American college football features an enormous amount of music woven into the fabric of the event, with selections accompanying approximately two-thirds of a game’s plays. Musical selections are controlled by a number of forces, including audio and video technicians, university marketing departments, financial sponsors, and wind bands. These blend together in a complex design that offers audible and visual stimulation to the audience during the game’s pauses. The music chosen for performance in these moments frequently communicates meaning beyond entertainment value. Selections reinforce the game’s emotional drive, cue celebrations, direct specific audience actions, and prompt behaviors that can directly impact the game. Beyond this, music is performed to buttress the successes of the home team, and to downplay its failures. As this process develops over the course of the game, the musical selections construct a sonic narrative that comments on the game’s action, enhancing or suppressing audience members’ emotional reactions to the events on-field, and informing their understanding of the game’s developments. By preparing for and responding to in-game situations, music creates a coherent narrative out of football’s unpredictable events. This project demonstrates the use of musical narrative in American college football via close consideration of case studies of games representing five of the most prominent college athletic conferences, the Atlantic Coast Conference, the Big 10, the Big 12, the Pac 12, and the Southeastern Conference. These sources include interviews with college football’s musical agents, including sound operators, band directors, and producers, as well as documentation of the games’ on-field developments and the music that accompanies them. Finally, this project utilizes of musical narrative as a new means of critically considering the power lines of race and gender in college football culture.

This study seeks to investigate the modern derivative of Beijing opera, known as yangbanxi, through macro and micro approaches. The first part of the thesis surveys the development of Beijing opera under the historical context and in its social, political, and cultural perspectives. The second part, taking a microscopic perspective, undertakes an in-depth analysis of the compositions that were solely created by composer Yu Huiyong. First, it assays the application of Yu’s theory to his compositions of various Beijing opera arias. Second, it analyzes Yu’s instrumental music in compositional dimensions such as material, structure, and techniques, considering the larger implications of Yu’s approach. Third, it explores the highly acclaimed opera Azalea Mountain as a case study, integrating compositional analysis and sociopolitical perspective in order to give a relatively full picture of Yu’s final work as sole composer. The analysis also focuses on three aspects of the yangbanxi. The first aspect is the role of composers, in which Yu Huiyong was largely responsible for shaping the musical language and influencing the direction of Beijing opera. The second aspect is the role of politics, focusing on Jiang Qing, who had a clear vision to transform Beijing opera along revolutionary lines and the artistic and political wherewithal to implement that transformation. The third aspect is the role of culture in shaping society, with an emphasis on yangbanxi, as the artistic centerpiece of the Cultural Revolution, and special consideration is given to its role in creating a new mass culture. Beijing opera, as a living art form, had been undergoing a process of modernization throughout the first half of the twentieth century, but it was Yu Huiyong who clearly articulated what needed to be done to make the traditional art form relevant to modern audiences. In particular, the most significant achievement of yangbanxi was its music development, which achieved a new height in artistic development thanks to Yu Huiyong’s fully constructed music theory and newly established music and performance system. As the main composer, designer, theorist, and organizer of yangbanxi, Yu Huiyong made the greatest contribution to these developments. His academic research laid the theoretical framework of the further development of opera music, and his hands-on practice and music innovation provided valuable experience for the younger generation.

Music is a powerful force. It highlights social hierarchies and relationships. It is a means by which the ordinary everyday can be transformed into the sacred. It has the ability to change our daily routine. How though, was music used, and in what ways did it function in the courtly society of the ancient Maya? In Classic Maya iconography we frequently find scenes of dance performance, ritual, or palace scenes depicted with musicians. Rarely however, are musicians the central focus of the action taking place. Were Maya musicians simply a background ‘soundtrack’ to the primary action unfolding or were they an integral part of Maya courtly life?This thesis conducts an iconographical analysis of the representations of music, musical instruments, and musicians among the Maya along with the consideration of archaeological evidence. The evidence considered comes primarily from the iconography of musicians and musical instruments depicted on several painted ceramic vessels but also takes into consideration iconography found in the murals of Bonampak and the paintings at Naj Tunich Cave, as well as archaeological evidence that appears in the form of preserved instruments at sites such as Pacbitun and the Copan Valley. For the ancient Maya, music was segmented. This is seen in the types of instruments and their groupings as portrayed in Maya iconography. These groupings denote differing categories of musical forms and functions which pertain to particular settings, such as interior palace settings as compared to exterior public settings.In exploring these images, many characteristics common to the depiction of musicians in interior palace settings become apparent that are not see in depictions of musicians in exterior public settings. First, the musicians are depicted kneeling, seated, or standing still. Second, they are located furthest from the most prominent figure. Third, acoustics do not affect instrument choice. Fourth, the form of attire varies more greatly in interior settings than in exterior settings. Finally, the order of instruments remains as standard as those in exterior settings. These scenes provide further evidence of instrument specialization and musical segmentation in Maya music and emphasize the significance music held in Ancient Maya Culture. / text

This thesis examines current practices of music and prayers in the context of Jam ritual among the Ahl-e Haqq, a vernacular religion group in Iranian Kurdistan. I examine the construction and sacralization of the sacred instrument of the Ahl-e Haqq, tanbūr. I also explore the sacred prayer, kalām, and the association of prayer and music. Through the ethnographic method, participant observations, and interviewing religious figures and master musicians during the fieldwork in Sahneh, Iran, I investigate the relation of the Ahl-e Haqq prayers and music, and their effect on healing during their sacred ritual performance. Drawing primarily on scholarship from David Hufford and Bonnie Blair O’Connor, I theorize to show the distinction between healing and cure. Also using Leonard Primiano’s concept of vernacular religion, my aim is to show how the Ahl-e Haqq define their vernacular health belief system. This thesis examines the effect of music and prayers on healing in particular contexts and how it influences the daily wellbeing.

This thesis investigates the multiple and contested spaces of belonging that may be evoked by ritualised musical performance. It makes an ethnographic case study of the Zorn Badge Auditions in Sweden, in which musicians play before a jury in the hope of being awarded a Zorn Badge and a prestigious but also contested title: Riksspelman. Building on theories of ritual and performance in combination with Sara Ahmed’s theorisation of orientation, the thesis attends to sensory ways of experiencing and knowing music while tracing the various ways in which Swedish traditional music is performed, felt, heard, sensed and understood in audition spaces. It draws on interviews with players and jury members, participant observations of music auditions and the jury’s deliberations, showing how musical value is negotiated through processes of inclusion and exclusion of repertoires, instruments and performance practices. The study also illuminates how anxiety and uncertainties are felt on both sides of the adjudication table. The auditions trigger feelings of belonging and harmony, but also rupture and distance. A brimming of felt qualities contributes to the sensing of history, tradition, memory, place and geography, as well as close emotional connections between music and individual performers. The thesis reveals how gradual adaptation, and the lived experiences of time within tradition, allow the Zorn institution to negotiate change and thereby maintain its position within Swedish society.

In this thesis I argue that the relationship between the increasing ubiquity of digital audio technologies and the transformation of aesthetic hierarchies in electroacoustic and sound art traditions is not deterministic, but negotiated by producers and policy-makers in specific historical and cultural contexts. Interviews, observations, and historical data were gathered during sixteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in the Canadian city of Montreal between 2011 and 2012. Research was conducted and analysed in collaboration with a transnational group of researchers on a programme of comparative research that tracked global changes to music and musical practice associated with digital technologies. The introduction presents Montreal as a rich ecology in which to track struggles for aesthetic authority, detailing its history as a key site of electroacoustic and sound art production, and its local positioning as a politically strategic 'hub' for the Canadian culture industry. Core chapters examine the specific role of digital mediation in the negotiation of electroacoustic and sound art aesthetics from multiple interlocking perspectives: the recursive relationship between technological affordances and theories of mediation; the mobilisation of digital technologies in the delineation of cultural, professional and generational territories; the political contestation of digital literacies and pedagogies; the articulation of the digital's opposition with analogue in the construction of instruments and recording formats; and the effects of the digital on the dynamics of genre and genre hierarchies. The concluding chapter offers a critique of the notion that digital mediation has shifted the balance between the normative and the generative dimensions of genrefication in the scenes in question, and closes by suggesting how a better understanding of this shift at an empirical level can inform an ongoing rethinking of the interaction between technology and aesthetics among scholars, policy makers, and musicians.

Cette thèse est une étude ethnomusicologique à dimension historique portant sur la transmission globale du höömij en Mongolie. Pour expliquer l’évolution de cette technique vocale, sont explorés les légendes, les conceptions autochtones, l’histoire des années 1950 au début des années 2010 et la mise en patrimoine pour l’avenir.La première partie montre comment le chant diphonique prend forme dans sa culture. Perçu comme un art du timbre par ses détenteurs, il entretient des relations avec la nature, ainsi qu’un ensemble de techniques vocales et instrumentales issues des contextes rituel et pastoral. Ces fondements du höömij sont ensuite examinés à la lumière de l’histoire de la Mongolie. Entre les périodes soviétique etcontemporaine, la deuxième partie brosse les changements survenus dans la pratique, entre la scène et l’enregistrement. À côté de l’usage rural, se développe une nouvelle forme professionnelle. Tous ces apports ont façonné le chant diphonique mongol dans son état actuel. La troisième partie étudie la transmission à travers l’enseignement et la patrimonialisation. Les maîtres évoluent entre deux pôles : un village de l’Altaï perçu comme le lieu des origines, et une université d’Ulaanbaatar, qui académise la pratique et diffuse son modèle au niveau national. Tout cela participe au processus de patrimonialisation du höömij, desa constitution en emblème musical sous la période soviétique à son inscription sur la liste du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel de l’Unesco. Le höömij mongol apparaît dans toute sa contemporanéité / This thesis is an ethnomusicological study on the global transmission of höömij in Mongolia with a historic dimension. In order to explain the evolution of this vocal technique, this dissertation links the legends, the native conceptions, the history from the 1950’s to the begining of the 2010’s and the patrimonialization for the future.The first part shows how höömij takes place in its culture. Perceived as an art of timbre by its bearers, it maintains relations with nature and a set of vocal and instrumental techniques that derive from ritual and pastoral contexts. These foundations of höömij are then investigated in light of Mongolia’s history. Examinging both Soviet and contemporarytimes, the second part looks into the changes that occured in relation to the stage and recordings. Alongside höömij’s rural function, a newer professional form developed, which has primarily shaped contemporary performance.The third part studies transmission as teaching and patrimonialization. Masters evolve between two poles : a village in the Altai perceived as the very place of origins, and a university in Ulaanbaatar, which academicizes the practice and spread its model to the whole nation. All of this contributes to höömij’s patrimonialization process, from the building of a musical emblem under Soviet times, to its registration on Unesco’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list. Mongolian höömij appears in its whole contemporaneity

Esta pesquisa consiste no estudo da prática musical da Banda de Pífanos de Caruaru, em sua trajetória cultural, social e musical, buscando compreender os sentidos constitutivos de sua cultura no sertão nordestino e as relações sociais e culturais estabelecidas no contexto da cultura brasileira urbana a partir da década de 60. Em um primeiro momento, procuramos compreender as formas musicais e os significados simbólicos da música da banda de pífanos no contexto de origem, no sertão de Alagoas e Pernambuco, de 1924 a 1939, as suas relações culturais e a sua concepção de mundo marcada pela oralidade. Em um segundo momento, procuramos reconstituir as relações culturais a partir da residência em Caruaru, entre as décadas de 40 e 70, no contato com o contexto urbano, e a sua experiência social a partir da década de 70 no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo, quando a sua música foi inserida nos meios de comunicação e na indústria fonográfica. Com isso, temos como objetivo refletir sobre o processo de trocas culturais e as transformações e permanências construídas em sua prática e linguagem musical, a partir da sua interação particular com o mundo moderno, em um processo de circularidade, na cultura musical brasileira. Ao situarmos o objeto como uma prática social expressiva da cultura oral e diante de suas especificidades metodológicas, foi necessário desenvolver uma abordagem interdisciplinar baseada no diálogo entre a história da cultura, a etnografia e a etnomusicologia. / This research is the study of Banda de Pífanos de Caruaru\'s musical practice in its cultural, social and musical path, seeking to understand the constituent senses of its culture in the northeastern wilderness and the social and cultural relations established in the context of the brazilian\'s urban culture from the 60\'s. At first, we sought to understand the musical forms and the symbolic meanings of the Banda de Pífanos\' music in the context of origin in Alagoas and Pernambuco\'s interior, from 1924 to 1939, its cultural relations and its world\'s conception marked by orality. In a second step, we sought to reconstruct the cultural relations from the residence in Caruaru, between the 40\'s and 70\'s, in contact with the urban context, and its social experience from the 70\'s in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, when its music was inserted in media and music industry. Thus, we aim to reflect on the process of cultural exchange and the changes and continuities built in its practice and musical language, from its particular interaction with modern world, in a circularity process, in the brazilian\'s musical culture. By situating the object as a significant social practice of the oral culture and before its methodological specificities, it was necessary to develop an interdisciplinary approach based on the dialogue between the history of culture, the ethnography and the ethnomusicology.

Com base em trabalho de campo, principalmente junto às bandas de rap e forró formadas por indígenas Guarani, o investimento da pesquisa foi compreender as redes de relações tecidas por estas bandas por meio da prática musical. A etnografia se debruça sobre o musicar, tradução do conceito musicking criado por Christopher Small. Sob este prisma, não só a execução musical é objeto de atenção, mas todas as outras formas de engajamento com a música. A prática musical não ocorre no vácuo, ela necessita de uma rede de relações para efetivamente se instaurar. A multiplicidade de formas de engajamento musical constrói localidades, parcerias, ampliação de conhecimentos e posiciona os músicos como ponto de referência na comunidade. A prática musical surge como um elemento significativo nas mais distintas interações sociais. Inicialmente, a tese analisa as novas produções tecnológicas de comunicação e os aspectos históricos que impulsionaram sua propagação e popularização pelo globo terrestre. Com estas tecnologias, que proporcionam maior interatividade, os músicos se interconectam em redes. A localidade é fortemente ancorada em relações de parceria com agentes que não necessariamente se encontram próximos fisicamente. Entretanto, alguns aspectos de afinidade sedimentam as relações entre os agentes que participam do \"musicar\", indicam desejos e condições sociais compartilhadas, ou pelo menos próximas. Destes encontros heterogêneos, conexões se instauram entre práticas, pessoas e locais distintos. Um fluxo de informação que se converte em conhecimento entra em cena, ampliando canais de comunicação entre os músicos e seus interlocutores, indígenas ou não. / Based on fieldwork, especially with the bands of rap and forró formed by indigenous Guarani, the research investment was to understand the networks of relationships woven by these bands through the practice of music. Ethnography focuses on the \"musicar\", translation of the concept \"musicking\" created by Christopher Small. In this light, not only musical execution is the object of attention, but all other forms of engagement with music. Musical practice does not take place in a vacuum, it needs a network of relationships to effectively establish itself. The multiplicity of forms of musical engagement builds localities, partnerships, expansion of knowledge and positions musicians as a point of reference in the community. Musical practice emerges as a significant element in the most distinct social interactions. Initially, the thesis analyzes the new technological productions of communication and the historical aspects that impelled its propagation and popularization by the terrestrial globe. With these technologies, which provide greater interactivity, musicians interconnect in networks. The locality is strongly anchored in partnership relations with agents who are not necessarily physically close. However, some aspects of affinity sediment relations between the agents who participate in the \"musicar\", indicate desires and social conditions shared, or at least nearby. From these heterogeneous encounters, connections are established between different practices, people, and places. A flow of information that becomes knowledge enters the scene, expanding channels of communication between the musicians and their interlocutors, indigenous or otherwise.

A saga do mutungo: capoeira angola, música e educação, pesquisa relações entre esses três elementos. A partir de uma perspectiva crítica ao nacionalismo e a qualquer fundamentalismo, seja eurocêntrico ou nacional, entendemos que as casas de capoeira angola podem trazer, em seus sons, maneiras de entender música e educação ligadas às experiências de comunidades negras de antes e depois da diáspora, onde o berimbau assume o papel de instrumento musical e pedagógico. Nesta africanidade da capoeira angola musicalidades se constituem em territórios negros de ensino-aprendizagem com um deslocamento de uma perspectiva ocidental em diversos âmbitos. No mutungo melodia, ritmo e timbre se mesclam. Na relação com a música, uma herança africana em uma teia que se fundamenta na força da palavra: oralidade. Uma educação da presença, da experiência, da relação com o mestre. Mestre que conecta em teia milenar, que faz elo, que junta passados e futuros em presente. Da capoeira som que se insinua, se leva em iniciação, renasce, incessante busca pela consciência, consciências de fazeres musicais, capoeirísticos, vitais. Por isso é educação em improvisação, espaços abertos assegurando criatividade possível e necessária para se encontrar. A saga do mutungo traça alguns percursos dos sons da capoeira angola e de suas práticas, partindo do berimbau, entendido como instrumento em sua atuação junto à capoeira, mas também como como foice de mão no campo de batalha teórico. Evidenciando silenciamentos históricos de musicalidades hegemônicas. / We understand that the houses of capoeira angola bring in their sounds ideas of music linked to the experiences of black communities before and after the diaspora, the berimbau, sonorous arch evidences this relation. In the African capoeira Angola, they constitute as black territories of teaching-learning with a displacement of a western perspective in diverse scopes. In relation to music an African heritage in a web that is based on the power of the word: orality. An education of presence, experience, relationship with the master. Master that connects in millenary web, which makes link, which joins the past and future into present. From capoeira sound that insinuates itself, takes itself in initiation, is reborn, incessant search for the conscience, consciences of making musical, capoeirístico, vital. So it is education in improvisation, open space ensuring creativity possible and necessary to meet. The saga of the mutungo traces some courses of the sounds of capoeira angola and its practices, starting from the berimbau, African sound arch understood as an instrument in its performance along the capoeira roda, in the discs and in the stages of Brazilian popular music, but also like as sickle on the theoretical battlefield. Evidence of historical silencing of hegemonic musicianship