Este trabalho discute o efeito do tamanho de grão, frequência de excitação e resistividade elétrica nas perdas magnéticas, destacando-se a perda anômala. Também é proposto um método de sobreposição de histereses onde é revelada a região de ocorrência da perda anômala durante o ciclo de magnetização e desmagnetização, e posteriormente a curva de histerese da perda anômala é construída. Para tal, três ligas de aço de grão não orientado, com teor de silício de 2,05%, 2,45%, 3,3%, foram tratadas termicamente para aumento do tamanho de grão por crescimento. Cada liga foi tratada sobre a mesma sequência de temperatura, em recozimento contínuo. Os tamanhos de grão das amostras foram medidos pelo método de interceptos. A caracterização das propriedades magnéticas foi realizada por meio do quadro de Epstein. As amostras, no total de 21 conjuntos, foram ensaiadas em regime de frequência de 50, 60, 100, 150 e 200 Hz e regime quase estático (5mHz), ambos a 1 e 1,5 T. Possibilitando desta forma, a construção da histerese da perda histerética e total. Por meio dos resultados da perda total, histerética e parasita, a perda anômala pode ser calculada. Os resultados mostraram o comportamento da perda anômala (Pa) em função do tamanho de grão (l) do tipo Pa ∝ l0,34 e em frequência (f) a relação de Pa ∝ f1,65. A respeito do comportamento da perda anômala em função da resistividade elétrica (ρ), os resultados encontrados são inconclusivos. Constatou-se empiricamente que, o tamanho de grão ótimo é função da frequência e da indução. A partir de tratamento matemático, a histerese da perda parasita mais histerética, foi construída e sobreposta à histerese da perda total. Os espaços vazios entre as curvas corresponder à perda anômala. É visto que a perda anômala ocorre em três regiões distintas da curva de histerese. Tais regiões podem supostamente ser associadas à fenômenos de dissipação de energia como; movimento de parede de domínio, nucleação de domínios e aniquilação de domínio. Como as histereses da perda total, histerética e parasita possuem a mesma indução, a histerese da perda anômala pode ser construída. O campo associado à perda anômala foi obtido como resultado da soma entre campo histerético mais parasita menos o campo magnético da perda total. / This paper discusses about the effect of grain size, excitation frequency and electrical resistivity in magnetic losses, especially the anomalous loss. Also is proposed a method of overlapping hysteresis where the region of occurrence of the anomalous loss during magnetization and demagnetization cycle is disclosed, and thereafter the hysteresis curve of anomalous loss is constructed. For this purpose, three non-oriented steel alloys, with silicon content of 2.05%, 2.45%, 3.3%, were heat treated to increase the grain size by grain growth. Each alloy was treated in the same sequence of temperature in continuous annealing. The grain sizes of the samples were measured by an intercept method. Characterization of magnetic properties was performed using the Epstein frame. The samples, in total 21 sets, were tested under a frequency of 50, 60, 100, 150 and 200 Hz and quasi-static regime (5mHz), both at 1 and 1.5 T. Thus allowing the construction of the hysteresis of quasi-static and total loss. Through the results of the total loss, quasi-static loss and parasite loss, the anomalous loss can be calculated. The results show the behavior of the anomalous loss (Pa) as a function of grain size (l) as Pa ∝ l0.34 and frequency (f) the relationship of Pa ∝ f1.65. Regarding the behavior of the anomalous loss due to resistivity (ρ), the results are inconclusive. It was found empirically that the optimum grain size is a function of frequency and induction. From a mathematical treatment, the hysteresis of parasite loss plus quasi-static loss was constructed and overlapped to the hysteresis of total loss. The areas between the curves correspond to anomalous loss. It can be seen that anomalous loss occurs in three distinct regions of the hysteresis curve. Such regions may be associated with energy dissipation phenomena, such as: domain wall motion, nucleation and annihilation of domain. Since the hysteresis of total loss, quasi-static loss and parasite loss have the same induction, anomalous hysteresis loss can be constructed. The field associated with anomalous loss was obtained as a result of the sum of quasi-static field plus parasite field minus the magnetic field of the total loss.

Neste trabalho estudamos algumas interações entre átomos de Rydberg em uma armadilha ótica de dipolo do tipo QUEST. Com esta armadilha obtemos uma amostra de 1,2 × 106 átomos de 85Rb no estado fundamental, à uma densidade de ∼ 1012 átomos/cm3 e temperatura média de 60 µK. Os átomos de Rydberg foram preparados utilizando uma transição de dois fótons a partir do estado fundamental 5S1/2, passando pelo estado intermediário 5P3/2 e em seguida para o estado de Rydberg desejado. Estudamos a interação entre pares de átomos, em diferentes níveis energéticos, através de duas técnicas diferentes. Na primeira, monitoramos os efeitos de transferência de população em estados nD oriundas de uma ressonância Förster. Estudamos a ressonância nD5/2 + nD5/2 → (n+2)P3/2 + (n2)F7/2 onde 37 ≤ n ≤ 47, em função da densidade da amostra atômica; e para o estado 37D5/2 manipulamos a mesma ressonância com a aplicação de um campo elétrico externo. Os resultados mostraram que este é um processo binário, evidenciado pela dependência quadrática da população no estado produto com relação ao estado excitado. Num outro experimento, estudamos a interação entre estados nS através do monitoramento, e controle, do efeito de bloqueio de excitação. Aqui mostramos que é possível controlar as interações interatômicas em uma amostra quasi-unidimensional de átomos de Rydberg variando a orientação de um campo elétrico externo. Mostramos que ao polarizar uma amostra de átomos no estado 50S1/2 com um campo, esta passa a interagir de modo semelhante ao de dipolos elétricos clássicos, onde a interação pode ser controlada com a variação da orientação dos dipolos atômicos. Tal interação pode, inclusive, ser cancelada quando os dipolos elétricos são alinhados em um ângulo de 54,7° com relação ao eixo internuclear. / In this work we have studied some interactions between Rydberg-atoms in a QUEST type optical dipole trap. With this trap we obtained a sample of 1,2 × 106 85Rb atoms in the ground state, in a density of ∼ 1012 atoms/cm3 and average temperature of 60 µK. The Rydberg-atoms were prepared using a two-photon transition from the ground state 5S1/2, through an intermediate state 5P3/2 and then to the desired Rydberg state. We have studied interactions between pairs of atoms at several energy levels, using two different techniques. In the first one, we have monitored the effects of the population transfer in nD states derived from a Förster resonance. We have studied the resonance nD5/2 + nD5/2 → (n + 2)P3/2 + (n 2)F7/2 for states of 37 ≤ n ≤ 47 as a function of of the samples atomic density. For the 37D5/2 state we have also manipulated the same resonance with the application of an external electric field. Our results have shown that this is a binary process, indicated by the quadratic dependence of the transferred population in relation with the excited state. In another experiment, we have studied the interaction between nS1/2 states by monitoring, and controlling, the excitation blockade effect. Here we have shown that it is possible to control the inter-atomic interactions in a quasi-one-dimensional sample of Rydberg-atoms by varying the orientation of an external electric field. We have demonstrated that when polarizing a sample of atoms, in the 50S1/2 state with a field, it starts to interact in a similar way as classic electric-dipoles, where the interaction can be controlled by varying the orientation of the atomic dipoles. Such interaction may even be canceled when the electric dipoles are aligned at an angle of 54,7° related to the internuclear axis.

A indústria optoeletrônica passa por um período de transformação em que os materiais inorgânicos estão sendo substituídos pelos orgânicos, oligômeros e polímeros, na fabricação de alguns tipos de dispositivos. No entanto, fatores como baixa eficiência e tempo de vida impedem que os aparelhos com base nos polímeros entrem definitivamente no mercado. Para resolver estas questões, é necessário um conhecimento profundo da estrutura eletrônica desses materiais. Apesar do avanço científico, ainda existem pontos a esclarecer. Por exemplo, não existe um consenso sobre a natureza das excitações óticas primárias e dos processos não radiativos nos polímeros conjugados, principalmente com excitação no ultravioleta. Tais processos limitam a eficiência e podem influenciar nos processos fotoquímicos, determinando o tempo de vida de um dispositivo. Esses fenômenos ocorrem em alguns picossegundos e, portanto, a espectroscopia ultrarrápida é a técnica mais adequada para o seu estudo. Neste trabalho, foi implementado o aparato para espectroscopia de bombeio e prova em filmes finos de polímeros conjugados, no qual podem ser usados dois métodos de aquisição de dados, sensível à fase e pulso-a-pulso. O primeiro é o método padrão citado na literatura, no qual o feixe de excitação é modulado por um chopper e os sinais são medidos por amplificadores lock-in. No segundo, o condicionamento de sinais é feito por circuitos amplificadores e o processamento dos sinais é feito pulso-a-pulso. É um método que a princípio fornece melhor estatística, pois as flutuações do laser são normalizadas pulso-a-pulso, e não na média. Além disso, apresenta menor custo e torna o experimento de bombeio e prova mais simples, pois os únicos procedimentos críticos passam a ser a sobreposição dos feixes na amostra e a determinação do atraso zero entre bombeio e prova. Foi projetado e construído o circuito eletrônico de condicionamento de sinais e o software de aquisição foi desenvolvido em linguagem LabVIEW. Entretanto, o método pulso-a-pulso forneceu uma sensibilidade inadequada para o estudo de filmes poliméricos, (ΔT⁄T ~ 0,7%, limitada pelo ruído elétrico na amplificação dos pulsos detectados), em contraste com ΔT/T ~ 0,1% que foi alcançada pelo método sensível à fase. Desta maneira, foi usado o último método para o estudo da evolução do espectro e da dinâmica de emissão estimulada de um filme de MEH-PPV, com excitação no visível e no ultravioleta, permitindo o estudo da dinâmica de relaxação dos estados de mais alta energia. Os resultados no visível são compatíveis com os da literatura, o que demonstra a confiabilidade do aparato quanto à sensibilidade e resolução temporal e espectral. Os resultados com excitação no UV indicam que a transferência de energia de bandas mais energéticas para a banda π - π∗ (conversão interna) ocorre em aproximadamente 300 fs, confirmando as suposições da literatura quanto à relaxação energética ultrarrápida (regra de Kasha), além de sugerir a existência de bandas ainda mais energéticas do que as já conhecidas. Pretende-se futuramente determinar a eficiência de tal transferência energética, pois ela pode ser um fator limitante na eficiência de fotoluminescência em polímeros conjugados com excitação no ultravioleta. / The optoelectronics industry is currently undergoing a transition period in which inorganic materials are being replaced by organic materials, oligomers and polymers, in the fabrication of some types of devices. However, factors such as low efficiency and low lifetime prevent polymer based devices on entering the market definitely. The solution of these issues requires a thorough knowledge of the electronic structure of these materials, but despite of scientific advances, there are still points to be clarified. For example, there is no consensus on the nature of the primary optical excitations and non-radiative processes in conjugated polymers, specially with ultraviolet excitation. Such processes limit the efficiency and can influence the photochemical processes, determining the device lifetime. These phenomena occur on a femtosecond timescale and therefore, ultrafast spectroscopy is the most appropriate technique for their study. In this work, we implemented the apparatus for pump-probe ultrafast spectroscopy on thin films of conjugated polymers, which can be used with two methods of data acquisition, phase-sensitive and shot-by-shot. The first is the standard method reported in the literature in which the excitation beam is modulated by a chopper and the signals measured by lock-in amplifiers. In the second, the detector signal conditioning is done by conventional amplifier circuits, followed shot-to-shot signal processing. This method provides the best statistics, in principle, because the laser fluctuations are normalized for each pulse, instead of using the average. In addition, the apparatus has a lower cost and the experiment is simpler, having as critical procedures the alignment of the beams on the sample and the determination of zero delay, with all other procedures done via software. The electronic circuitry for signal conditioning was designed and built and data acquisition software that enables measurements with both methods was developed in the LabVIEW programming language. However, the shot-by-shot method provided an inadequate sensitivity for the study of polymeric films (ΔT⁄T ~0.7%, limited by electronic noise in the amplification of detector signals), compared with ΔT⁄T ~ 0.1%, which was achieved by the phase sensitive method, and was the goal at the beginning of the project. Thus, the latter method was used to study the evolution of the spectrum and dynamics of stimulated emission of a film of MEH-PPV, with excitation in the visible and UV, allowing the study of the dynamics of higher lying electronic states. The results in the visible are consistent with those reported in the literature, which demonstrates the performance of the apparatus with respect to sensitivity and time/spectral resolution. The results with UV excitation indicate that the energy transfer among the more energetic bands to the π - π* band (internal conversion) occurs in about 300 fs, confirming the assumptions of the literature on the ultrafast energy relaxation processes (Kashas rule), besides suggesting the existence of even more energetic bands than those currently known. As future work, we plan to measure the efficiency of this energy transfer process, since it may be the limiting step in determining the overall photoluminescence efficiency of conjugated polymers with ultraviolet excitation.

A reação 10B+120Sn foi medida no Laboratório Aberto de Física Nuclear (LAFN) do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, em energias próximas a barreira coulombiana (VB = 35 MeV). Distribuições angulares de espalhamento elástico e inelástico foram obtidas, e o canal de transferência de um nêutron do alvo para o projétil foi identificado. Além disso, foram feitas medidas utilizando a técnica de detecção em coincidências gamma-partícula no espectrômetro Saci-Perere (Sistema Ancilar de Cintiladores e Pequeno Espectrômetro de Radiação Eletromagnética com Rejeição de Espalhamento). Tais medidas possibilitaram a identificação do processo de fusão completa, a partir da detecção dos raios-gamma provenientes do núcleo composto 127Cs, formado pela absorção de toda carga do projétil pelo alvo, seguido da evaporação de nêutrons. Eventos relacionados ao processo de fusão incompleta, originados da quebra do projétil 10B, também foram identificados. Uma descrição teórica dos principais resultados experimentais foi realizada dentro do formalismo de canais acoplados, utilizando o potencial de São Paulo para descrever a parte real da interação nuclear entre os núcleos participantes da reação. / The 10B+120Sn reaction was measured at the \"Laboratório Aberto de Física Nuclear\" (LAFN, acronym in Portuguese) of the \"Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo\", at energies around the Coulomb barrier (VB = 35 MeV). Angular distribuitions for the elastic and inelastic scattering were obtained, and the transfer channel of a neutron from the target to the projectile was also identified. Besides that, another set of measurements were carried out using the gamma-particle coincidence techinique with the ancillary system of scintillators and gamma-ray detectors Saci-Perere (acronym of \"Sistema Ancilar de Cintiladores e Pequeno Espectrômetro de Radiação Eletromagnética com Rejeição de Espalhamento\"). Such measurements have allowed the identification of the complete fusion process through the detection of gamma-rays coming from the compound nuclei 127Cs, formed by the absorption of the total projectile charge by the target, followed by the evaporation of neutrons. Events related to the incomplete fusion process, originated from the breakup of 10B, were also identified. A theoretical description of the main experimental results has been performed within the coupled channel formalism, using the São Paulo potential to represent the real part of the nuclear interaction between the two reacting nuclei.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:25:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucas stori.pdf: 1232711 bytes, checksum: 264a44f2f6fc6eda1fa61e3d9e1d62f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The problem of so-called "quantum teleportation", or a transfer of the state of some quantum system to another quantum system has attracted attention of many authors. The aim of our study is to consider the effect of the quantum parametric excitation on the quantum information exchange between two modes of the electromagnetic field modeled by coupled quantum oscillators, where one of the oscillators has a time dependent frequency, as an extension of the case of two coupled modes considered. In the quantum case, the oscillators exchange not only energies, but also their quantum states and such an exchange can be interpreted as an ideal information transfer. We see that the possibility of quantum state exchange or information transfer can be detected in the most direct way by analyzing the Schrödinger propagator features in the coordinate representation. There are many different schemes of calculating the propagators of coupled oscillators, but the simplest one is that based on the theory of linear time dependent quantum invariants. Considering that the system in study models the coupled modes of the electromagnetic field, the interaction occurs in the domain of the weak interactions; the intensity of the coupling constants are small. Then we can consider the systems of differential equations for the dynamic behavior in the case of weak coupling limit. Starting with this argument, we can reduce the differential equations of first order to the only two groups of second order differential equations for all that ¸’s matrices. With the ¸’s matrices well determined, we can calculate the measured of entanglement, squeezing, purity and other quantum state properties of each mode in a particular case of Gaussian initial states. / O problema conhecido como "teletransporte quântico", ou transferência de estados quânticos, tem atraído a atenção de muitos autores. O objetivo de nosso estudo é considerar o efeito da excitação paramétrica quântica na troca de informação quântica entre dois modos do campo eletromagnético modelados por osciladores quânticos acoplados, onde um dos osciladores tem uma frequência dependente do tempo, sendo considerada o caso de dois modos acoplados. No caso quântico, os osciladores não trocam somente energias, mas também seus estados quânticos e tal troca pode ser interpretada como uma transferência de informação. Vemos que a possibilidade de troca de estados quânticos ou informação quântica pode ser verificadas de muitas maneiras pela análise direta do propagador de Schrödinger na representação das coordenadas. Existem várias maneiras diferentes de calcular o propagador de osciladores acoplados, mas uma maneira simples é baseada na teoria de invariantes quânticos dependentes linearmente do tempo. Considerando que o sistema em estudo é modelado por modos acoplados do campo eletromagnético, a interação ocorre nos domínios das interações fracas; a intensidade das constantes de acoplamentos são pequenas. Então, podemos considerar um sistema de equações diferenciais onde o seu comportameto dinâmico é dado no limite do acoplamento fraco. Iniciando com este argumento, nos reduzimos as equações diferenciais de primeira ordem em um conjunto de equações diferenciais de segunda ordem para as matrizes 0s. Com as matrizes ¸0s determinadas, nos podemos calcular medidadas de emaranhamento, compressão, pureza e outras propriedades de estados quânticos de cada modo em particular no caso de estados Gaussianos iniciais.

La caractérisation spectrale détaillée des lasers XUV générés dans des plasmas est un enjeu important des projets actuels de développement qui visent à augmenter la puissance crête de ces sources. En effet les propriétés spectrales de ces lasers conditionnent d'autres propriétés importantes, telle que la durée minimum accessible (limite de Fourier). La plus courte durée actuellement démontrée expérimentalement est de 1 picoseconde. La technique d'injection d'un plasma de laser XUV avec une impulsion femtoseconde de rayonnement harmonique d'ordre élevé offre des perspectives très prometteuses pour réduire la durée d'impulsion jusqu'à quelques 100 femtosecondes, pourvu que l'on sache maintenir une bande spectrale de gain suffisamment large.Les lasers XUV pompés par excitation collisionnelle dans des ions néonoïdes et nickeloïdes ont été développés dans des plasmas chauds créés aussi bien par décharge électrique rapide que par différents types de lasers de puissance. On a ainsi accès à une large variété de sources lasers XUV, qui diffèrent par les caractéristiques du faisceau émis, mais aussi par les paramètres du plasma (densité, température) dans la zone de gain. On peut donc s'attendre à des propriétés spectrales différentes. Le but du travail que nous présentons est d'étudier les propriétés spectrales des différents types de lasers XUV collisionnels existants, et d'évaluer leur capacité à amplifier des impulsions de durée inférieure à 1 picoseconde, dans un mode injecté.La caractérisation spectrale des lasers XUV est expérimentalement difficile parce que la résolution spectrale nécessaire (∆λ/λ ~10-5) n'est pas accessible avec les meilleurs spectromètres actuels. Dans notre étude, nous avons atteint cette résolution en mesurant la cohérence temporelle de la source à l'aide d'un interféromètre à division de front d'onde, spécifiquement conçu pour ces mesures, à partir desquelles largeur spectrale peut être déduite.Nous avons caractérisé trois types de lasers XUV collisionnels, développés dans trois laboratoires différents: pompage transitoire dans le molybdène nickeloïde, pompage par décharge électrique dans l'argon néonoïde et pompage quasi-stationnaire dans le zinc néonoïde. Dans chaque cas la cohérence temporelle a été mesurée précisément. De plus nous avons étudié l'effet de la saturation de l'amplification et (pour le Ni-like Mo) l'influence du mode injecté. Nous avons également étudié le comportement temporel du laser transitoire Ni-like Mo à l'aide d'une caméra streak X ultra-rapide. Nos mesures spectrales sont comparées à des résultats de simulations numériques prenant en compte les différents mécanismes d'élargissement ainsi que les effets de transfert radiatif. Nous avons étudié l'évolution du profil spectral avec l'amplification et la saturation, et nous avons évalué les limites de Fourier correspondantes.Le temps de cohérence le plus court (ie la largeur spectrale la plus grande) est mesuré pour le laser XUV quasi-stationnaire, qui correspond au plasma qui a la plus forte densité et la plus forte température ionique. / Improving the knowledge of the spectral and temporal properties of plasma-based XUV lasers is an important issue for the ongoing development of these sources towards significantly higher peak power. The spectral properties of the XUV laser line actually control several physical quantities that are important for applications, such as the minimum duration that can be achieved (Fourier-transform limit). The shortest duration experimentally achieved to-date is ~1 picosecond. The demonstrated technique of seeding XUV laser plasmas with a coherent femtosecond pulse of high-order harmonic radiation opens new and promising prospects to reduce the duration to a few 100 fs, provided that the gain bandwidth can be kept large enough.XUV lasers pumped by collisional excitation of Ni-like and Ne-like ions have been developed worldwide in hot plasmas created either by fast electrical discharge, or by various types of high-power lasers. This leads to a variety of XUV laser sources with distinct output properties, but also markedly different plasma parameters (density, temperature) in the amplification zone. Hence different spectral properties are expected. The purpose of our work was then to investigate the spectral behaviour of the different types of existing collisional excitation XUV lasers, and to evaluate their potential to support amplification of pulses with duration below 1 ps in a seeded mode.The spectral characterization of plasma-based XUV lasers is challenging because the extremely narrow bandwidth (typically ∆λ/λ ~10-5) lies beyond the resolution limit of existing spectrometers in this spectral range. In our work the narrow linewidth was resolved using a wavefront-division interferometer specifically designed to measure temporal coherence, from which the spectral linewidth is inferred. We have characterized three types of collisional XUV lasers, developed in three different laboratories: transient pumping in Ni-like Mo, capillary discharge pumping in Ne-like Ar and quasi-steady state pumping in Ne-like Zn. Besides the accurate measurement of the temporal coherence of the laser in each case, we have studied the spectral behaviour when the laser is operated in the saturation regime and (in Ni-like Mo) when it is seeded with high-order harmonic radiation. We have also investigated the temporal behaviour of the Ni-like Mo transient XUV laser, using an ultrafast X-ray streak camera. Our linewidth measurements are compared with detailed numerical calculations including relevant broadening mechanisms as well as radiative transfer effects. The evolution of the spectral profile with amplification and saturation was studied for different plasma parameters, and corresponding Fourier-transform limit duration were evaluated.The shortest temporal coherence (ie the largest bandwidth) is measured for the quasi-steady state pumping XUV laser, which operates at the highest density and ionic temperature.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des ondes de spin dans des puits quantiques CdMnTe dopés n, par rotation Kerr résolue en temps (TRKR) et par mélange à quatre ondes (FWM). Nous avons étudié trois échantillons de haute mobilité et de caractéristiques différentes.La technique TRKR donne accès uniquement aux excitations de vecteur d'onde nul, dans notre cas l'onde spin-flip en q=0. Nous avons étudié l'anticroisement qui apparait entre l'onde spin-flip et l'excitation spin-flip des ions manganèse. Nous avons étudié la variation du gap, et donc de l'énergie de couplage, entre ces modes en fonction de la puissance d'excitation et du champ magnétique. En particulier nous avons étendu les mesures des modes mixtes à plus basse concentration en Mn (jusqu'à 0.07%) et contrairement à ce qui était attendu, nous avons trouvé que le régime de couplage fort persiste à cette concentration.Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à la détermination de la polarisation en spin ζ du gaz d'électrons bidimensionnel, qui peut être déduite de l'énergie de couplage entre les modes mixtes. Nous avons trouvé que la polarisation mesurée par cette méthode excède la polarisation théorique calculée en prenant en compte le renforcement de la susceptibilité par les effets à N corps. Nous avons également mesuré les temps de relaxation des électrons confinés dans le puits quantique, et nous avons montré l'influence de l'échauffement de l'échantillon par le laser sur le temps de relaxation de spin des électrons.Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous avons étudié par FWM l'amortissement et la dispersion des ondes de spin de vecteur d'onde non nul pour l'un de nos échantillons. Nous avons démontré qu'on peut effectivement générer les ondes de spin en excitation femtoseconde, et les détecter en FWM. Nous avons trouvé que leur dispersion est plus faible que celle observée dans les expériences de Raman. Cette faible dispersion pourrait être imputable à la forte densité d'excitation utilisée dans les expériences de FWM (typiquement trois à quatre ordres de grandeur supérieurs à celle du Raman), et/ou au fait que deux ondes de vecteur d'ondes q et –q, ayant des dispersions différentes, sont sondées simultanément en FWM. / This thesis focuses on the study of spin waves in n-doped CdMnTe quantum wells using respectively time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) and four-wave mixing (FWM) techniques. We studied three high mobility samples with different characteristics.The TRKR technique gives access only to zero wave vector excitations, in our case the spin- flip wave q = 0 . We studied the anticrossing that appears between the spin -flip wave and the manganese spin -flip excitation. We studied the gap variation energy between these modes as function on the power excitation and the magnetic field. In particular, we have extended the measurements of mixed modes at lower Mn concentration (up 0.07 %) and contrary to what were expected; we found that the strong coupling regime persists at this concentration.We are then interested in determining the two dimensional electron gas spin polarization ζ, which can be deduced from the energy coupling between the mixed modes. We found that the measured polarization exceeds the theoretical polarization calculated taking into account the increased susceptibility by many-body effects. We also measured the electron spin relaxation time and we have shown that it is influenced by thermal effects inherent to optical pump-probe experiments on this time.In the second part of this thesis, we studied by FWM the damping and the dispersion of the non-zero wave vector spin waves for one of our samples. We have demonstrated that we can actually generate spin waves in femtosecond excitation and deted them by FWM. We found that the dispersion is lower than that observed in the Raman experiments. This low dispersion may be due to the strong excitation density used in the FWM experiments (typically three to four orders of magnitude higher than the Raman ones) and / or the fact that two waves of wave vector q and - q, having different dispersions are simultaneously probed in FWM .

L’étude du comportement des éléments métalliques est primordiale compte tenu leur effet souvent toxique dansde nombreux écosystèmes. Ces derniers lorsqu’ils interagissent avec la Matiere Organique (MO), peuvent formerdes complexes plus ou moins stables. Ainsi, la MO joue un rôle important dans leur spéciation chimique et leurtransport. Dans ce travail, l’analyse de cette complexation est réalisée par Quenching de Fluorescence (QF).Cette technique permet de modéliser la fixation des sites de complexation à l’aide d’une constante thermodynamiquedéterminée à partir d’un modèle 1 : 1. Le quenching de fluorescence a été mesuré par spectroscopie defluorescence en mode stationnaire et en mode résolue en temps. Les mesures de fluorescence en mode stationnairefournissent des Matrices d’Excitation et d’Émission de Fluorescence (MEEFs). L’extraction des différents composantsde ces MEEFs est effectué par séparation de sources : la décomposition multilinéaire CP/PARAFAC,qui permet de caractériser spectralement les composants. Les mesures par Spectroscopie Laser Résolue en Temps(SLRT) permettent une caractérisation spectrale et temporelle des composants fluorescents. L’étude des lois dedécroissance de la fluorescence induite par impulsion laser nanoseconde en l’occurrence a permis de déterminerle type d’interaction entre la MO et les quencheurs. Pour se faire, un algorithme de déconvolution temporellea été appliqué à chaque décroissance de fluorescence mesurée. L’interprétation des données temporelles a étéaccomplie en utilisant le graphique de Stern–Volmer. Les résultats des interactions du cuivre, de l’europiumet de l’uranium avec les Acides Humiques (AH) et les Acides Fulviques (AF) montrent des décroissances defluorescences importantes et des constantes de stabilité entre 2,04 et 4,52. Le cuivre a permis de valider notremodèle d’étude et l’interaction de l’europium et l’uranium avec les AH et AF étudiés a révélé des constantesde stabilité en général en bonne corrélation avec la littérature. Les résultats de la SLRT ont souvent révélé desdécroissances bi–exponentielles et des temps de vie entre 0,40 et 14 ns et montrent que les interactions étudiéesont principalement engendrer un quenching statique et donc la formation d’un complexe moléculaire à l’étatfondamental. Cette étude a donc permis par caractérisation spectrale et temporelle, de déterminer l’interactionde la matière organique avec les métaux plus ou moins toxiques. / The study of metal elements behavior, considering their impact in various ecosystems, is of paramount importance.The latter, upon contact with Organic Matter (OM) can form weak or strong stable complexes. Therefore,OM plays an important role in their chemical speciation and transport. The analysis of these properties is carriedout by Fluorescence Quenching (QF). This technique allows introspecting ligands–metal interactions andthe 1 : 1 modeling (one ligand site, one metal) gives information about the conditional thermodynamic constant.Fluorescence quenching was measured using steady–state and time–resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.The steady–state measurements provides Excitation and Emission Matrices of fluorescence (EEMs). The extractionof the different components from these matrices is carried out by a multi–mode factor analysis such asCP/PARAFAC, which allows a spectral composition of the samples. Time-Resolved Laser Spectroscopy (TRLS)measurements allow temporal and spectral characterization of the fluorescent components. Indeed, the study ofthe fluorescence decays induced by a nanosecond pulsed laser in this case allowed to measure the interaction betweenthe OM and the quencher. For those purposes, a fluorescence lifetime deconvolution algorithm was appliedto each fluorescence decay. Analysis of the fluorescence lifetime data was accomplished using the Stern–Volmerplot which gave reliable information on the quenching process that takes place. Copper, europium and uraniuminteractions with Humic Acids (HA) and Fulvic Acids (FA) shows significant fluorescence decays and stabilityconstants between 2.04 and 4.52. Copper allowed to calibrate our model study and the interactions of europiumand uranium with the HA and FA studied reported stability constants in agreement with the literature. TRLSresults have often revealed a bi–exponential decays and fluorescence lifetimes between 0.40 and 14 ns and showsthat the studied interactions mainly lead to static quenching and thus the formation of a molecular complex inthe ground state. This study has allowed spectral and temporal characterization to determine organic matterinteraction with toxic metals.

Le traitement de l'information sensorielle par le cortex cérébral requiert l'activation harmonieuse de micro-circuits neuronaux excitateurs et inhibiteurs interconnectés, ciblant les neurones pyramidaux de couche 5. Ces derniers élaborent les signaux de sortie corticaux et reçoivent un ratio de 20% d'excitation (E) et 80% d'inhibition (I). La dérégulation de cette balance E-I ou du système sérotoninergique conduit à des neuropathologies telles la dépression et la schizophrénie mais les interrelations entre la sérotonine et la balance E-I sont inconnues. Nous avons montré que la 5-HT endogène module la balance E-I en fonction du type de récepteur 5-HT recruté (1A, 2A, 3, 4, 7) et de sa localisation spécifique dans la colonne corticale. Ces données électrophysiologiques constituent la première évidence pour une action modulatrice fine de la sérotonine corticale sur la balance E-I et révèle la ségrégation fonctionnelle des récepteurs 5-HT dans les réseaux de neurones sensoriels.

La circulation des tramways peut produire des vibrations se propageant dans le sol, et induire une gêne pour les personnes résidant et travaillant dans les bâtiments voisins de la voie. Par conséquent, lors de la réalisation d'une ligne de tramway, il est important de considérer ces phénomènes vibratoires. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail est double. Premièrement, les procédures expérimentales permettant d'analyser les vibrations générées par le tramway sont présentées, prenant en compte notamment : la vitesse et le type de rame (deux constructeurs), le type de pose (classique ou sur dalle flottante), et les caractéristiques du sol. Le traitement des données expérimentales fournit des informations sur le sol (procédure Sasw), une validation du comportement de la voie (mobilités de transfert voie-sol et réceptance du rail) en comparaison avec les données constructeurs, et l'estimation des efforts dynamiques exercés par les essieux sur les rails (mesures de vibrations sur un bogie porteur). Le second objectif correspond à la validation des modèles numériques (prenant en compte la voie et le sol) pour la prédiction des vibrations générées. Les efforts dynamiques provenant des essieux sont estimés à partir de rugosités simplifiées pour les rails et les roues, ces rugosités étant validées par comparaison avec les mesures. Les équations couplées sont résolues dans le domaine des nombres d'onde, à l'aide de transformées de Fourier (une ou deux dimensions). L'effet de la rotation de la dalle flottante ou d'assise est pris en compte et intervient de façon significative dans la réponse du sol. Étant donné que la précision des amplitudes vibratoires calculées dans le cas d'un passage de tramway est correcte, ce travail peut être utilisé pour l'analyse et la validation de nouvelles lignes de tramways.