Medicines play a pivotal role in the process of human development as their rational utilization can decrease morbidity and mortality as well as improve quality of life (Jamshed, Hassali, Ibrahim, Shafie, & Babar, 2010). Access to therapeutic drugs form an integral part of any successful healthcare system. The high cost of medicines, is a barrier to accessibility and improved health to the majority of the South African population (Bangalee, 2015). In developing countries with limited healthcare budgets, such as South Africa, generic drugs (medicines) can be a cost-saving treatment alternative, resulting in medical expenditure being reduced and access to scarce resources increased (Van der Westhuizen, Burger, Lubbe, Serfontein, 2010). There is very little knowledge on perception and attitude of South African citizens with regard to use of generic drugs (Bangalee, 2015). Consumer perception can have a large impact on the choice of medicines or drugs chosen. The study intended to find out what the current consumer beliefs, attitudes, behaviours and knowledge of generic drugs are. There was also intent to establish if lack of awareness or misconception about generic drugs influence consumer choice. The study consists of a literature review of the definition of generic drugs and original or branded drugs, their influence in the public and private health sector, factors that influence consumer behaviour, brand effect, brand trust, brand loyalty, and most importantly the South Africa acceptance of generic drugs. Primary data was collected, reported and analysed through the use of a questionnaire to determine the current consumers’ belief, attitude, behaviour and knowledge of generic drugs. The study results reveal that scepticism does exists, yet there was clear acceptance, but still lack of confidence in generic drugs. Consumer education and information is the key to increased generic drug acceptance.

M.A. (Philosophy) / Consider a couple planning to have children. There are many reasons one could offer these potential parents for reconsidering bringing new people into existence. One could for instance say to them that they currently lack the finances, or maturity, to adequately take care of any children they produce. If it were almost certain that this couple would pass on a terrible genetic disease to their offspring, one could see it as one’s duty to warn them against reproduction. One could even draw attention to the plight of orphans, and suggest to these (and other) potential parents that a more pressing responsibility lies not in planning to give homes to persons not yet in existence, but in attempting to give homes to those already in existence. However, when deciding whether or not to create children, rarely does one consider, over and above the preceding considerations, whether there might be some fundamental wrongness to the very act of procreation. In other words, rarely does one consider the possibility that creating people might, all things considered, never be permissible. At its extreme, “anti-natalism” implies the view that coming into existence is always a harm that outweighs any of its benefits. This position is defended by David Benatar (Benatar 1997, 2006). However, one need not believe that coming into existence is always an overall harm in order to favour an anti-natal perspective; one need only believe that it is morally problematic to inflict serious, preventable harms upon others without their consent. Such a consent-based anti-natal position can be derived from the argument put forth by Seana Shiffrin (1999). To be clear, according to either of these versions of anti-natalism, creating a new person is considered an impermissible harm. When I refer to “anti-natalism” in this dissertation, I will be referring to this negative judgement regarding procreation. Anti-natalism has a rich philosophical heritage, with its roots stretching back to antiquity. For instance, Ecclesiastes (1:1-18) of the Hebrew Bible bemoans the apparent meaninglessness and futility of existence—a state of affairs with which any number of generations of humans must cope. Not until very recently, however, has the anti-natal position been given due consideration by philosophers. Arthur Schopenhauer (1851), for instance, is perhaps best known for advocating a pessimistic philosophy that is, broadly speaking, anti-natal in its implications. The key figure in this field, however, is Benatar, who defends an unequivocally anti-natal position.

M.A. / The focus of this dissertation is based on the New Testament concept of life, within the framework of the reign of God. The message of the reality and concrescence of the reign of God in human history was articulated by Jesus Christ, both in his ministry and his consciousness as the Son of God. It was Jesus of Nazareth who declared that he was sent from above to bring about reconciliation between God and mankind. Jesus Christ in his prophetic role taught and challenged his audience to make radical decisions for God, by appropriating and aligning their everyday lives with the claims and the demands of the Kingdom of God, through repentance and by seeking God's will. Therefore, the death and the resurrection of Jesus Christ signifies a purposive, deliberate and redemptive intervention of God in human history. This christological event of God's intervention in human history inaugurates a new age accompanied by a newness of life. The message of the reign of God places serious ethical and moral demands upon all humanity. It affirms the fact that in Jesus Christ God has a Sovereign claim upon life itself, and that there is no area in human life which cannot be radically transformed by the salvific acts of God in the person and the work of Jesus Christ. The objective of this dissertation therefore, is to show how human life, particularly when affected by sickness and disease can be re-oriented by the "transformative purpose" of God in Jesus Christ. We therefore conclude by giving recommendations on how the Church can witness to the people suffering with the HIV-AIDS disease and how the kingdom ethics re-directs the lives of the sufferers themselves.

Private property in the United States arose out of a tradition that emphasized the individual freedom to control holdings without interference from governmental influences. A sharp distinction between society as a whole and individual rights isolated ownership of private property from a notion of the common good. This dualistic framework excludes the possibility for forms of property that do not fall completely into either category. Property ownership attitudes are central to issues that often divide environmentalists and landowners. Property rights must be put in the context to understand the divergence between landowner attitudes and provisions made when the institution of private property was created. Finally, land itself as a type of property should be considered ethically distinct from other forms of property because of the interdependencies of human and nonhuman interests that the science of ecology has revealed.

The purpose of this study was to look at the relationships between moral philosophy classification and elements of risk, which in turn effect overall decision-making processes. Specifically, two moral philosophy classification were examined: utilitarian and egoism.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis critically evaluates the progress of prenatal genetic testing, and how it, along with concurrent social pressures (such as the goal of having the ideal child) may have altered parental decision-making, autonomy, and attitudes toward children. Distinctive to this thesis is the analysis of prenatal genetic testing with a view of the eugenic history of genetics and public health initiatives in maternal health. This thesis will describe what current genetic screening pursuits may indicate with this historical understanding. I will discuss the dynamics of these subjects, and how they correspond with current social demands for perfection and the growing commodification of children. With this analysis I will attempt to shed greater light upon how our current prenatal screening technologies can modify the parent/child relationship, and what this may mean as medical science and technology advance. This thesis will be organized in a three-chapter format, providing a historical viewpoint and analysis of salient ethical issues.

Introduction: We analyse the privacy policies of 15 private corporations to understand if the data handling practices – data collection, storage, and sharing –described in the policies are ethical or unethical. The data we leave behind when we use the Internet are crucial for corporations. The data provides valuable insights into our lives, thus helping corporations improve targeted marketing campaigns and increase their revenue. Method: Extensive literature review of peer-reviewed articles, written between1993 and 2021, to examine how theoretical perspectives and empirical findings evolved over time; combined with empirical research to analyse the privacy policies and “dark patterns” of 15 companies. The companies were chosen at random and belong to different sectors to give a broader understanding of the current privacy and data handling practices. Analysis: Discourse analysis of the privacy policies to evaluate the type of language used, if it is clear, easy to understand, and if the policy informs users about how their data are collected, shared, and stored. But also, a visual analysis to understand if the company is implementing “dark patterns”. Results: The results indicate that most privacy policies use misleading terms, are not fully transparent about the company’s data handling practices, and often implement “dark patterns” to try to influence the users’ decisions. Conclusion: Most companies have privacy policies available on their websites due to a clear influence from the GDPR legislation, however, there appears to be a conflicting relationship between wanting to comply with the GDPR and wanting to gather as much information as possible.

West, Matthew Ellis. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 250-260). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (in English and Chinese) --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction ´ؤ China and Intellectual Property --- p.1 / Introduction / What is Intellectual Property? / Chenggong Music and Movies / Lost in Translation / Piracy / Copying / An Historical Perspective / "The Past, Sharing, and Censorship" / Methodology and Xi'an's Disc Market / Chapter Breakdown / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review 一 An Anthropological Approach to IP --- p.37 / The Anthropology of Property / Human Rights Discourses / Economic Pragmatism? / The Return of Power / Toward a Theory of IP / Metaphorical Framing / Stages of IP Advocacy / Local Contextualization / China: Global Pressure and Local Response / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Daoban as a Moral Business --- p.60 / The Commoditization of IP / Price is all that Matters! / Pricing Practices within Stores / Pricing Determinants / Moving Beyond Price and Quality / Consumer Fraud and Fakes: The Breakdown of Price and Quality / Competition and the Disc Business / Is it Zhengban or Daoban? / Doubting the Difference / Relative Morality: Guilt and Stealing / The Ambivalent Position of Chinese Retail Business / Conclusion: Passive Contestation and the Moral Sphere / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Daoban as an Illegal Commodity --- p.104 / Petty Economic Crime / "Cheating, Plagiarism, and Painting" / Petty Economic Illegality / Illegality in China's Context: The Government Connection / Backing (beijing) / Corruption / Structural Issues: Officials and Enforcement / Policing Norms / Norms of Copyright Enforcement / Social Consequences of Enforcement / Action Against Vendors / Action Against Pornography / Justifications and Responses / Conclusion: Daoban and Illegality / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Daoban and Intangible Property --- p.155 / What is Daoban? / Dowloading and the Law / Exceptions: Imported and Destroyed Titles / Blurring the Line: Tom and Jerry / Real or Fake / The Symbolic Importance of Zhengban / A Wider View? New Generations and Smalltime Creators / Conceptions of Intangible Property / The Centrality of Performance / The Nation / Conclusion: A Chinese Conception? / Chapter Chapter 6: --- "Conclusion ´ؤ Cultural Conceptions, Structures, and Agency" --- p.207 / "Structures, Agency, and Daoban" / Practice Theory: Structure and Agency / An Actor-Oriented Approach / Structures and Daoban / Creation / Commoditization / Passive Contestation / The Law as a Tool for Change / Final Thoughts / Bibliography --- p.238 / Appendix I: Chinese Characters Index --- p.248

by Lau Hon-Biu. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-49). / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I --- OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF STUDY --- p.1 / Chapter II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Ethical Issues in International Marketing --- p.4 / Safeguards for Ethical Behavior --- p.5 / Deontological vs. Teleological Philosophical Approaches --- p.7 / Relativism & Idealism --- p.7 / Individualism-Collectivism (IC) --- p.9 / Use of Scenarios --- p.10 / "Culture, Ethical Problem Perception & Ethical Decision Making" --- p.11 / Chapter III --- THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT OF STUDY --- p.12 / Chapter IV --- METHODOLOHY --- p.15 / Participants --- p.15 / Procedure --- p.15 / Measurements --- p.16 / Dependent Variables --- p.16 / Independent Variables --- p.17 / The shortened version of Individualism- Collectivism scales (INDCOL) --- p.17 / Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) --- p.18 / Data Analysis Methods --- p.19 / Chapter V --- FINDINGS --- p.21 / Reliability --- p.21 / Perceived Ethical Problem --- p.21 / Ethical Decision Making --- p.22 / Categorization of the Subjects --- p.23 / Effects of Origin on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.24 / "Effects of Origin on Idealism, Relativism, General Collectivism Index (GCI), Ingroup Solidarity and Social Obligation" --- p.24 / Effects of Cultural Orientation on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.25 / Effects of Ethics Position on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.26 / Chapter VI --- DISCUSSION --- p.28 / Reliability --- p.28 / Perceived Ethical Problem --- p.28 / Ethical Decision Making --- p.29 / "Effects of Origin on Age, Years of residence and full-time work" --- p.30 / "Effects of Origin on Collectivism, Idealism and Relativism, Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making" --- p.31 / Effects of Cultural Orientation on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.32 / Effects of Ethics Position on Perceived Ethical Problem and Ethical Decision Making --- p.32 / Chapter VII --- CONCLUSION --- p.34

The text deconstructs notions of ideal community which, while affinning irmnediate proximate human relations, effectiveiy disaffirms and thus devalues those mediated over distance and time. It argues against such social ontologies as the basis of what should constitute ideal consociality. In place of the idealized notions of community critiqued, the work elaborates an ontological ethics of responsibility as a basis for conceptualizing ethical relations. The text grounds its ethic in what is proffered to be humankind's ontological relatedness to the other, regardless of the nature (human or nonhuman) or proximity (face-to-face or nonface-to-face) of that other. Moreover, the text sets forth the importance of humankind developing a sense of this ontological relatedness. The work discusses this sense-of-relatedness from three perspectives. First, it elaborates a philosophic naturalism to establish in humankind an ontological basis for ethical relations. Second, it claims that humankind is in the world, existentially, who and what it understands itself to be with respect to the depth with which it apprehends a sense of its ontological relatedness to all that there is. Third, it argues that this sense-ofrelatedness may be understood as a religious sensibility. / Religious Studies / M.Th. (Religious Studies)