Three experiments were conducted to 1) develop appropriate methods for livestock manure estrogen analysis; 2) determine estrogen removal in different manure treatment systems; and 3) determine estrogen removal from dairy manure in pilot scale reactors. In Experiment I, the recoveries of 17à -estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) were evaluated in double distilled water and dairy manure after a base extraction and analysis of estrogens by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay. The recoveries of E2 were 104% (ELISA) and 97% (YES) in double distilled water. 112% of E2 and 79% of E3 in flushed dairy manure and 118% of E2 in anaerobic digester effluent were recovered with ELISA. 67% and 140% of E2 in flushed manure and anaerobic digester effluent, respectively, were recovered with YES assay. In Experiment II, samples were collected from a full-scale manure handling system incorporating separation and aeration (Separation/Aeration), an anaerobic digester receiving dairy manure (Anaerobic Digester), and four conventional dairy and swine manure storages. 70% of E2 (230 vs. 769 μg/cow/day) and 86% of E3 (78 vs. 552 μg/cow/day) mass were removed from the Separation/Aeration system when the effluent was compared to the influent; the ratio of E2 to total estrogenicity (E2-eq) averaged 76%. In the Anaerobic Digester, 38% of E2 (592 vs. 954 μg/cow/day) and 30% of E3 (338 vs. 483 μg/cow/day) mass were removed; E2 contributed more to E2-eq in the influent than in the effluent (43 vs. 26%). There was no significant difference for E2-eq (431 vs. 284 ng/g of total solids) and E2 (248 vs. 73 ng/g of total solids) concentrations between barn and pti in conventional dairy manure storages; E2 contributed more to E2-eq in barn manure than in pit manure (54 vs. 30%). In swine manure storages, both E2-eq (2852 vs. 1551 vs. 148 ng/g of total solids) and E2 (1933 vs. 808 vs. 89 ng/g of total solids) concentrations decreased (barn vs. primary lagoon vs. secondary lagoon; no significance analysis); the change of E2 ratio to E2-eq was not consistent between barn and lagoon manures between farms. In Experiment III, samples were collected from six pilot scale reactors: two aerated reactors (60% and 100% aeration; AER60 and AER 100), a nitrifying/denitrifying reactor (NDN), an enhanced biological phosphorus removal reactor (EBPR), an anaerobic digester (AD), and a nitrifying reactor (NI) following AD. The influent had higher mass of E2 and E2-eq than the effluent with all reactors. Estrogen removal efficiencies were expressed in two ways: % and %/aerobic hour (or hour) of the influent mass. Higher ammonia nitrogen removing reactors had higher E2 and E2-eq removal in %, higher E2 removal in %/aerobic hour, and the same E2-eq removal in %/aerobic hour compared to those with lower ammonia nitrogen removal. Estrogen removal efficiencies (both in % and %/aerobic hour) were similar in nitrifying and denitrifying reactors. Reactors with aeration supported greater estrogen removal than those without. Reactors with influent anaerobic digestion pretreatment had the same E2 and E2-eq removal in % but higher E2 and E2-eq removal in %/aerobic hour compared to those without. In conclusion, the aerobic treatment system removed more estrogens than the anaerobic one, which means aerobic conditions support more estrogen degradation than anaerobic conditions. The change of the ratios of E2 to E2-eq varied in different livestock manure treatment systems, which reflected different removal rates of E2 and other estrogenic compounds. The pilot scale reactors significantly removed E2 and E2-eq in dairy manure. Ammonia nitrogen removal rates and aeration are the two main factors influencing E2 and E2-eq removal. / Ph. D.

Yuen Mong Ting. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract (English) --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.v / Contents --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Developmental biology of the prostate --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Development of the prostate gland in humans and rodents --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Mesenchymal-epithelial interaction --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of the endocrinology of prostate --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Estrogen in male and prostate gland --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Stimulating effect of estrogen on prostate gland --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Inhibitory effect of estrogen on prostate gland --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Study of the role of estrogen receptors in prostate gland with the use of estrogen receptor knockout mice --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- The two isoforms of estrogen receptors (ER): ERα and ERβ --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- The use of estrogen receptor knockout mice for the study of ER --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Estrogen as a carcinogen --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Formation of DNA adducts --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Formation of oxidants --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Estrogen as a microtubule-disrupting agent --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Estrogen carcinogenicity in animal models --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Syrian golden hamster model --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Rat model --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Animal models of prostate cancer by hormonal induction --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Canine model --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Noble rat model --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Sprague-Dawley rat model --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.4 --- Wistar and F344 rat model --- p.15 / Chapter 1.8 --- Perinatal estrogen exposure and prostate development --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Prenatal estrogen exposure --- p.15 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Neonatal estrogen exposure --- p.17 / Chapter 1.9 --- Therapeutic use of synthetic estrogen --- p.18 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Use of diethylstilbestrol in treating prostate cancer --- p.18 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- Use of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy --- p.19 / Chapter 1.10 --- Estrogen contamination in food --- p.20 / Chapter 1.10.1 --- Estrogen in milk and dairy products --- p.20 / Chapter 1.10.2 --- Estrogen in meat --- p.21 / Figure 1.1 --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- In vitro study of estrogen carcninogenicity in normal prostatic cell line --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- NRP-152 cell line --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- In vitro estrogen treatment on NRP-152 cells --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Colony formation by soft agar assay --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Determination of growth parameters of estrogen-treated and untreated NRP-152 cells --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Gene expression profiling in estrogen-transformed and untreated parental NRP-152 cells by cDNA microarray --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Immunohistochemistry of cultured cells --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Immunofluorescence on cultured cells --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Electron microscopy of the estrogen-transformed and untreated parental NRP-152 cells --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.9 --- Tumorigenicity in nude mice --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.10 --- Protein expressions and Western blottings in estrogen-transformed and untreated parental NRP-152 cells --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- In vivo study of estrorgen carcinogenicity in rat protstate gland --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Origin and supply of Noble rats --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Perinatal estrogen imprinting on male Noble rats with diethylstilbestrol --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Long-term hormonal treatment with sex steroids on male Noble rats at adulthood --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Morphological study of Noble rat prostates --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Protein expressions by immunohistochemistry in estrogen-primed and hormone-treated Noble rat prostates --- p.45 / Tables 2.1 -2.2 --- p.48 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1 --- In vitro study --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dose selection for estrogen treatment of NRP-152 cells from cell proliferation assay --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Colony formation in soft agar --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Morphology of NRP-152 cells and the estrogen-transformed clones --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Study of growth parameters --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- CDNA array analysis of differentia] gene pattern --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Immunohistochemistry of untreated parental and estrogen- transformed NRP-152 cells --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Electron microscopy --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Tumorigenicity of NRP-152 cells and the estrogen-transformed clones --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.9 --- Western blottings --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2 --- In vivo study --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Survival of male Nobel rats during perinatal and long-term hormone treatment --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Histological studies of Noble rat prostates --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Immunohistochemistry of the hormone-treated and control Noble rat prostates --- p.65 / Figure 3.1.1 -3.1.44 --- p.73 / Figure 3.2.1 - 3.2.50 --- p.97 / Table 3.1 -3.4 --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Discussions --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1 --- The study on the transformation of cells and soft agar assay --- p.121 / Chapter 4.2 --- Growth patterns of the estrogen-transformed clones --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3 --- Altered differential gene expression --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- TUBA --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- PTEN --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- RAP 1A --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- BRCA2 --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4 --- Ultrastructural study in the estrogen-transformed and untreated parental NRP-152 cells --- p.127 / Chapter 4.5 --- Neoplastic lesions induced in prostates of estrogen-imprinted and long-term combined hormone treated Noble rats --- p.129 / Chapter 4.6 --- Altered protein expressions in estrogen-transformed NRP-152 cells and estrogen-imprinted and hormone-treated Noble rat prostates --- p.132 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Alteration in steroid hormone receptors --- p.132 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Alternation in cytoskeleton (tubulin-α) --- p.138 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Alternation in PTEN --- p.141 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Alternation in Rap1 --- p.143 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Alternation in BRCA2 --- p.145 / Chapter 4.6.6 --- "Altered in scavenger enzyme (Superoxide dismutase, SOD-1)" --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Summary --- p.150 / Reference --- p.155

Estrogenic contamination of waterways is of world-wide concern due to the adverse effects observed in aquatic biota. Recently, wastes from agricultural activities have been identified as likely sources of steroid estrogens released into the environment. Wastes from dairying activities are of particular concern in New Zealand. This project included development of analytical methods to measure free and conjugated estrogens, measurement of estrogens from the source to receiving environments and an investigation of effluent treatment technologies. The analytical method developed in this study was based on GC-MS measurement of free estrogens (17α-estradiol (17α-E2), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) and estrone (E1)) and LC-IT-MS measurement of their sulfate-conjugates (17α-E2-3S, 17β-3S, E1-3S) in raw and treated farm dairy shed effluents (DSE). Effluents from farms in the Canterbury and Waikato Regions, two regions where dairy farming is the dominant land-use, were collected and analysed. All effluents demonstrated high concentrations of steroid estrogens, particularly 17α-E2 (median 760 ng/L). Estrogenic activity was also elevated, at up to 500 ng/L 17β-E2 equivalents using the E-Screen, an in vitro cell proliferation bioassay. Comparison to the chemical data indicated that for most samples, the highest proportion of estrogenic activity was derived from steroid estrogens naturally excreted by dairy cows. Conjugated estrogens were measured in several raw effluent samples, at similar concentrations to those of free estrogens, particularly E1. Dairy effluent treatment systems reduced free estrogen concentrations by 63-99% and reduced estrogenic activity by up to 89%. In spite of high removal efficiencies, estrogens remained elevated in the treated effluents that are discharged into waterways. Steroid estrogens and estrogenic activity were detected in streams and groundwater in areas impacted by dairy farming. Although concentrations were generally low, in two streams the concentrations were above levels regarded as safe for aquatic biota (<1 ng/L). The results demonstrate that dairy effluents are indeed a major source of estrogens to the environment and to waterways.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia maligna mais comum no sexo feminino e a segunda causa de óbito por câncer na mulher. Apesar dos avanços no conhecimento da patogênese e dos aspectos moleculares da doença, a exposição prolongada tanto ao estrogênio endógeno quanto exógeno constitui importante fator na carcinogênese mamária. Produtos da degradação e inativação do estrogênio podem ter ação proliferativa e causar danos ao DNA. Genes de baixa penetrância relacionados ao metabolismo hormonal, atuando em conjunto com fatores comportamentais e endógenos, podem ser responsáveis por parte dos casos de câncer de mama, atuando em conjunto a genes de alta penetrância. OBJETIVOS: Analisar polimorfismos no receptor de estrogênio e em genes relacionados ao seu metabolismo em mulheres com e sem câncer de mama, observando suas frequências em cada um dos grupos. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas mulheres portadoras de carcinoma mamário recém-diagnosticado, com idade superior a 40 anos e sem histórico de outros tipos de neoplasia maligna (grupo estudo) e mulheres sem câncer de mama, apresentando exame mamográfico normal realizado há no máximo 12 meses, com mais de 40 anos de idade e sem histórico de câncer (grupo controle). Foi realizada coleta de sangue periférico para extração e análise de DNA genômico. Avaliaram-se os polimorfismos em CYP1A1 MspI, CYP3A4*1B, COMT L/L, ESR1 PvuII e XbaI e UGT1A1*28. RESULTADOS: Os polimorfismos em UGT1A1*28 e ESR1 PvuII foram mais frequentes no grupo de mulheres com câncer de mama, porém sem atingir significância estatística. As mutações em ESR1 XbaI, CYP3A4*1B e CYP1A1 MspI foram mais frequentes no grupo controle, também sem significância estatística. Já o genótipo L/L do gene COMT foi mais significativamente mais frequente no grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de polimorfismos em UGT1A1*28 e ESR1 PvuII foi de 16,8% e 39,4% nas mulheres com câncer de mama e 10,8% e 18,3% nas sem câncer. A frequência de mutações em ESR1 XbaI, CYP3A4*1B e CYP1A1 MspI foi de 15,1, 44,2 e 3,6% nas mulheres sem câncer de mama e de 25, 22,2% e 0 nas com câncer de mama. O genótipo L/L do gene COMT foi significantemente mais frequente no grupo controle (28,9 vs. 8,6%), sugerindo que este polimorfismo poderia ser um fator protetor ao câncer de mama na população estudada / INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and second leading cause of cancer death in women. Despite advances in studies on the pathogenesis and molecular aspects of the disease, prolonged exposure to endogenous and exogenous estrogen is an important factor for mammary carcinogenesis. Products of degradation and inactivation of estrogen may have proliferative action and cause DNA damage. Low penetrance genes related to hormone metabolism, acting in conjunction with behavioral and endogenous factors may be responsible for most cases of breast cancer, and together with high penetrance genes. OBJECTIVES: To analyze polymorphisms in genes related to the estrogen receptor and metabolism in patients with and without breast cancer, observing the frequencies in each group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, aged 40 years or more and without history of other types of malignancy (study group) and women without breast cancer, with a normal mammography performed for no more than 12 months, with more than 40 years old and no history of cancer (control group). A sample of peripheral was collected for genomic DNA extraction and analysis. The polymorphisms in CYP1A1 MspI, CYP3A4*1B, COMT L/L, ESR1 PvuII and XbaI and UGT1A1*28 were evaluated. RESULTS: The polymorphisms in UGT1A1*28 and ESR1 PvuII were more frequent in the group of women with breast cancer, without reaching statistical significance. The mutations in ESR1 XbaI, CYP3A4*1B and CYP1A1 MspI were more frequent in the control group, also not statistically significant. The COMT genotype L/L was significantly more frequent in control group. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of polymorphisms in UGT1A1*28 and ESR1 PvuII was 16.8% and 39.4% in women with breast cancer and 10.8% and 18.3% in those without cancer. The frequency of mutations in ESR1 XbaI, CYP3A4*1B and CYP1A1 MspI was 15.1, 44.2 and 3.6% in women without breast cancer and 25, 22.2 and 0% in breast cancer. The L/L genotype of the COMT gene was significantly more frequent in the control group (28.9 vs. 8.6%), suggesting that this polymorphism could be a protective factor against breast cancer in this population

INTRODUÇÃO: Os fatores genéticos que influenciam o início da puberdade precoce ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. Assim, investigar os mecanismos gênicos que estariam envolvidos na sua gênese é muito importante, pois, além de possibilitar o diagnóstico em fases iniciais, pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas terapias, com melhora do prognóstico. Para alguns investigadores, o estradiol também seria um fator contribuinte no determinismo da puberdade. OBJETIVOS: Estudar três genes que codificam enzimas relacionadas à esteroidogênese (CYP1A1, CYP1B1 e CYP17) em meninas com puberdade precoce central. Avaliar a associação entre variações na sequência desses genes e a puberdade precoce central. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas 177 pacientes, divididas em dois grupos: Grupo Controle - formado por 104 meninas sem puberdade precoce, acompanhadas no Setor de Ginecologia da Infância e da Adolescência da Divisão de Clínica Ginecológica do HC-FMUSP por outros diagnósticos; Grupo Caso - composto por 73 meninas com diagnóstico de puberdade precoce central, acompanhadas no mesmo setor. Foi avaliada a presença de mutação em genes envolvidos no metabolismo do estrogênio (CYP1A1, CYP1B1 e CYP17) pela técnica de RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), utilizando DNA obtido a partir de sangue periférico. RESULTADOS: A distribuição dos genótipos de CYP1A1 MspI (p=0,86) e CYP17 (p=0,12) não apresentou diferença significante entre os grupos. Para o CYP1B1 Eco571, o genótipo mutado C/C foi mais frequente no Grupo Controle que no Grupo Caso (p=0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados sugerem que a variação do gene CYP1B1 Eco571 poderia estar associada ao determinismo da puberdade / INTRODUCTION: The genetic factors influencing onset of precocious puberty are not as yet fully known. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the genetic mechanisms involved in its genesis, for the resulting knowledge would not only enable diagnosis in the early stages but also contribute to the development of new therapies for improvement in prognosis. According to some researchers, estradiol would also be a contributory factor in puberty timing. OBJECTIVES: To investigate three genes which codify enzymes associated with steroidogenesis (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and CYP17) in girls with central precocious puberty by focusing on the association between the sequence variation of these genes and central precocious puberty. METHODS: A total of 177 patients was included and divided into two groups: Control Group with 104 girls without precocious puberty who were being treated for other diagnoses at the Sector of Gynecology of Childhood and Adolescence, Division of Gynecology Clinic, HC-FMUSP; Case Group with 73 girls diagnosed with central precocious puberty. Mutations in genes involved in estrogen metabolism (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and CYP17) were assessed by the RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique using DNA obtained from peripheral blood. RESULTS: No significant difference in the distribution of the CYP1A1 MspI (p=0.86) and CYP17 (p=0.12) genotypes was detected between the two study groups. As for CYP1B1 Eco571, the mutated C/C genotype was found to be more frequent in the Control Group than in the Case Group (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest the CYP1B1 Eco571 gene variation is associated with puberty timing

Hormônios estrogênicos, quando presentes no meio ambiente, podem causar danos ao sistema endócrino de organismos com os quais entram em contato. Estes hormônios são liberados nas fezes e urinas de animais, incluindo os seres humanos, podendo atingir os corpos hídricos e solos. As formas de tratamento aplicadas na maioria das estações de tratamento de esgotos (ETEs), em geral, não são capazes de remover totalmente os hormônios. A remoção dos hormônios tem sido associada ao metabolismo dos microorganismos, ao tempo de detenção hidráulica, à idade do lodo e à carga de alimentação dentre outros fatores. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a remoção dos hormônios estrona (E1), 17-?-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) e 17-?-etinilestradiol (EE2) na ETE da Escola de Engenharia de Lorena/USP operando com o sistema de lodos ativados por bateladas sequenciais (SBR), além de estudar a influência da carga de alimentação e da remoção de nitrogênio na remoção destes hormônios. Foram utilizadas cromatografia líquida acoplada a detector UV para a determinação dos hormônios, e análises químicas, físicas e biológicas para a caracterização da ETE. A fim de garantir a confiabilidade dos resultados, foi necessária a validação do método desenvolvido para o preparo e a quantificação dos hormônios, sendo obtidos valores aceitáveis de precisão, coeficiente de variação (CV) entre 0,17 e 8,48 %; exatidão entre 45 e 116 %; e limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ) satisfatórios para o tipo de detector empregado (UV), entre 60 e 250 ?g L-1 de LD e entre 250 e 520 ?g L-1 de LQ. Entretanto, durante a validação, foi detectado efeito matriz tendo sido necessária a quantificação dos hormônios pelo método de adição de padrão a cada eluato obtido. As elevadas concentrações dos hormônios no esgoto (5,148 ± 2,747; 7,434 ± 4,356; 5,200 ± 3,331 e 5,638 ± 4,312 ?g L-1 de E1, E2, E3 e EE2, respectivamente) podem ser atribuídas à baixa geração de esgoto per capita e à possível predominância da urina no esgoto, visto a elevada concentração de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) nestas amostras. O desempenho da ETE para a remoção dos hormônios estrogênicos não foi satisfatório podendo estar relacionada à ineficiente remoção de NTK (-4 %), ao curto tempo de detenção hidráulica deste sistema (2h05min), além da ocorrência da desconjugação durante o tratamento, dado o curto tempo entre a geração e a ETE, o que pode ser insuficiente para a desconjugação antes da chegada a ETE. / Some damages can be caused to endocrine systems of organisms if environment contains estrogenic hormones. Estrogens are released in feces and urine of animals, including humans, and may reach soils and water bodies. Most of systems in use as wastewater treatments are not capable of removing these hormones. Some factors can impact on it, as the kind of microorganisms metabolism, hydraulic retention time, sludge age and organic load. The objectives of this work were to investigate the removal of estrone (E1), 17?- estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17?-ethynylestradiol (EE2) hormones in sewage treatment plant (STP), at Lorena School of Engineering, with secondary treatment based on activated sludge into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and to study the influence of organic load and nitrogen removal on estrogens remotion. Liquid chromatography coupled to UV detector was applied to estrogens determination and chemical, physical and biological analyses were used to STP\'s characterization. Extraction and quantification method was validated by the assays of linearity; precision, with RSD values between 0.17 and 8.48 %; and accuracy, which presented recuperation between 45 and 116% for these four estrogens. Limits of detection values, between 60 and 250 ?g.L-1, and limits of quantification values, between 250 and 520 ?g.L-1, are consistent with the detector used (UV). However, matrix effect was detected along validation, consequently it was necessary to employ postextraction addition method of standards into each eluate. High concentrations of estrogens in sewage (5.148 ± 2.747; 7.434 ± 4.356; 5.200 ± 3.3314 e 5.638 ± 4.312 ?g L-1 of E1, E2, E3 e EE2) could be attributed to the reduced sewage generation and to the possible predominance of urine in the sewage, due to high NTK measured. The poor performance could be associated to inefficient removal of NTK (-4 %); to short hydraulic retention time applied (2h05min); besides the occurrence of deconjungation during biologic treatment, due to short transit between generation and STP which can be insufficient to deconjugate before STP.

CONTEXTO: A secreção de prolactina (PRL) e a expressão de seu gene são inibidas pela dopamina. Prolactinomas são os adenomas hipofisários funcionantes mais freqüentes, sendo que os agonistas dopaminérgicos são a primeira escolha para seu tratamento. No entanto, uma porcentagem dos pacientes é resistente aos agonistas dopaminérgicos. OBJETIVO: Como os mecanismos envolvidos na resistência aos agonistas dopaminérgicos não são totalmente compreendidos, o objetivo deste estudo foi obter mais informações no que diz respeito às alterações moleculares entre os prolactinomas sensíveis e resistentes aos agonistas dopaminérgicos. PACIENTES: O tecido tumoral de 22 pacientes com prolactinomas foram coletados e classificados como sensíveis ou resistentes (incluindo aqueles com crescimento tumoral) de acordo com sua resposta clínica e laboratorial aos agonistas dopaminérgicos. MÉTODOS: A expressão de 7 genes foi avaliada por Real Time polymerase chain reaction: gene do receptor de dopamina tipo 2 (DRD2), do fator de crescimento neural beta (NGF?) e de seu receptor (NGFR), dos receptores de estrógeno alfa (ESR1) e beta (ESR2), do pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) e da metalotioneína 3 (MT3). RESULTADOS: A expressão mediana de DRD2 e de NGFR nos pacientes sensíveis foi significativamente maior quando comparada aos resistentes (p= 0.016 e p= 0.009, respectivamente). Além disso, ambas expressões estiveram significativamente correlacionadas positivamente com a redução da PRL durante o tratamento (r= ?0.66; p= 0.002 e r= 0.57; p= 0.017; respectivamente). Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre a mediana de expressão do NGF? e do DRD2 (r=0.53; p=0.023) e entre a mediana de expressão do PTTG e do ESR2 (r=0.66; p=0.008). também houve correlação entre a os valores de PRL sérica antes do tratamento e a mediana de expressão do gene do ESR2 (r=0.53, p=0.04). Não foi encontrada nenhuma correlação entre a expressão do gene da MT3 e a sensibilidade ou resistência aos agonistas dopaminérgicos. CONCLUSÕES: A expressão do gene do DRD2 e do NGFR estão relacionadas com a sensibilidade dos prolactinomas aos agonistas dopaminérgicos, enquanto a expressão do gene do PTTG e do ESR2 podem ter alguma relação com a agressividade tumoral. A resposta dos prolactinomas aos agonistas dopaminérgicos deve ser vista como um espectro variando do tumor mais sensível ao mais resistente com crescimento / CONTEXT: Prolactin (PRL) secretion and its gene expression are inhibited by dopamine. Prolactinomas are the most common secreting pituitary adenomas, with dopamine agonists being the first choice for their treatment. However, a subset of patients is resistant to dopamine agonists. OBJECTIVE: As the mechanisms involved in dopamine agonists resistance are not fully understood, the aim of this study was to get new insights regarding the molecular differences between prolactinomas responsive and resistant to dopamine agonists. PATIENTS: Tumor tissue of 22 patients harboring prolactinomas were collected and classified as responsive or resistant (including the ones with tumor growth) according to their clinical and laboratorial response to dopamine agonists. METHODS: The expression of 7 genes was evaluated by Real Time polymerase chain reaction: dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2), nerve growth factor beta (NGF?) and its receptor (NGFR), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1), beta (ESR2), pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) and metallothionein 3 (MT3). RESULTS: Median DRD2 and NGFR expressions of responsive patients were significantly higher compared to the resistant ones (p= 0.016 and p= 0.009, respectively). Moreover, both expressions were positively correlated with PRL decrease during treatment (r= ?0.66; p= 0.002 and r= 0.57; p= 0.017; respectively). A positive correlation was found between NGFB and DRD2 (r= 0.53; p= 0.023) and PTTG and ESR2 expressions (r= 0.66; p= 0.008). There was also a correlation between serum PRL levels before treatment and ESR2 expression (r= 0.53, p= 0.04). It was not observed correlation between MT3 and responsiveness or resistance to dopamine agonists. CONCLUSIONS: DRD2 and NGFR expressions are related to prolactinoma responsiveness to dopamine agonists whereas PTTG and ESR2 may have a role in tumor aggressiveness. The response of prolactinomas to dopamine agonists should be view as a spectrum ranging from responsive to resistant with tumor growth

Evidências sugerem que as células da glia desempenham um papel importante na sinalização neuronal e na resposta inflamatória no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC). Respostas inflamatórias crônicas, bem como a ativação da glia estão associadas com doenças neurodegenerativas, como Parkinson e Alzheimer. A inflamação crônica pode ser modulada por altas concentrações de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) que potencializam esse quadro. O estrógeno (E2) é bem conhecido por suas ações neuroprotetoras que podem ser exercidas via receptores clássicos (ESR1, ESR2), não-classicos (GPER-1) ou ainda por sua ação antioxidante, proveniente da alta semelhança com as moléculas dos flavonóides. A ação do E2 no SNC é relevante uma vez que este hormônio está relacionado com a modulação da memória, neurogênese e plasticidade. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o papel protetor do E2 em linhagem de células C6 de glioma de ratos em um modelo de estresse oxidativo que induz morte celular pela exposição a concentrações tóxicas de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Ensaios de PCR, Western Blot e de imunofluorescência confirmaram a presença e funcionalidade dos receptores ESR1, enquanto ensaios de PCR mostraram a presença do RNAm para o GPER-1 em células C6. Nossos resultados confirmaram que a H2O2 induz morte nas células C6 e o pré-tratamento com E2 (por 24 horas) e G1 (por 20 minutos) diminuiu a toxicidade da H2O2 de maneira dose-dependente, gerando aumento de viabilidade celular. Estes resultados destacam o envolvimento do E2 e seus receptores na prevenção do dano celular em células da glia. Além disso, eles também sugerem que o rápido efeito protetor do E2 parece estar associado com a sinalização rápida do E2 via GPER-1. Por Western blot e RT-PCR avaliamos a participação da via AKT-CREBBDNF frente aos tratamentos com E2, moduladores seletivos de estrógeno (SERMs) e G1, onde observamos que estes são capazes de modular a expressão da proteína AKT e os níveis de RNAm para BDNF. / Evidence suggests that glial cells play an important role in neuronal signaling and inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Chronic inflammatory responses, as well as activation of glia, are associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson´s and Alzheimer´s diseases. Chronic inflammation can be modulated by high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that enhance this process. Estrogen (E2) is well known for its neuroprotective actions that can be performed via classical (ESR1, ESR2) and non-classical receptors (GPER-1) or by its antioxidant action due to its high similarity to flavonoids molecules. E2 action in the CNS is relevant as this hormone is associated to memory modulation, neurogenesis and plasticity. This work has as purpose to investigate the protective role of E2 in rat C6 glioma cell lines in a model of oxidative stress that induces cell death by exposure to toxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence assays have confirmed the presence and functionality of the ESR1 receptor, while PCR assay has showed the presence of GPER-1 receptor mRNA in C6 cells. Our results confirmed that H2O2 induces cell death and pre-treatment with E2 (24 hours) and G1 (20 minutes) reduces H2O2 toxicity in a dose-dependent way, leading to increased cell viability. These results highlight the involvement of E2 and its receptors in preventing cell damage in glial cells. Moreover, they also suggest that the prompt E2 protective effect seems to be associated to the fast E2 signaling via GPER-1. We also evaluated the involvement of AKT-CREB-BDNF pathway when C6 cells were treated with E2, selective estrogen modulators (SERMs) and G1 by Western blot and RT-PCR assays, and we could notice that they can modulate the expression of AKT protein and BDNF RNAm levels.

Hormônios estrogênicos, quando presentes no meio ambiente, podem causar danos ao sistema endócrino de organismos com os quais entram em contato. Estes hormônios são liberados nas fezes e urinas de animais, incluindo os seres humanos, podendo atingir os corpos hídricos e solos. As formas de tratamento aplicadas na maioria das estações de tratamento de esgotos (ETEs), em geral, não são capazes de remover totalmente os hormônios. A remoção dos hormônios tem sido associada ao metabolismo dos microorganismos, ao tempo de detenção hidráulica, à idade do lodo e à carga de alimentação dentre outros fatores. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a remoção dos hormônios estrona (E1), 17-?-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) e 17-?-etinilestradiol (EE2) na ETE da Escola de Engenharia de Lorena/USP operando com o sistema de lodos ativados por bateladas sequenciais (SBR), além de estudar a influência da carga de alimentação e da remoção de nitrogênio na remoção destes hormônios. Foram utilizadas cromatografia líquida acoplada a detector UV para a determinação dos hormônios, e análises químicas, físicas e biológicas para a caracterização da ETE. A fim de garantir a confiabilidade dos resultados, foi necessária a validação do método desenvolvido para o preparo e a quantificação dos hormônios, sendo obtidos valores aceitáveis de precisão, coeficiente de variação (CV) entre 0,17 e 8,48 %; exatidão entre 45 e 116 %; e limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ) satisfatórios para o tipo de detector empregado (UV), entre 60 e 250 ?g L-1 de LD e entre 250 e 520 ?g L-1 de LQ. Entretanto, durante a validação, foi detectado efeito matriz tendo sido necessária a quantificação dos hormônios pelo método de adição de padrão a cada eluato obtido. As elevadas concentrações dos hormônios no esgoto (5,148 ± 2,747; 7,434 ± 4,356; 5,200 ± 3,331 e 5,638 ± 4,312 ?g L-1 de E1, E2, E3 e EE2, respectivamente) podem ser atribuídas à baixa geração de esgoto per capita e à possível predominância da urina no esgoto, visto a elevada concentração de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) nestas amostras. O desempenho da ETE para a remoção dos hormônios estrogênicos não foi satisfatório podendo estar relacionada à ineficiente remoção de NTK (-4 %), ao curto tempo de detenção hidráulica deste sistema (2h05min), além da ocorrência da desconjugação durante o tratamento, dado o curto tempo entre a geração e a ETE, o que pode ser insuficiente para a desconjugação antes da chegada a ETE. / Some damages can be caused to endocrine systems of organisms if environment contains estrogenic hormones. Estrogens are released in feces and urine of animals, including humans, and may reach soils and water bodies. Most of systems in use as wastewater treatments are not capable of removing these hormones. Some factors can impact on it, as the kind of microorganisms metabolism, hydraulic retention time, sludge age and organic load. The objectives of this work were to investigate the removal of estrone (E1), 17?- estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17?-ethynylestradiol (EE2) hormones in sewage treatment plant (STP), at Lorena School of Engineering, with secondary treatment based on activated sludge into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and to study the influence of organic load and nitrogen removal on estrogens remotion. Liquid chromatography coupled to UV detector was applied to estrogens determination and chemical, physical and biological analyses were used to STP\'s characterization. Extraction and quantification method was validated by the assays of linearity; precision, with RSD values between 0.17 and 8.48 %; and accuracy, which presented recuperation between 45 and 116% for these four estrogens. Limits of detection values, between 60 and 250 ?g.L-1, and limits of quantification values, between 250 and 520 ?g.L-1, are consistent with the detector used (UV). However, matrix effect was detected along validation, consequently it was necessary to employ postextraction addition method of standards into each eluate. High concentrations of estrogens in sewage (5.148 ± 2.747; 7.434 ± 4.356; 5.200 ± 3.3314 e 5.638 ± 4.312 ?g L-1 of E1, E2, E3 e EE2) could be attributed to the reduced sewage generation and to the possible predominance of urine in the sewage, due to high NTK measured. The poor performance could be associated to inefficient removal of NTK (-4 %); to short hydraulic retention time applied (2h05min); besides the occurrence of deconjungation during biologic treatment, due to short transit between generation and STP which can be insufficient to deconjugate before STP.

by Ng Ping-chung. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-179). / List of Abbreviation / Abstract / Acknowledgements / Table of contents / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Hormone and carcinogenesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Estrogen and carcinogenesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Carcinogenesis and endogenous sex hormone status --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Etiology of breast cancer --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Hormonal factors --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Genetic predisposition --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Influence of diet --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Hormonal therapy --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Anti-estrogen --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Progestins --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Aromatase inhibitor --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- GnRH analogue therapy --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3 --- Estrogen pool --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4 --- Estrogen receptor --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- General features of estrogen receptor and action mechanism --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Anti-estrogen binding site (AEBS) --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Physiological consideration --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Uterus: uterotrophic responses --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- "Progesterone, the physiological estrogen antagonist" --- p.34 / Chapter 1.5 --- The role of growth factors and steroid hormones in breast cancer cell --- p.35 / Chapter 1.6 --- Alternate cytotoxic action of TAM --- p.37 / Chapter 1.7 --- In vitro models utilised in breast cancer study --- p.38 / Chapter 1.8 --- Current development of anti-estrogen --- p.39 / Chapter 1.9 --- Background about yuehchukene (YCK) --- p.41 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Studies using whole animals --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Uterotrophic assay in rats --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Anti-implantation assay in rats --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Vaginal smear in mice --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- Studies using breast cancer cells --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- MCF-7 cell culture --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Measurement of cell number --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.1 --- Cell count with haemocytometer --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.2 --- Cell number estimated by DNA content in culture using Hoechst33258 --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.3 --- Cell number estimated by [3H]-thymidine incorporation --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.4 --- Preparation of dextran coated charcoal stripped serum --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- MDA-MB-231 cell culture --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3 --- Studies using steroid receptors --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Rat uterine estrogen receptor --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mice uterus and vaginal estrogen receptor --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- MCF-7 cell estrogen receptor --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- MCF-7 whole cell estrogen receptor binding --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Cytosolic estrogen receptor preparation from MCF-7 cell --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Progesterone receptor binding in MCF-7 cell --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Rat hepatic anti-estrogen binding site (AEBS) --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Estrogen receptor content estimation by enzyme immunoassay --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4 --- Enzyme studies related to estrogen metabolism --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Rat uterine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Rat hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Rat hepatic estradiol-2-hydroxylase --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- MCF-7 cell estradiol-2-hydroxylase --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Human placental microsomal aromatase activity --- p.63 / Chapter 2.5 --- Enzymatic studies related to signal transduction --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Inhibition of Protein Kinase C activity of MCF-7 cell and protein phosphorylation --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Inhibition of calmodulin activation of cyclic nuleotide phosphodiesterase --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6 --- "Preparation of Pre-YCK, crude-YCK and post-YCK fractions" --- p.67 / Chapter 2.7 --- Preparation of Indole-3-carbinol acid condensation product (I3Ca) --- p.71 / Chapter 2.8 --- Studies on TCP series of YCK analogues --- p.71 / Chapter 2.9 --- List of test compounds --- p.75 / Chapter 2. 10 --- List of radio-ligands --- p.77 / Chapter 2.11 --- Miscellaneous reagents related to cell culture --- p.78 / Chapter 2.11.1 --- Culture medium --- p.78 / Chapter 2.11.2 --- Fetal calf serum --- p.78 / Chapter 2.11.3 --- Penicillin-streptomycin powder --- p.78 / Chapter 2.11.4 --- Phosphate buffer saline --- p.78 / Chapter 2.12 --- "Solvents, chemical and scintillants" --- p.78 / Chapter 3. --- Result / Chapter 3.1 --- Rat uterotrophic response with EE2 and YCK --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2 --- Mice vaginal cornification with estradiol (E2) and YCK --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3 --- Human breast cancer cell culture --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- MCF-7 cell growth with YCK --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- MCF-7 cell growth with YCK analogues and other related compounds --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- MDA-MB-231 cell culture --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4 --- Receptor Binding --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Rat uterine estrogen receptor --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Mice uterine and vaginal estrogen receptor --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- MCF-7 whole cell and cytosolic estrogen receptor --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- MCF-7 cell progesterone receptor --- p.107 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Rat hepatic anti-estrogen binding sites (AEBS) --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5 --- Enzyme activities related to estrogen metabolism --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Rat uterine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Rat hepatic estradiol-2-hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase --- p.114 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- MCF-7 cell estradiol-2-hydroxylase --- p.121 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Human placenta and MCF-7 cell aromatase --- p.126 / Chapter 3.6 --- Enzyme activities related to signal transduction --- p.126 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Protein kinase C inhibition in vitro --- p.126 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibitory actions in vitro --- p.131 / Chapter 3.7 --- Studies on TCP series of YCK analogues --- p.131 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Estrogenicity of YCK --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2 --- Estrogenicity of YCK correlates with estrogen receptor (ER) binding --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3 --- Attenuation by YCK --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Attenuation by YCK on estrogen induced uterotrophic activity --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Attenuation by YCK on mice vaginal cornification with estradiol and YCK --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Attenuation by YCK on MCF-7 cell growth --- p.143 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Attenuation of YCK on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) induced by estrogen --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4 --- Deviation between YCK potency and RBA --- p.145 / Chapter 4.5 --- Estrogen inhibition action of YCK via non receptor binding mechanism --- p.148 / Chapter 4.6 --- Protein kinase C/ calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibitor --- p.152 / Chapter 4.7 --- Progesterone receptor --- p.154 / Chapter 4.8 --- Aromatase inhibitor? --- p.155 / Chapter 4.9 --- Posssible mechanism for the attenuation of estrogenic action by YCK --- p.157 / Chapter 4.10 --- TCP series of YCK analogues --- p.158 / Chapter 4.11 --- Future works --- p.159 / Chapter 5. --- Reference --- p.161 / Appendix / Appendix 1 YCK analogues / Appendix 2 Structure of compounds mentioned in this thesis