Orientador: Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T11:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arretche_Felipe_D.pdf: 1126375 bytes, checksum: 09c67543e39406702bd45e2373d9c616 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Nesta tese investigamos a modelagem teórica de colisões pósitron-molécula no regime de baixas energias utilizando o método Schwinger multicanal. Nosso objetivo inicial foi sofisticar o procedimento de cálculo do parâmetro de aniquilação¸ Zeff . Esta quantidade é diretamente proporcional a taxa de aniquilação de pósitrons com elétrons da nuvem molecular. Infelizmente o método subestima Zeff com relação aos dados experimentais. Uma investigação mais detalhada sugere que esta deficiência está ligada a uma descrição pobre do cúspide elétron-pósitron na função de onda de espalhamento. Para tanto, inserimos um potencial complexo tipo delta de Dirac na Hamiltoniana de espalhamento com o objetivo de melhorar o cálculo de aniquilação direta e possivelmente adaptá-lo para descrever o canal de formação do positrônio real. Aplicação a sistemas modelo como átomo de He e molécula de H2 mostraram que esta técnica alternativa produz resultados similares ao cálculo perturbativo usual. Neste sentido a discrepância entre o parâmetro de aniquilação teórico obtido via método Schwinger multicanal e os dados experimentais continua em aberto. Recentemente o grupo da Universidade de San Diego, na Califórnia, desenvolveu um aparato experimental para medir seções de choque de excitação eletrônica de átomos e moléculas por impacto de pósitrons. O método Schwinger multicanal é o único que tem atacado sistematicamente este problema para moléculas na literatura. Neste trabalho, damos continuidade a este programa de pesquisa calculando seções de choque de excitação eletrônica para as moléculas de H2 e CO com variados níveis de aproximação. Nossos resultados indicam que as seções de choque integrais são insensíveis ao nível de acoplamento multicanal utilizado na modelagem da colisão e que efeitos de polarização podem ser particularmente importantes para energias imediatamente acima dos limiares de excitação eletrônica. Finalmente, e este sem dúvida é o maior resultado desta tese, aprendemos a tratar as bases variacionais usadas no cálculo de espalhamento. A evidência de que tal nível de maturidade foi atingido é a convergência das seções de choque com relação aos métodos de cálculo dos elementos de matriz da função de Green, anteriormente obtida somente por ajuste (popularmente conhecido como "chute") do conjunto de primitivas Gaussianas utilizado no cálculo de espalhamento / Abstract: In this thesis we investigate the theoretical modelling of positron-molecule collisions in low energy regime using the Schwinger multichannel method. Our initial objective was to sophisticate the procedure of calculation of the annihilation parameter Zeff. This quantity is directly proportional to the annihilation rate of positrons with molecular cloud electrons. Unhapilly the method underestimates Zeff compared to the experimental data. A more detailed investigation suggests that this deficiency is connected with a poor description of the electronpositron cusp of the scattering wave function. To this end, we inserted a complex potential of Dirac delta type in the scattering Hamiltonian with the major objective of improving the direct annihilation calculation and possibly to adaptate it to describe the real positronium formation channel. Aplication to model systems like He atom and H2 molecule showed that this alternative technique produce similar results compared to the usual perturbative calculation. In this sense, the discrepancy between the theoretical annihilation parameter generated by Schwinger multichannel method and the experimental data remains as an open problem. Recently the research group of San Diego University, in California, developed an experimental apparatus to measure electronic excitation cross sections for atoms and molecules by positron impact. The Schwinger multichannel method is the only that has sistematicaly attacked the problem for molecules in the literature. In this work, we continue this research program calculating electronic excitation cross sections for H2 and CO molecules with varied degrees of approximation. Our results indicate that integral cross sections are insensible to the level of multichannel coupling used in the collision model and that polarization effects can be particularly relevant for energies immediately above electronic excitation thresholds. Finally, and this doubtless is the greater result of this thesis, we learnt to treat the variational basis used in the scattering calculation. The evidence that such level of maturity was reached is the convergence of the cross sections by the methods of computation of the Green¿s function matrix elements, obtained before only by "guessing" of the set of primitive Gaussians employed in the scattering calculation / Doutorado / Física Atômica e Molecular / Doutor em Ciências

Orientadores: Márcio Texeira do Nascimento Varella, Marco Aurélio Pinheiro Lima / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:40:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_ElianeMarquesde_D.pdf: 3873197 bytes, checksum: a3679517ca8a236b550f4e76c004b642 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O Método Multicanal de Schwinger (SMC) foi utilizado para estudar o espalhamento de elétrons e pósitrons de baixa energia por moléculas de pirrol (C4H4NH) e propanol (C3H7OH), para o primeiro caso, e acetileno (C2H2) e monóxido de carbono (CO), para o último caso. Seções de choque elásticas integrais e diferenciais foram calculadas para todos os sistemas, exceto para colisões pósitron-acetileno. Neste caso, utilizando o SMC combinado com o Formalismo dos Operadores de Projeção de Feshbach, seções de choque vibracionalmente resolvidas e o parâmetro de aniquilação (Zeff) foram calculados para a transição 0--> 1. No que se refere ao espalhamento de elétrons, as seções de choque integrais (ICS) calculadas para moléculas de pirrol indicam a formação de ressonâncias * (não dissociativas) e ? * (dissociativas), as quais podem dar origem a mecanismos de dissociação indireta e direta. Sendo assim, o pirrol é um protótipo adequado para o entendimento dos detalhes acerca de danos causados no DNA por elétrons de baixa energia. Já as ICS's obtidas para moléculas de propanol estão em bom acordo com os resultados teóricos e experimentais disponíveis na literatura. Para colisões de pósitrons, os resultados obtidos para moléculas de acetileno, para a transição O --> 1 num modelo de onda s, apontam para a formação de um estado virtual o qual torna-se um estado ligado quando as ligações C-C e C- H são deformadas ao longo dos modos normais de estiramento simétrico inativos no infravermelho. Embora pouco representativos, tais modos estão em assina,turas claras no parâmetro de aniquilação. As seções de choque possuem bom acordo com resultados extraídos da literatura. Por outro lado, os modos normais C-H de estiramento assimétrico e bendin,q ativos no infravermelho, por simetria, não contribuem para a seção de choque e parâmetro de aniquilação para a transição O --> 1 num modelo de onda s. Para colisões pósitron-CO, bom acordo foi encontrado entre a seção de choque integral calculada e dados teóricos e experimentais disponíveis na literatura / Abstract: The Schwinger Multichannel Method (SMC) was employed to study scattering of low-energy electrons and positrons by pyrrole (C4H4NH) and propanol (C3H7OH) molecules, for the former, and acetylene (C2H2) and carbon inonoxide (CO), for the latter. Elastic differential and integral cross sections were calculated for alI systems, except for positron-acetylene collisions. In this case, using the SMC combined with the Feshbach Projection Operator approach, vibrationally resolved cross sections and annihilation parameter were obtained for the O --> 1 transition. For electron scattering, the integral cross sections lecules indicate ¶* (non dissociative) and O+* (dissociative) resonances, which can give rise to indirect and direct dissociation mechanisms. In view of this, pyrrole molecules are a suitable prototype for detailed studies of dissociative electron attachment to DNA. For electron-propanol collisions, reasonable agreement was obtained between present and calculated and measured results available in the literature. For positron scattering, the results obtained for acetylene molecules, for the O --> 1 transition and an s-wave model, pointed out a virtual state pole that becomes a bound state as either bond C-C or C-H are stretched along the infrared inactive symmetric modes. Although not significant, these modes have clear assignments in the annihilation parameter. Present cross sections agree very well with calculated results of the literature. On the other hand, the C- H asymmetric and bending infrared active modes, due to the parity of vibrational modes, cannot contribute for cross sections and annihilation parameter for the O --> 1 transition in an s-wave modelo For positron-CO collisions, good agreement was found between present ICS and the measured and calculated results available in the literature / Doutorado / Física Atômica e Molecular / Doutora em Ciências

O presente trabalho trata da análise da dinâmica de um pêndulo simples excitado em seu suporte por um mecanismo biela-manivela de forma ideal e não-ideal. No caso ideal, verifica-se que o resultado da excitação por este tipo de mecanismo se aproxima do resultado da excitação harmônica de suporte do pêndulo quando o raio da manivela é suficientemente pequeno em comparação com o comprimento da biela. A equação diferencial do sistema é resolvida numericamente e resultados do comportamento pendular são obtidos através de mapas de fase, histórico no tempo e seções de Poincaré. Expoentes de Lyapunov são, também, obtidos para a análise de casos caóticos posteriormente comparados com diagramas de bifurcação. Bacias de atração são desenhadas para os resultados estáveis do pêndulo: oscilatórios ou rotativos. Os resultados obtidos para a excitação por biela-manivela são dos mesmos tipos de movimento observados no caso do pêndulo excitado harmonicamente no suporte, entre eles: ponto fixo, oscilação, rotação pura, oscilação-rotação e o caos. Para a frequência de ressonância principal observam-se resultados caóticos em faixas mais largas de amplitude quando o raio de manivela se aproxima do comprimento da biela. Em frequências ressonantes menores nenhuma relação desse tipo pôde ser estabelecida. Uma análise utilizando o mesmo mecanismo é também feita com excitação por potência limitada de um motor elétrico linear de corrente contínua onde se investigou o efeito de feedback dado pelo pêndulo sobre o motor. Esses resultados são comparados com o caso ideal com a manivela acionada com rotação constante. Observa-se uma supressão do caos no caso não-ideal em casos de menor potência no motor. Entretanto, quando a potência de motor é maior, o modelo ideal coincide com o não-ideal. / In this analysis it was studied the dynamics of a simple pendulum excited by a crank-shaft-slider mechanism in the support ideally and non-ideally. In the ideal case, it was verified the result for an excitation by a crank-shaft-slider approaches to the result of the harmonically excited pendulum when the radius of the crank is sufficiently small in comparison with the length of the shaft. The resultant differential equation is solved numerically and the results of pendulum behavior are obtained by phase portraits, time histories and Poincaré sections. It is also calculated the Lyapunov exponents for the chaotic cases in analysis and a comparison is performed with bifurcation diagrams in the same regions. Basins of attractions are plotted for stable results like oscillatory and rotational solutions. In the results observed for the crank-shaft-slider excitation there are kinds of motion similar to those observed in the harmonic excitation: fixed points, oscillation, pure rotations, oscillation-rotations and chaos. However, in the principal resonance zone, chaotic results were more frequent when the radius of crank approaches the shaft length. A brief analysis is done concerning the same mechanism, but considering the excitation by limited power supply of a linear DC motor. In the sequence it is checked the feedback effect from the pendulum over the motor and comparison with the respective ideal excitation is accomplished where differences are commonly observed. With greater power the ideal model coincides with the nonideal model. In cases of lower power, the two models diverge in the results.

Neste trabalho, é apresentado um modelo aperfeiçoado para gerar carregamentos dinâmicos pseudo-aleatórios para modelos estruturais sob excitação sísmica e de vento. Este é baseado no modelo de vento sintético proposto por Franco, diferindo pelo fato que usa a transformada de wavelet harmônica ao invés da série de Fourier, pois tem como objetivo descrever um comportamento não estacionário com a ajuda de uma função temporal. Para testar a qualidade do sinal desenvolvido neste trabalho, este foi comparado com sinais verdadeiro, das acelerações de sismos ocorrido na cidade de Hachinohe, no Japão e em El-centro, na Califórnia, e com um sinal gerado pelo modelo do sismo sintético de Corbani, este também baseado no modelo de vento sintético, com o uso de séries de Fourier. Em todas as análises feitas, foi mostrando que embora a geração de carregamentos com transformadas de wavelet harmônica seja mais complexa, esta possui um bom potencial para gerar carregamentos mais próximos da realidade do que métodos usuais baseados em carregamentos estacionários. / In this work is intruduced a improve model to create random loads to use in structural models under sismic and wind disturbance. The model is based on synthetic wind model intends by Franco, differing by the fact that applies harmonic wavelet transform instead of Fourier series, because it has the goal to describe a non stationary behavior with temporal function support. To test the quality from the signal developed in this work, it has been analyzed against true seismic acceleration signal that occurs from Hachinohe city in Japan and El-centro city in California, and with the synthetic seismic model developed by Corbani, that one descending on synthetic wind model, with Fourier series application. In all analysis, although loading creation with harmonic wavelet transform have been more sophisticated, that one has a great potencial to creat loading closer to the fact than usual methods based in stationary loading.

[pt] A metodologia empregada para o cálculo de equivalentes dinâmicos apresenta três etapas essenciais: a identificação de geradores coerentes, a redução estática da rede e a agregação dinâmica dos modelos das unidades geradoras coerentes. Dentre essas etapas, a última é a que menos tem sido tratada, e que vem requerendo maior desenvolvimento. Esta dissertação trata do problema da agregação dinâmica de modelos de sistemas de excitação de geradores coerentes, visando o cálculo de equivalentes dinâmicos para estudos de estabilidade transitória de sistemas de energia elétrica. O principal objetivo é a determinação de um critério de escolha do melhor modelo equivalente para uma dada composição de modelos de sistemas de excitação num grupo de geradores coerentes. Os parâmetros dos modelos equivalentes dos sistemas de excitação dos grupos de unidades geradoras coerentes são ajustados numericamente a partir das respostas em frequência dos modelos individuais de cada grupo, utilizando-se o método de Levenberg-Marquardt, o que caracteriza um problema de otimização multivariável. Os desempenhos dinâmicos dos equivalentes propostos são avaliados em um sistema teste. / [en] The methodology used to calculate dynamic equivalents has three basic steps: the identification of the coherent groups of generating units, the network reduction and the dynamic aggregation of coherent generator models. Among these steps, the last one has not been studied lately and deserves more development. This disseration deals with the problem of dynamic aggregation of excitaion system models to calculate coherency-based dynamic equivalents for power system transient stability studies. The main objective is the determination of a criteria to choose the best equivalent model for a given composition of excitation system models in a group of coherent generators. The parameters of the excitation system equivalent model for cach group of coherent generating units are numerically adjusted to match the frequency response of the individual models. This is a multivariable otmization problem, which is solved using the Levenberg-Marquardt method. The dynamic performance of the proposed equivalents is evaluated in a test system.

Certaines femmes alcooliques consultent pour leur problème d'alcool quand leurs enfants, grands adolescents ou jeunes adultes, prennent leur indépendance. Elles interrogent donc une problématique de dépendance – leur dépendance à un produit – quand leurs enfants prennent leur autonomie.L'hypothèse générale de cette recherche est que pour les femmes alcooliques, la séparation avec les enfants quittant le domicile familial réactiverait les enjeux de séparation-individuation impliqués également dans la dépendance à l'alcool. La concomitance des demandes d'arrêt d'alcool et d'aide pour se séparer des enfants serait due à un soi indifférencié, conséquence de processus de séparation-individuation entravés précocement. Le soi de la femme alcoolique est un soi peu différencié de sa famille d'origine, un « soi-famille » en lieu et place d'un soi individuel, qui se réactualise dans la famille actuelle.La méthode de cette recherche repose sur trois cas cliniques issus de prises en charge sur plusieurs années en addictologie, ainsi que sur l’utilisation de dessins libres de l'arbre généalogique, de données d'une recherche hospitalière et d'un matériel littéraire. Un premier axe d'analyse du matériel clinique porte sur le type de relations que la femme alcoolique a avec ses parents, avec son conjoint et avec ses enfants. Un deuxième axe étudie la fonction de la consommation d'alcool pour la mère alcoolique dans les enjeux de séparation-individuation. Un troisième axe analyse les manifestations d’un « soi-famille » chez la patiente, en lieu et place d'un soi individuel. Cette étude montre les différentes formes que peut prendre le « soi-famille » chez la femme alcoolique lors du départ des enfants du domicile familial, et l'intérêt de l'approche familiale quand une mère souffre d'alcoolisme.Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en évidence l'aspect indifférencié du soi des mères alcooliques, qui tend vers une lente différenciation, et vers l'émergence d'une position féminine. / Certain alcoholic women consult for their drinking problem when their children, old teenagers or young adults,take their independence. Thus they question a problem of dependence - their dependence on one product - when their children achieve their independence.The general hypothesis of this research is that for alcoholic women, the separation with the children leaving the family home would reactivate the issues of separation-individuation also implied in alcohol addiction. The concomitance of their desire to stop alcohol and their need for help to part from their children would be due to a self undifferentiated, consequence of the process of separation-individuation hindered prematurely. The self of the alcoholic woman is a self little differentiated from her family of origin, one "family self" instead of an individualself, which revives itself into the current family.The method of this research is based on the analysis of three clinical cases stemming of many years care in addictology, free drawings of the family tree, data of a hospital research and some literary material. A first axis of analysis concerns the type of relations whom the alcoholic woman has with her parents, with her spouse and with her children. The second axis studies the function of alcohol consumption for the alcoholic mother in the issue of separation-individuation. The third axis analyzes the expression of one "family self" in the patient, instead of an individual self. This study shows the different aspects which the "family self" in alcoholic women as their children leave then family home can take, and the benefit of the family approach when a mother suffers from alcoholism.The results of this research highlight the undifferentiated aspect of the self of the alcoholic mothers, who aims towards a slow differentiation, and towards an emergence of a feminine position.

This thesis presents System Identification based On-Line Health Monitoring to analyse the dynamic behaviour of the Switch-Mode Power Converter (SMPC), detect, and diagnose anomalies in passive electronic components. The anomaly detection in this research is determined by examining the change in passive component values due to degradation. Degradation, which is a long-term process, however, is characterised by inserting different component values in the power converter. The novel health-monitoring capability enables accurate detection of passive electronic components despite component variations and uncertainties and is valid for different topologies of the switch-mode power converter. The need for a novel on-line health-monitoring capability is driven by the need to improve unscheduled in-service, logistics, and engineering costs, including the requirement of Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) for electronic systems and components. The detection and diagnosis of degradations and failures within power converters is of great importance for aircraft electronic manufacturers, such as Thales, where component failures result in equipment downtime and large maintenance costs. The fact that existing techniques, including built-in-self test, use of dedicated sensors, physics-of-failure, and data-driven based health-monitoring, have yet to deliver extensive application in IVHM, provides the motivation for this research ... [cont.].

New NMR Tools for Impurity Analysis was written by Jane Power and submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences at the University of Manchester, on 31st March 2016.NMR spectroscopy is rich in structural information and is a widely used technique for structure elucidation and characterization of organic molecules; however, for impurity analysis it is not generally the tool of choice. While 1H NMR is quite sensitive, due to its narrow chemical shift range (0 - 10 ppm) and the high abundance of hydrogen atoms in most drugs, its resolution is often poor, with much signal overlap. Therefore, impurity signals, especially for chemically cognate species, are frequently obscured. 19F NMR on the other hand offers extremely high resolution for pharmaceutical applications. It exhibits far wider chemical shift ranges (± 300 ppm) than 1H NMR, and typical fluorinated drugs, of which there are many on the market, have only one or two fluorine atoms. In view of this, 19F NMR is being considered as an alternative for low-level impurity analysis and quantification, using a chosen example drug, rosuvastatin. Before 19F NMR can be effectively used for such analysis, the significant technical problem of pulse imperfections, such as sensitivity to B1 inhomogeneity and resonance-offset effects, has to be overcome. At present, due to the limited power of the radiofrequency amplifiers, only a fraction of the very wide frequency ranges encountered with nuclei such as fluorine can be excited uniformly at any one time. In this thesis, some of the limitations imposed by pulse imperfections are addressed and overcome. Two new pulse sequences are developed and presented, CHORUS and CHORUS Oneshot, which use tailored, ultra-broadband swept-frequency chirp pulses to achieve uniform constant amplitude and constant phase excitation and refocusing over very wide bandwidths (approximately 250 kHz), with no undue B1 sensitivity and no significant loss in sensitivity. CHORUS, for use in quantitative NMR, is demonstrated to give accuracies better than 0.1%. CHORUS Oneshot, a diffusion-ordered spectroscopic technique, exploits the exquisite sensitivity of the 19F chemical shift to its local environment, giving excellent resolution, which allows for accurate discrimination between diffusion coefficients with high dynamic range and over very wide bandwidths. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is investigated and shown to be a suitable reference material for use in 19F NMR. The bandshape of the fluorine signal and its satellites is simple, without complex splitting patterns, and therefore good for reference deconvolution; in addition, it is sufficiently soluble in the solvent of choice, DMSO-d6.To demonstrate the functionality of the CHORUS sequences for low-level impurity analysis, 470 MHz 1H decoupled 19F spectra were acquired on a 500 MHz Bruker system, using a degraded sample of rosuvastatin, to reveal two low-level impurities. Using a standard Varian probe with a single high frequency channel, simultaneous 1H irradiation and 19F acquisition was made possible by time-sharing. Simultaneous 19F{1H} and 19F{13C} double decoupling was then performed using degraded and fresh samples of rosuvastatin, to reveal three low-level impurities (in the degraded sample) and low-level 1H and 13C modulation artefacts.

-------------------------------Abstract--------------------------------Since the prediction by Maria Göppert-Mayer in the thirties of the possibility for a fluorescent molecule to be simultaneously excited by multiple photons and, more recently, the development of pulsed lasers, multiphoton microscopy has gradually evolved to finally become one of the most used fluorescent imaging techniques for the studies of thick scattering tissues or for in vivo observations of animals. Either for neurological, physiological or morphological studies, the non invasiveness and the limitation of the excited volume to the focal volume have made this fluorescence microscopy technique an essential tool for biologists.However, in a world where the biological studies always require better microscopes and where there is always a need for the spatial resolution to be improved, it is essential to offer techniques allowing to obtain a better resolution in the three dimensions and to access resolution beyond the diffraction limit defined by Ernst Abbe more than a century ago. In this thesis, the saturated excitation of fluorescence technique is adapted to multiphoton microscopy. This method achieves super-resolved images by temporally modulating the excitation laser-intensity and by demodulating the higher harmonics from the saturated fluorescence signal. As a proof of principle, the improvement of the lateral and axial resolution has been measured on a sample of fluorescent microspheres. While the third harmonic already provides an enhanced resolution, we show in this work that a further improvement can be obtained with an appropriate linear combination of the demodulated harmonics.In the end, a near twofold improvement of the resolution has been obtained in the lateral but also in the axial directions. This improvement is in agreement with the estimated resolution improvement predicted in the theoretical and the mathematical analysis of the technique carried out in this work.We also present in vitro imaging of fluorescent microspheres incorporated in HeLa cells. Enhancements of lateral and axial resolution has been observed, showing that this super-resolution technique performs well in biological samples.Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the technique have also been analysed and detailed to see in which niche in the world of biological imaging this method can find its place. To this end, its characteristics are compared to other super-resolution and super-localisation techniques that have been previously studied in this thesis.It points out that the imaging depth, the non invasiveness and the relatively low illumination power on the samples but also the limitation of the excited volume in multiphoton microscope coupled with the simple and cost-effective implementation as well as the relatively low illumination power on the sample used in the saturated excitation technique make this method an excellent candidate for deep in vivo studies trough scattering tissue like the skin. / -----------------------Résumé-----------------------Depuis la prédiction de Maria Göppert-Mayer dans les années 30 de la possibilité pour une molécule fluorescente d'être excitée simultanément par plusieurs photons et, plus récemment, depuis le développement des lasers pulsés, la microscopie multiphotonique s'est peu à peu développée pour finalement s'imposer aujourd'hui comme un des outils d'observation par fluorescence les plus performants pour les études de tissus épais diffusants, ou encore pour l'observation in vivo d'animaux. Que ce soit pour des études neurologiques, physiologiques ou morphologiques, l'aspect non invasif et la limitation du volume excité au volume focal ont rendu cet outil de microscopie indispensable aux biologistes.Cependant, dans un monde où les études biologiques nécessitent toujours de meilleurs microscopes et où la résolution spatiale en particulier doit toujours être améliorée, il convient de proposer des techniques permettant d'obtenir une meilleure résolution dans les trois dimensions et d'aller au-delà de la limite de diffraction définie par Ernst Abbe il y a plus d'un siècle.Dans cette thèse, la technique de saturation de l'excitation de la fluorescence est adaptée à la microscopie multiphotonique. Cette méthode permet d'obtenir des images de superrésolution en modulant temporellement l'intensité laser d'excitation et en démodulant les harmoniques supérieures présentes dans le signal saturé de fluorescence. La démonstration de principe sur des microsphères fluorescentes a été réalisée montrant une amélioration de la résolution latérale et axiale. Alors que l'utilisation de la troisième harmonique produit déjà une meilleure résolution, ce travail de thèse montre qu'une amélioration supplémentaire peut être obtenue en utilisant une combinaison linéaire particulière des harmoniques démodulées.Au final, un quasi doublement de la résolution a pu être observé tant dans les directions latérales que dans la direction axiale. Cette amélioration correspond à l'amélioration prédite dans l'analyse théorique et mathématique réalisée également dans ce travail.De plus, le passage aux études in vitro a été réalisé avec succès en observant des microsphères fluorescentes incorporées dans des cellules HeLa. Des améliorations de la résolution latérale et axiale ont également été observées montrant que cette technique de superrésolution peut être appliquée à l'étude d'échantillons biologiques. Les forces et les faiblesses de cette méthode sont également analysées et détaillées afin de voir dans quel créneau d'études biologiques la technique de saturation de l'excitation de fluorescence pourrait se faire une place. A cette fin, ses caractéristiques sont comparées aux autres méthodes de superrésolution et de superlocalisation détaillées dans la première partie de ce travail.Il en resort que l'importante profondeur d'imagerie, l'aspect non invasif et la limitation du volume excité de la microscopie multiphotonique couplés à la simplicité d'implémentation et les relativement faibles puissances utilisées pour saturer l'excitation font de cette technique un excellent candidat pour des études in vivo dans des zones en profondeur dans des milieux diffusants comme la peau. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Lorsqu'on effectue une tâche, les circuits neuronaux doivent représenter et manipuler des stimuli continus à l'aide de potentiels d'action discrets. On suppose communément que les neurones représentent les quantités continues à l'aide de leur fréquence de décharge et ceci indépendamment les un des autres. Cependant, un tel codage indépendant est inefficace puisqu'il exige la génération d'un très grand nombre de potentiels d'action pour atteindre un certain niveau de précision. Dans ces travaux, on montre que les neurones d'un réseau récurrent peuvent apprendre - à l'aide d'une règle de plasticité locale - à coordonner leurs potentiels d'actions afin de représenter l'information avec une très haute précision tout en déchargeant de façon minimale. La règle d'apprentissage qui agit sur les connexions récurrentes, conduit à un codage efficace en imposant au niveau de chaque neurone un équilibre précis entre excitation et inhibition. Cet équilibre est un phénomène fréquemment observer dans le cerveau et c'est un principe central de notre théorie. On dérive également deux autres règles d'apprentissages biologiquement plausibles qui permettent respectivement au réseau de s'adapter aux statistiques de ses entrées et d'effectuer des transformations complexes et dynamiques sur elles. Finalement, dans ces réseaux, le stochasticité du temps de décharge d'un neurone n'est pas la signature d'un bruit mais au contraire de précision et d'efficacité. Le caractère aléatoire du temps de décharge résulte de la dégénérescence de la représentation. Ceci constitue donc une interprétation radicalement différente et nouvelle de l'irrégularité trouvée dans des trains de potentiels d'actions. / When performing a task, neural circuits must represent and manipulate continuous stimuli using discrete action potentials. It is commonly assumed that neurons represent continuous quantities with their firing rate and this independently from one another. However, such independent coding is very inefficient because it requires the generation of a large number of action potentials in order to achieve a certain level of accuracy. We show that neurons in a spiking recurrent network can learn - using a local plasticity rule - to coordinate their action potentials in order to represent information with high accuracy while discharging minimally. The learning rule that acts on recurrent connections leads to such an efficient coding by imposing a precise balance between excitation and inhibition at the level of each neuron. This balance is a frequently observed phenomenon in the brain and is central in our work. We also derive two biologically plausible learning rules that respectively allows the network to adapt to the statistics of its inputs and to perform complex and dynamic transformations on them. Finally, in these networks, the stochasticity of the spike timing is not a signature of noise but rather of precision and efficiency. In fact, the random nature of the spike times results from the degeneracy of the representation. This constitutes a new and a radically different interpretation of the irregularity found in spike trains.