web geographical information system (GIS) applications in local government, and problems associated with the design, development, and implementation of web mapping applications in the case study of the municipality of Gävle, Sweden. The project included a scientific and thorough analysis of options for developing web GIS applications by using ESRI GIS software technologies. During this research project, the ESRI GIS software tools and packages were used to perform a comprehensive system analysis of the proposed web mapping application, to gain a better understanding of the available methods of map document and web GIS application performance optimization, and finally to develop a web mapping application prototype for the web map of the municipality of Gävle. The research results include the guidelines for preparing map documents to be published, optimizing ESRI ArcGIS Server web mapping applications performance, and some possible ways of customizing user tools and a user interface by using the Microsoft Visual Studio framework. This study proves that ESRI web-based GIS products provide viable tools for web mapping application design, development, and customization. The developed ArcGIS Server based web mapping application can be optionally improved and then be used instead of existing ESRI ArcIMS-based application in the municipality of Gävle.</p>

This project was aimed at critically analyzing the use of web geographical information system (GIS) applications in local government, and problems associated with the design, development, and implementation of web mapping applications in the case study of the municipality of Gävle, Sweden. The project included a scientific and thorough analysis of options for developing web GIS applications by using ESRI GIS software technologies. During this research project, the ESRI GIS software tools and packages were used to perform a comprehensive system analysis of the proposed web mapping application, to gain a better understanding of the available methods of map document and web GIS application performance optimization, and finally to develop a web mapping application prototype for the web map of the municipality of Gävle. The research results include the guidelines for preparing map documents to be published, optimizing ESRI ArcGIS Server web mapping applications performance, and some possible ways of customizing user tools and a user interface by using the Microsoft Visual Studio framework. This study proves that ESRI web-based GIS products provide viable tools for web mapping application design, development, and customization. The developed ArcGIS Server based web mapping application can be optionally improved and then be used instead of existing ESRI ArcIMS-based application in the municipality of Gävle.

ArcGIS är ett geografiskt informationssystem (GIS) som finns tillgängligt i bataljonsstaber. Föreliggande arbete genomför en analys av vad som krävs för nyttjande av ArcGIS i en bataljonsstab vid PUT-bedömande och vilka förutsättningar som finns för det utifrån Handbok geosupport. Uppsatsens resultat visar att det som krävs för nyttjande av ArcGIS i en bataljonsstab vid PUT-bedömanden till del återfinns i Handbok geosupport. Förutsättningarna som finns utgörs främst av rutiner för dataflöde. De förutsättningar som saknas utgörs huvudsakligen av brister i utbildningen av personal samt brister i resurser avsatta för arbete med ArcGIS i bataljonsstaber. / ArcGIS is a geographic information system (GIS) that is possible to use as atechnical support system in military decision making and planning.In this work an analysis is performed to state what is needed to use ArcGIS in militarydecision making and planning. More specifically in the Swedish planning model “planningduring pressure of time” at battalion level.The result indicates that what is needed to use ArcGIS at battalion level in parts are found inthe handbook about geosupport in the Swedish Armed Forces. The prerequisite existing isprimarily routines in managing data. The prerequisite missing is generally personnel that areeducated to work with ArcGIS and its tools.

Német, K., Web application displaying data flows between objects on generated online map. Brno: Mendel University, 2019. This diploma thesis is about creation of a map interactive presentation in the form of web applications for data visualization on the map. The application is created for academical purposes, especially for future research of visualization on the map. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts and technologies used in map applications and description of used technologies and technical tools used during implementation. The practical part describes application design, data storage and application testing. At the end of this thesis is discussed, possible application extension and application applicability in practice.

Alterações morfológicas no tecido ósseo têm sido descritas nos usuários de hipoglicemiantes orais da classe das tiazolidinedionas (TZDs). Hipotetiza-se que alguns genes relacionados com a osteogênese e osteoclastogênese podem ser influenciados pelo tratamento farmacológico, entretanto, o exato mecanismo ainda não está bem esclarecido. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da pioglitazona no remodelamento ósseo através de genes envolvidos na osteoclastogênese em indivíduos recentemente diagnosticados com DM2 e modelos animais, com a finalidade de identificar marcadores genéticos sensíveis de alterações ósseas. Foram convidados para participar do estudo 199 indivíduos (100 diabéticos e 99 normoglicêmicos), no ambulatório de dislipidemias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Os indivíduos diabéticos foram tratados com pioglitazona (15, 30, 45, 45 mg/ dia/ via oral) por 16 semanas. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue, antes e após o tratamento para avaliações laboratoriais, extração de DNA genômico e de RNA total. Os polimorfismos e a expressão do mRNA nas células sanguíneas foram determinados pela PCR em tempo real através do sistema TaqMan®. Para o estudo em modelo animal após a indução da dieta hiperlipídica por 32 semanas, foram utilizados 12 camundongos machos da linhagem C57BL/J6, os quais foram divididos em três grupos: controle (n=4); diabéticos induzidos pela dieta hiperlipídica (DH, n=4) e diabéticos induzidos pela dieta hiperlipídica e tratados com pioglitazona 35mg/Kg/dia por 16 semanas (DHP, n=4). Para os grupos experimentais foram colhidos: amostras de sangue, para exames laboratoriais; fêmures, para a extração do RNA total; e tíbias, para determinação dos parâmetros histomorfométricos. Os pacientes DM2 apresentaram diminuição nas concentrações séricas de osteocalcina e na expressão de OPG e aumento na expressão de VDR em comparação ao grupo NG (p<0,05). A expressão de RANKL e IL6 foi maior entre as mulheres, enquanto que a expressão de PPARG foi maior entre os homens com DM2 em comparação ao grupo NG (p=0,032). Pacientes DM2 antes do tratamento apresentaram glicemia e expressão do mRNA de IL6 negativamente associados ao cálcio ionizado, enquanto que as transcrições de TNFA e VDR foram associadas positivamente e negativamente com bALP respectivamente (p<0,05). O tratamento com pioglitazona reduziu a glicemia de jejum, glicemia pós-prandial, insulina, HOMA-IR, triglicerídeos, VLDL-C, tALP e bALP e aumentou a HDL, tACP, TNF-&#945; e a transcrição de OPG (p<0,05). A glicemia basal associou-se positivamente com o cálcio ionizado. A expressão basal de OPG foi associado negativamente com tALP, enquanto que a expressão basal de TNFA foi associada positivamente com tALP e negativamente com tACP. A expressão basal IL6 foi associada positivamente com tALP, enquanto que a expressão basal de VDR foi associada negativamente com osteocalcina e positivamente com bALP em resposta ao tratamento (p<0,05). O polimorfismo RANK rs1805034 foi associado com redução na transcrição do gene RANK nos indivíduos DM2 e com o remodelamento ósseo após o tratamento com pioglitazona (p<0,05). O polimorfismo RANKL rs9525641 foi associado com aumento da transcrição gênica de RANKL nos indivíduos NG e DM2 e melhora da resposta farmacológica nos indivíduos DM2 tratados com pioglitazona (p<0,05). O polimorfismo rs3102735 do gene OPG foi associado com aumento da formação óssea nos indivíduos DM2 antes e após o tratamento (p<0,05). O genótipo CG do polimorfismo OPG rs2073618 foi associado com alteração da transcrição de OPG no grupo DM2 pré e pós-tratamento (p<0,05). O polimorfismo PPARG rs1801282 foi associado com menor risco para o desenvolvimento de diabetes (p<0,05). O polimorfismo PPARG rs2972162 foi associado com melhora da resistência insulínica nos indivíduos DM2 tratados com pioglitazona (p=0,017). O polimorfismo ESRI rs9340799 foi associado com redução da formação óssea nos indivíduos DM2 (p=0,038). Nos camundongos, após a indução da dieta hiperlipídica por 32 semanas, observou-se aumento do peso, da glicemia, do colesterol total, da expressão do mRNA de RANK, RANKL, IL6 e TNFA em fêmures e aumento de Tb.Sp e diminuição de BV/TV em comparação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). O tratamento com pioglitazona diminuiu a expressão de TNFA (p=0,028). As medidas histomorfométricas não alteraram-se após o tratamento (p>0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o estado hiperglicêmico e o tratamento influenciam os marcadores bioquímicos e moleculares. Os polimorfismos dos genes RANK, RANKL, OPG e ESRI parecem estar envolvidos no remodelamento ósseo independentemente da hiperglicemia e do tratamento e os polimorfismos do gene PPARG parecem estar envolvidos com menor risco para desenvolver diabetes e com a melhora da resistência insulínica em resposta ao tratamento com pioglitazona. / Morphological changes in bone tissue have been reported in users of oral hypoglycemic class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs). It is hypothesized that some genes related to osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis may be influenced by pharmacological treatment, however, was not aware exact mechanism. The study aims was to evaluate pioglitazone effect on bone remodeling through genes involved in osteoclastogenesis in individuals newly diagnosed with DM2 and animal models, in order to identify sensibles genetics markers of bone alterations. Were invited to participate in study 199 patients (100 diabetics and 99 normoglycemic), in dyslipidemia ambulatory of Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology. Diabetic subjects were treated with pioglitazone (15, 30, 45 or 45 mg /day/oral) for 16 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment for laboratory evaluations, extraction of genomic DNA and total RNA. Polymorphisms and mRNA expression in blood cells was determined by real time PCR using TaqMan® system. For study in animal model after 32 weeks of fat diet induction, was used 12 male mice C57BL/J6, which were divided into three groups: control (n=4); induced diabetic fat diet (DH, n=4) and induced diabetic fat diet and treated with pioglitazone 35mg/Kg/day for 16 weeks (DHP, n=4). For experimental groups were collected: blood samples for laboratory tests; femurs, for extraction of total RNA; and tibias, to determine histomorphometric parameters. DM2 patients showed decrease in serum osteocalcin and OPG expression and increased VDR expression compared to NG group (p<0.05). RANKL and IL6 expression were higher among women, whereas PPARG expression was higher among men with DM2 compared to NG group (p=0,032). DM2 patients before treatment showed blood glucose and IL6 mRNA expression negatively associated with ionized calcium, whereas TNFA and VDR transcription are positively and negatively associated with bALP respectively (p<0.05). Pioglitazone treatment reduced fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, VLDL-C, tALP and bALP and increased HDL, tACP, TNF-&#945; and OPG transcription (p<0.05). Basal blood glucose was positively associated with ionized calcium. Basal OPG expression was negatively associated with tALP, whereas basal TNFA expression was positively associated with tALP and negatively with tACP. Basal IL6 expression was positively associated with tALP, whereas basal VDR expression was negatively associated with osteocalcin and positively with bALP in response to treatment (p<0.05). RANK rs1805034 polymorphism was associated with RANK gene transcription reduction in subjects with DM2 and bone remodeling after treatment with pioglitazone (p<0.05). RANKL rs9525641 polymorphism was associated with increased RANKL gene transcription in NG and DM2 subjects and pharmacological response improvement in DM2 subjects treated with pioglitazone (p<0.05). OPG rs3102735polymorphism was associated with increased bone formation in DM2 subjects before and after treatment (p<0.05). CG genotype of OPG rs2073618 polymorphism was associated with OPG transcription change in DM2 group before and after treatment (p<0.05). PPARG rs1801282 polymorphism was associated with lower risk for diabetes development (p<0.05). PPARG rs2972162 polymorphism was associated with insulin resistance improvement in DM2 subjects treated with pioglitazone (p=0,017). ESRI rs9340799 polymorphism was associated with reduced bone formation in DM2 subjects (p=0,038). In mice, after 32 weeks of fat diet induction, was observed increase weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol and RANK, RANKL, IL6 and TNFA mRNA expression in femurs and Tb.Sp increase and BV/TV decrease compared to control group (p<0.05). Treatment with pioglitazone decrease TNFA (p=0,028). Histomorphometrics measurements not change after treatment (p>0.05). Results suggest that hyperglycemic state and treatment influence biochemical and molecular markers. RANK, RANKL, OPG and ESRI polymorphisms seens to be involved in bone remodeling regardless of hyperglycemia and treatment and PPARG gene polymorphisms seens to be associated with lower risk for diabetes development and with insulin resistance improvement in response to treatment with pioglitazone.

Alterações morfológicas no tecido ósseo têm sido descritas nos usuários de hipoglicemiantes orais da classe das tiazolidinedionas (TZDs). Hipotetiza-se que alguns genes relacionados com a osteogênese e osteoclastogênese podem ser influenciados pelo tratamento farmacológico, entretanto, o exato mecanismo ainda não está bem esclarecido. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da pioglitazona no remodelamento ósseo através de genes envolvidos na osteoclastogênese em indivíduos recentemente diagnosticados com DM2 e modelos animais, com a finalidade de identificar marcadores genéticos sensíveis de alterações ósseas. Foram convidados para participar do estudo 199 indivíduos (100 diabéticos e 99 normoglicêmicos), no ambulatório de dislipidemias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Os indivíduos diabéticos foram tratados com pioglitazona (15, 30, 45, 45 mg/ dia/ via oral) por 16 semanas. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue, antes e após o tratamento para avaliações laboratoriais, extração de DNA genômico e de RNA total. Os polimorfismos e a expressão do mRNA nas células sanguíneas foram determinados pela PCR em tempo real através do sistema TaqMan®. Para o estudo em modelo animal após a indução da dieta hiperlipídica por 32 semanas, foram utilizados 12 camundongos machos da linhagem C57BL/J6, os quais foram divididos em três grupos: controle (n=4); diabéticos induzidos pela dieta hiperlipídica (DH, n=4) e diabéticos induzidos pela dieta hiperlipídica e tratados com pioglitazona 35mg/Kg/dia por 16 semanas (DHP, n=4). Para os grupos experimentais foram colhidos: amostras de sangue, para exames laboratoriais; fêmures, para a extração do RNA total; e tíbias, para determinação dos parâmetros histomorfométricos. Os pacientes DM2 apresentaram diminuição nas concentrações séricas de osteocalcina e na expressão de OPG e aumento na expressão de VDR em comparação ao grupo NG (p<0,05). A expressão de RANKL e IL6 foi maior entre as mulheres, enquanto que a expressão de PPARG foi maior entre os homens com DM2 em comparação ao grupo NG (p=0,032). Pacientes DM2 antes do tratamento apresentaram glicemia e expressão do mRNA de IL6 negativamente associados ao cálcio ionizado, enquanto que as transcrições de TNFA e VDR foram associadas positivamente e negativamente com bALP respectivamente (p<0,05). O tratamento com pioglitazona reduziu a glicemia de jejum, glicemia pós-prandial, insulina, HOMA-IR, triglicerídeos, VLDL-C, tALP e bALP e aumentou a HDL, tACP, TNF-&#945; e a transcrição de OPG (p<0,05). A glicemia basal associou-se positivamente com o cálcio ionizado. A expressão basal de OPG foi associado negativamente com tALP, enquanto que a expressão basal de TNFA foi associada positivamente com tALP e negativamente com tACP. A expressão basal IL6 foi associada positivamente com tALP, enquanto que a expressão basal de VDR foi associada negativamente com osteocalcina e positivamente com bALP em resposta ao tratamento (p<0,05). O polimorfismo RANK rs1805034 foi associado com redução na transcrição do gene RANK nos indivíduos DM2 e com o remodelamento ósseo após o tratamento com pioglitazona (p<0,05). O polimorfismo RANKL rs9525641 foi associado com aumento da transcrição gênica de RANKL nos indivíduos NG e DM2 e melhora da resposta farmacológica nos indivíduos DM2 tratados com pioglitazona (p<0,05). O polimorfismo rs3102735 do gene OPG foi associado com aumento da formação óssea nos indivíduos DM2 antes e após o tratamento (p<0,05). O genótipo CG do polimorfismo OPG rs2073618 foi associado com alteração da transcrição de OPG no grupo DM2 pré e pós-tratamento (p<0,05). O polimorfismo PPARG rs1801282 foi associado com menor risco para o desenvolvimento de diabetes (p<0,05). O polimorfismo PPARG rs2972162 foi associado com melhora da resistência insulínica nos indivíduos DM2 tratados com pioglitazona (p=0,017). O polimorfismo ESRI rs9340799 foi associado com redução da formação óssea nos indivíduos DM2 (p=0,038). Nos camundongos, após a indução da dieta hiperlipídica por 32 semanas, observou-se aumento do peso, da glicemia, do colesterol total, da expressão do mRNA de RANK, RANKL, IL6 e TNFA em fêmures e aumento de Tb.Sp e diminuição de BV/TV em comparação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). O tratamento com pioglitazona diminuiu a expressão de TNFA (p=0,028). As medidas histomorfométricas não alteraram-se após o tratamento (p>0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o estado hiperglicêmico e o tratamento influenciam os marcadores bioquímicos e moleculares. Os polimorfismos dos genes RANK, RANKL, OPG e ESRI parecem estar envolvidos no remodelamento ósseo independentemente da hiperglicemia e do tratamento e os polimorfismos do gene PPARG parecem estar envolvidos com menor risco para desenvolver diabetes e com a melhora da resistência insulínica em resposta ao tratamento com pioglitazona. / Morphological changes in bone tissue have been reported in users of oral hypoglycemic class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs). It is hypothesized that some genes related to osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis may be influenced by pharmacological treatment, however, was not aware exact mechanism. The study aims was to evaluate pioglitazone effect on bone remodeling through genes involved in osteoclastogenesis in individuals newly diagnosed with DM2 and animal models, in order to identify sensibles genetics markers of bone alterations. Were invited to participate in study 199 patients (100 diabetics and 99 normoglycemic), in dyslipidemia ambulatory of Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology. Diabetic subjects were treated with pioglitazone (15, 30, 45 or 45 mg /day/oral) for 16 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment for laboratory evaluations, extraction of genomic DNA and total RNA. Polymorphisms and mRNA expression in blood cells was determined by real time PCR using TaqMan® system. For study in animal model after 32 weeks of fat diet induction, was used 12 male mice C57BL/J6, which were divided into three groups: control (n=4); induced diabetic fat diet (DH, n=4) and induced diabetic fat diet and treated with pioglitazone 35mg/Kg/day for 16 weeks (DHP, n=4). For experimental groups were collected: blood samples for laboratory tests; femurs, for extraction of total RNA; and tibias, to determine histomorphometric parameters. DM2 patients showed decrease in serum osteocalcin and OPG expression and increased VDR expression compared to NG group (p<0.05). RANKL and IL6 expression were higher among women, whereas PPARG expression was higher among men with DM2 compared to NG group (p=0,032). DM2 patients before treatment showed blood glucose and IL6 mRNA expression negatively associated with ionized calcium, whereas TNFA and VDR transcription are positively and negatively associated with bALP respectively (p<0.05). Pioglitazone treatment reduced fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, VLDL-C, tALP and bALP and increased HDL, tACP, TNF-&#945; and OPG transcription (p<0.05). Basal blood glucose was positively associated with ionized calcium. Basal OPG expression was negatively associated with tALP, whereas basal TNFA expression was positively associated with tALP and negatively with tACP. Basal IL6 expression was positively associated with tALP, whereas basal VDR expression was negatively associated with osteocalcin and positively with bALP in response to treatment (p<0.05). RANK rs1805034 polymorphism was associated with RANK gene transcription reduction in subjects with DM2 and bone remodeling after treatment with pioglitazone (p<0.05). RANKL rs9525641 polymorphism was associated with increased RANKL gene transcription in NG and DM2 subjects and pharmacological response improvement in DM2 subjects treated with pioglitazone (p<0.05). OPG rs3102735polymorphism was associated with increased bone formation in DM2 subjects before and after treatment (p<0.05). CG genotype of OPG rs2073618 polymorphism was associated with OPG transcription change in DM2 group before and after treatment (p<0.05). PPARG rs1801282 polymorphism was associated with lower risk for diabetes development (p<0.05). PPARG rs2972162 polymorphism was associated with insulin resistance improvement in DM2 subjects treated with pioglitazone (p=0,017). ESRI rs9340799 polymorphism was associated with reduced bone formation in DM2 subjects (p=0,038). In mice, after 32 weeks of fat diet induction, was observed increase weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol and RANK, RANKL, IL6 and TNFA mRNA expression in femurs and Tb.Sp increase and BV/TV decrease compared to control group (p<0.05). Treatment with pioglitazone decrease TNFA (p=0,028). Histomorphometrics measurements not change after treatment (p>0.05). Results suggest that hyperglycemic state and treatment influence biochemical and molecular markers. RANK, RANKL, OPG and ESRI polymorphisms seens to be involved in bone remodeling regardless of hyperglycemia and treatment and PPARG gene polymorphisms seens to be associated with lower risk for diabetes development and with insulin resistance improvement in response to treatment with pioglitazone.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Brent Chamberlain / 3D interactive visualizations can communicate complex urban design ideas to communities to improve planning (Bertol & Foell, 1997; Bishop et al., 2008; Griffon et al., 2011; Lange & Bishop, 2005). Unfortunately, many landscape architects, urban designers, and city planners currently re-frame from using such gaming technology capable of creating 3D interactive visualizations (Deane, 2015a). Many firms use verbal descriptions with images. This method is insufficient for facilitating feedback (Bratteteig & Wagner, 2010; Gordon, et al, 2010; Stakeholder Engagement, 2009; Zhang, 2004). According to Lange and Bishop (2005) there is no reason why real-time visualizations should not be used in urban design. Design fields will be moving toward procedural modeling software that is code-based to quickly model urban development (Flachbart & Weibel, 2005). However, this type of software, i.e., ESRI CityEngine, is only being used by approximately 10% of firms (Deane, 2015a). This paper is one of the first to analyze how ESRI CityEngine can be used and improved to support the workflow of landscape architects, urban designers, and planners for urban development projects. The project explored ESRI CityEngine’s procedural modeling and metric capabilities, and how it could be used to visualize a proposed Urban Core Residential District in Manhattan, Kansas. This process involved applying CGA (computer generated architecture) rules to GIS data, to model trees, streetscapes, landscapes, and buildings. Visuals that were produced include a CityEngine Web Scene and a Unity game.

A presente pesquisa analisou a acurácia posicional horizontal das bases do Bing Maps, Google Maps e da World Imagery da Esri quando utilizadas como referência espacial on-line em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica no Município de São Paulo (MSP). A metodologia adotada foi a baseada no Decreto Federal no 89.817/84 e na Análise Estatística proposta por Merchant (1982). A análise da acurácia foi desenvolvida a partir das diferenças entre as coordenadas de 240 pontos nas cartas 1:1.000 do Mapa Digital da Cidade de São Paulo (MDC) em relação às coordenadas homólogas nas três bases, considerando separadamente as coordenadas do eixo Norte e Este. A base do Google Maps para o MSP foi dividida em duas (mosaico de ortofotos na área central e mosaico de imagens de satélite nas regiões periféricas), devido à grande diferença de acurácia entre os dois produtos. Para classificar cada base a partir do Decreto 89.817 foi definida a escala na qual somente 10% das discrepâncias tivessem seu valor superior ao PEC, e a escala na qual o Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) da amostra das discrepâncias fosse igual a 60,8% do PEC. A escala final selecionada foi a menor (menos detalhada) entre as definidas em cada um dos processos. A Análise Estatística foi baseada nos testes de tendência e precisão. Como as três bases apresentaram tendência, a escala definida pelo teste de precisão não foi considerada no cômputo final das escalas, devido à dificuldade de se eliminar a tendência nessas bases quando utilizadas no SIG. As escalas finais obtidas, relativas à classe A, foram: Google Maps (imagens de satélite): 1:12.400; Google Maps (ortofotos): 1:3.588; Bing Maps: 1:10.881 e Word Imagery da ESRI: 1:8.420. Concluiu-se que os três produtos com escalas próximas a 1:10.000 apresentam acurácia para serem utilizados como bases em SIGs nos estudos para planejamento urbano e que o Google Maps (ortofotos, com escala próxima a 1:4.000) pode ser igualmente utilizada para planejamento, mas em função de sua acurácia maior, pode servir também para a gestão de serviços urbanos. A principal limitação encontrada para as bases no uso como referência espacial em SIGs foi a inclinação das feições distantes do nadir da imagem ou da ortofoto e o consequente recobrimento de áreas adjacentes a essas feições. Entretanto, essa limitação se mostrou quase desprezível para as escalas definidas para as bases na análise da acurácia. / This research has analyzed the horizontal positional accuracy of basemaps Bing Maps, Google Maps and ESRIs World Imagery when used as an online spatial reference within a Geographic Information System for the municipality of São Paulo. The methodology was based on criteria defined by Brazil Federal Decree 89817/84 and in the analysis proposed by Merchant (1982). The accuracy analysis was developed observing the discrepancies between coordinates of selected 240 points from the 1:1000 digital map of São Paulo compared to corresponding points in the three basemaps, (coordinate directions North and East were considered separately). The Google Maps basemap for the city of São Paulo was divided in two (ortophoto mosaic for the central area and satellite images mosaic in the remainder peripheral areas), due to the considerable differences in their accuracy patterns. In order to classify each basemap as per Federal Decree 89.817, we have defined a scale in which only 10% of discrepancies were above the LMAS90 and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the discrepancies sample was equal to 60,8% of LMAS90. The final selected scale was the smallest (less detailed) of those obtained in each of the processes. The statistical analysis was based on the test of bias error and by a test of precision. Because the three basemaps have presented biases, the final scales defined by the precision test were not considered in the results, for it is difficult to eliminate biases in these basemaps when used in a GIS. We have obtained the following final scales to class A of the Brazilian Decree: Google Maps (area covered by satellite images): 1:12.400; Google Maps (area covered by ortophotos): 1:3.588; Bing Maps: 1:10.881 and ESRIs Word Imagery: 1:8.420. In conclusion, (a) the three products with scales around a 1:10.000 present accuracy to be used as basemap in GIS for urban planning studies and (b) Google Maps (area covered by ortophotos, scale around 1:4.000) can be equally used for planning studies, as well as urban services manager, due to its greater accuracy. The key limitations for the use of such basemaps as spatial references in GIS was the inclination of features which are distant from the image or ortophoto nadir (off-nadir effects) and the consequent shadowing of adjoining areas. However, this limitation is almost irrelevant to the scales defined for the basemaps in the accuracy analysis.

<p>During the last years a great effort has taken place to create a common IT-strategy within the Swedish national police board. This to establish a foundation for decision making concerning strategy principles was formed on the activity. The principles describes how the technical architecture is going to be developed and shapes the major rule and direction that’s makes the decision possible. To investigate and use products that is used already within the organisation shall primary take in consideration. Also is the usage of established industrial standards important to create cooperation and exchange between application and platforms. The choose of programming language Java and the service oriented architecture is a direct cause of the IT-strategy and was adopted to make the organisation to be platforms independent</p><p>The purpose with this master thesis has been to draw up specifications of the demands for a developing tool for geographic information system (GIS) that are in line with the IT-strategy and in collaboration with affected personal on the Swedish national police board. A comparison study has been the procedure to examine the choice of GIS solution for similar organisations and it has been guiding in the work with specification of demands. In the first phase only the demands on Java have been significant on closed and open source software that has been investigated. Next the chosen developing tools has been verified against the specification of demands and resulted in a recommendation. Although the Swedish national police board doesn’t have an official policy for open source products the proposal of the software GeoTools is going to be feasible after up coming investigation about open source software is finished. Concerning the proposal for closed software has ended up in alternative solutions depending on short or long term solutions. MapXtreme Java and Oracle Spatial consider being equivalent alternitivs for a long term solution while MapObjects Java considers being appropriate choice for a short term solution.</p> / <p>De senaste åren har ett omfattande arbete lagts ner på att skapa en gemensam IT-strategi inom Rikspolisstyrelsen (RPS). För att få en stabil grund för att fatta beslut kring denna strategi har principer som grundas på verksamheten tagits fram. Dessa beskriver hur den tekniska arkitekturen ska byggas och formar de styrande regler och riktlinjer som möjliggör besluten. Att undersöka och använda produkter som redan finns inom organisationen ska komma i första hand. Likaså är användandet av etablerade industristandarder viktiga då de medför samverkan och utbyte av data mellan applikationer och plattformar. Valet av programspråket Java och en serviceorienterad arkitektur är en direkt följd av IT-strategin och gjordes för att organisationen ska vara plattformsoberoende.</p><p>Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att utarbeta en kravspecifikation för ett utvecklingsverktyg inom geografiska informationssystem (GIS) som överensstämmer med IT-strategin och i samråd med berörd personal på RPS. En studie av tillvägagångssätt vid val av GIS-lösning för liknande organisationer har gett värdefull vägledning i arbetet med kravspecifikationen. I ett första skede har endast kravet på Java haft betydelse då både proprietära och öppna programvaror har studerats och jämförts. Därefter har utvalda utvecklingsverktyg ställts mot kravspecifikationen för att resultera i en rekommendation. Då RPS inte har någon uttalad policy för öppen programvara blir bedömningen av GeoTools som mest lämpade utvecklingsverktyg, aktuell först när kommande utredning om öppen programvara är avslutad. Angående bedömning av proprietär programvara har den lett till alternativa lösningar beroende på om inköpet av utvecklingsverktyg ska ha en kort- eller långvarig lösning. MapXtreme Java och Oracle Spatial bedöms vara likvärdiga alternativ för den långvariga lösningen medan MapObjects Java bedöms vara lämpligt val vid en kortvarig lösning.</p> / På grund av en olyckligt formulering har sista stycket på sidan 22 ändrats samt första stycket på sidan 23 tagits bort i den elektroniska versionen.

During the last years a great effort has taken place to create a common IT-strategy within the Swedish national police board. This to establish a foundation for decision making concerning strategy principles was formed on the activity. The principles describes how the technical architecture is going to be developed and shapes the major rule and direction that’s makes the decision possible. To investigate and use products that is used already within the organisation shall primary take in consideration. Also is the usage of established industrial standards important to create cooperation and exchange between application and platforms. The choose of programming language Java and the service oriented architecture is a direct cause of the IT-strategy and was adopted to make the organisation to be platforms independent The purpose with this master thesis has been to draw up specifications of the demands for a developing tool for geographic information system (GIS) that are in line with the IT-strategy and in collaboration with affected personal on the Swedish national police board. A comparison study has been the procedure to examine the choice of GIS solution for similar organisations and it has been guiding in the work with specification of demands. In the first phase only the demands on Java have been significant on closed and open source software that has been investigated. Next the chosen developing tools has been verified against the specification of demands and resulted in a recommendation. Although the Swedish national police board doesn’t have an official policy for open source products the proposal of the software GeoTools is going to be feasible after up coming investigation about open source software is finished. Concerning the proposal for closed software has ended up in alternative solutions depending on short or long term solutions. MapXtreme Java and Oracle Spatial consider being equivalent alternitivs for a long term solution while MapObjects Java considers being appropriate choice for a short term solution. / De senaste åren har ett omfattande arbete lagts ner på att skapa en gemensam IT-strategi inom Rikspolisstyrelsen (RPS). För att få en stabil grund för att fatta beslut kring denna strategi har principer som grundas på verksamheten tagits fram. Dessa beskriver hur den tekniska arkitekturen ska byggas och formar de styrande regler och riktlinjer som möjliggör besluten. Att undersöka och använda produkter som redan finns inom organisationen ska komma i första hand. Likaså är användandet av etablerade industristandarder viktiga då de medför samverkan och utbyte av data mellan applikationer och plattformar. Valet av programspråket Java och en serviceorienterad arkitektur är en direkt följd av IT-strategin och gjordes för att organisationen ska vara plattformsoberoende. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att utarbeta en kravspecifikation för ett utvecklingsverktyg inom geografiska informationssystem (GIS) som överensstämmer med IT-strategin och i samråd med berörd personal på RPS. En studie av tillvägagångssätt vid val av GIS-lösning för liknande organisationer har gett värdefull vägledning i arbetet med kravspecifikationen. I ett första skede har endast kravet på Java haft betydelse då både proprietära och öppna programvaror har studerats och jämförts. Därefter har utvalda utvecklingsverktyg ställts mot kravspecifikationen för att resultera i en rekommendation. Då RPS inte har någon uttalad policy för öppen programvara blir bedömningen av GeoTools som mest lämpade utvecklingsverktyg, aktuell först när kommande utredning om öppen programvara är avslutad. Angående bedömning av proprietär programvara har den lett till alternativa lösningar beroende på om inköpet av utvecklingsverktyg ska ha en kort- eller långvarig lösning. MapXtreme Java och Oracle Spatial bedöms vara likvärdiga alternativ för den långvariga lösningen medan MapObjects Java bedöms vara lämpligt val vid en kortvarig lösning. / <p>På grund av en olyckligt formulering har sista stycket på sidan 22 ändrats samt första stycket på sidan 23 tagits bort i den elektroniska versionen.</p>