The goal of this thesis is to show comprehensive information about economic result and its possible utilization. The first part deals with the definition of the term "economic result", its history and the possibilities of its determination. Another part deals with the comparison of profit and loss statement in the Czech legislation, IFRS and US GAAP. The third part includes different types of economic results, advantages and disadvantages and its utilization in practice as well. It is followed by a financial analysis focusing only on profitability which uses profit for its calculation. The separate chapter focuses on the indicator EVA.

La presente investigación se elabora con la finalidad de determinar el impacto de la declaración tributaria de los servicios prestados en las plataformas de video de entretenimiento vía internet por personas naturales. Tal es el caso de los videobloggers, entendiéndose por la persona que publica videos con contenido propio mediante la plataforma on-line de YouTube, el cual configura una nueva forma de generación de ganancias. Asimismo, se expone una forma más adecuada que el sujeto pasivo podría emplear al momento de tributar los flujos de dinero que obtiene a partir de la creación y publicación de videos, los cuales son remunerados y que hoy en día genera un cierto nivel de evasión de impuestos. Por tal motivo la investigación se basará principalmente en la plataforma de video más popular y utilizada en el país por la gran significancia que representa en el medio tanto social como económicamente y en especial por el impacto tributario que comprende en la recaudación tributaria. Por ende, se desarrolla la presente tesis con el objetivo que pueda dar una base en el reconocimiento y determinación del impuesto a declarar ante la administración tributaria por el videoblogger. A la vez, aclarar cualquier concepto o duda respecto a la actividad y manejo tributario que pueda existir en la actividad por parte del contribuyente. Por tanto, primero se analiza los diversos aspectos tributarios que forman parte de los servicios prestados a través de plataformas de video, por tal se estudia tanto la ley del impuesto a la renta como el impuesto general a las ventas como los conceptos de servicios digitales, renta de fuente extranjera y comprobantes de pago que ayudan a ubicar a definir el tipo de servicio y categoría correspondiente. En segundo lugar, se describe la informalidad y cultura tributaria en el país y el impacto y medidas contra la evasión tributaria que la administración aplica para reducir y la orientación existente por parte del sujeto activo. En tercer lugar, para validar las hipótesis planteadas respecto al tema, se hicieron uso de dos herramientas de investigación, entrevistas y encuestas las cuales fueron aplicadas a profesionales especialistas en tributación y youtubers, respectivamente. Por último, se desarrolla un caso práctico donde se explica tanto la determinación como el impacto tributario producido por la publicación de videos remunerados mediante la plataforma online de YouTube el cual ayuda a proponer una forma de declaración de impuestos por parte de los contribuyentes pertenecientes a esta nueva forma de trabajo y luego se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones obtenidas de la investigación realizada. / The present investigation is elaborated with the purpose of determining the impact of the tax declaration of the services rendered in the video entertainment platforms through the Internet by natural persons. This is the case of videobloggers, understood as the person who publishes videos with their own content through the YouTube online platform, which configures a new form of income generation. Likewise, a more adequate form is exposed that the taxpayer could use when taxing the cash flows obtained from the creation and publication of videos, which are remunerated and that today generates a certain level of tax evasion. For this reason, the research will be based mainly on the most popular video platform used in the country because of the great significance it represents socially and economically, and especially because of the tax impact it includes in tax collection. Therefore, the present thesis is developed with the objective that it can give a base in the recognition and determination of the tax to declare before the tax administration by the videoblogger. At the same time clarify any concept or doubt regarding the activity and tax management that may exist in the activity by the taxpayer. Therefore, we first analyze the tax concepts that are part of the services provided through the video platforms, which we study the income tax law as the general sales tax, the concepts of digital services, the income from foreign sources and payment vouchers that help define the type of service and the corresponding category. Second, it describes the informality and tax culture in the country and the impact and measures against tax evasion that the administration applies to reduce and the existing orientation by the active subject. Third, to validate the hypotheses raised on the subject, two research tools, interviews and surveys were used, which were applied to the tax specialists and youtubers, respectively. Finally, a practical case is developed to explain the determination and fiscal impact produced by the publication of videos paid through the YouTube online platform, which helps to propose a tax return form for taxpayers they belong to this new way of working. Then the conclusions and recommendations obtained from the research carried out are presented. / Tesis

<p>Bakgrund:  Bostadsrätten  utgör  en  alltmer  attraktiv  boendeform  och  dess  främsta  syfte  är  att tillgodose dess medlemmar med ett prisvärt boende. Månadsavgifterna från bostadsrättsförenings medlemmar bidrar  till att alla kostnader  täcks upp och därmed är boendekostnaden beroende av hur bostadsrättsföreningens kostnader hanteras. Denna studie undersöker hur verksamheten  i en bostadsrättsförening är förenlig med att verka för medlemmarnas bästa ekonomiska intresse.  </p><p>Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en bostadsrättsförenings medlemmars ekonomiska intresse uppfylls, med fokus på de faktorer som inverkar på medlemmens boendekostnad.  </p><p>Metod:  Uppsatsen  är  skriven  med  en  kvalitativ  ansats.  Befintliga  teorier  har  använts  för  att analysera det empiriska material som samlats  in. Det empiriska materialet är insamlat utifrån en bostadsrättsförenings interna dokument samt finansiella rapporter.  </p><p>Resultat: Studien har kommit  fram  till att medlemmarnas ekonomiska  intresse  i  den  studerade bostadsrättsföreningen inte tillmötesgås i den utsträckning som hos andra jämförbara föreningar. Ytterligare  ett  resultat  är  att  ersättning  som  en  bostadsrättsförening  betalar  till  ett förvaltningsbolag inte har något generellt samband med boendekostnaden</p> / <p>Background:  The  co-operative  building  society  is  getting  more  attractive  on  the  market;  its purpose  is  to provide  its members a  living worth  its price. The monthly  fees  from  the building society contributes  to cover all  the expenses for  the co-operative building society, which means that  a members  living  expenses depends on how  these  costs  are handled. This  thesis  examines how the co-operative building is managed to fulfill its member’s economic interest.  </p><p>Purpose:  The  purpose  of  this  thesis  is  to  examine  how  the  members’  economic  interest  is fulfilled in a co-operative building society, with focus on the revenues and costs which influence the fee to the members.  </p><p>Methodology: The thesis is written with a qualitative approach, existing theories have been used to  examine  the  collected  empirical  material.  The  empirical  material  is  collected  from  a  co-operative building society, where internal documents and financial reports have been used.  </p><p>Results:  The  result  of  the  thesis  is  that  the members’  economic  interest  in  the  examined  co-operative  building  society  is  not  as  well  fulfilled  as  in  other  compared  co-operative  building societies.  Another  result  is  that  there  is  generally  no  connection  between  the  price  for management and the operating costs.</p>

Bakgrund:  Bostadsrätten  utgör  en  alltmer  attraktiv  boendeform  och  dess  främsta  syfte  är  att tillgodose dess medlemmar med ett prisvärt boende. Månadsavgifterna från bostadsrättsförenings medlemmar bidrar  till att alla kostnader  täcks upp och därmed är boendekostnaden beroende av hur bostadsrättsföreningens kostnader hanteras. Denna studie undersöker hur verksamheten  i en bostadsrättsförening är förenlig med att verka för medlemmarnas bästa ekonomiska intresse.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en bostadsrättsförenings medlemmars ekonomiska intresse uppfylls, med fokus på de faktorer som inverkar på medlemmens boendekostnad.   Metod:  Uppsatsen  är  skriven  med  en  kvalitativ  ansats.  Befintliga  teorier  har  använts  för  att analysera det empiriska material som samlats  in. Det empiriska materialet är insamlat utifrån en bostadsrättsförenings interna dokument samt finansiella rapporter.   Resultat: Studien har kommit  fram  till att medlemmarnas ekonomiska  intresse  i  den  studerade bostadsrättsföreningen inte tillmötesgås i den utsträckning som hos andra jämförbara föreningar. Ytterligare  ett  resultat  är  att  ersättning  som  en  bostadsrättsförening  betalar  till  ett förvaltningsbolag inte har något generellt samband med boendekostnaden / Background:  The  co-operative  building  society  is  getting  more  attractive  on  the  market;  its purpose  is  to provide  its members a  living worth  its price. The monthly  fees  from  the building society contributes  to cover all  the expenses for  the co-operative building society, which means that  a members  living  expenses depends on how  these  costs  are handled. This  thesis  examines how the co-operative building is managed to fulfill its member’s economic interest.   Purpose:  The  purpose  of  this  thesis  is  to  examine  how  the  members’  economic  interest  is fulfilled in a co-operative building society, with focus on the revenues and costs which influence the fee to the members.   Methodology: The thesis is written with a qualitative approach, existing theories have been used to  examine  the  collected  empirical  material.  The  empirical  material  is  collected  from  a  co-operative building society, where internal documents and financial reports have been used.   Results:  The  result  of  the  thesis  is  that  the members’  economic  interest  in  the  examined  co-operative  building  society  is  not  as  well  fulfilled  as  in  other  compared  co-operative  building societies.  Another  result  is  that  there  is  generally  no  connection  between  the  price  for management and the operating costs.

Στη παρούσα μελέτη θα επιχειρήσουμε να παρουσιάσουμε, τα γενικά στοιχεία του κλάδου Υγείας στην Ελλάδα, πως διαμορφώνονται τα τελευταία χρόνια οι δαπάνες για υπηρεσίες υγείας, και πως κατανέμονται μεταξύ Δημόσιων και Ιδιωτικών. Θα παρουσιάσουμε αναλυτικά τις κινήσεις των μεγαλυτερων ιδιωτικων κλινικων και θα παραθέσουμε τα οικονομικά στοιχεία που δικαιώνουν τις επιλογές τους. Τέλος θα αναφερθούμε στις πρόσφατες εξελίξεις και στις προοπτικές της ιδιωτικής υγείας. / In the present study we will try to present, the common factors of Health care sector in Greece and how the expenses for services of health are distributed between Public and Private. We will present in detail the strategy of greatest private clinics and we will mention the Financial Data that indicate their choices. Finally we will report in the recent developments as well as the prospects of private health.

Les provinces canadiennes sont présentement aux prises avec des dépenses élevées en matière de médicaments. Afin de contrôler ces dépenses, plusieurs d'entre elles ont adopté différentes politiques visant à promouvoir et à accélérer la vente de médicaments génériques, lesquels sont équivalents aux médicaments novateurs mais de trente à quarante pourcents moins chers. Le gouvernement canadien, en vertu de son pouvoir de réglementation en matière de brevets, pourrait contribuer aux efforts des gouvernements provinciaux en assouplissant les règles relatives aux brevets pharmaceutiques pour ainsi promouvoir l'accélération de la mise en marché de médicaments génériques. Le gouvernement hésite toutefois à le faire en raison de sa politique en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques dont les effets se veulent équilibrés tant pour l'industrie pharmaceutique novatrice que pour l'industrie du médicament generique. Précisément, cette politique vise, d'une part, à encourager les investissements en recherche et développement par l'industrie novatrice et, d'autre part, à garantir la vente rapide de médicaments génériques au Canada pour que soient contrôlées les dépenses en matière de médicaments. Ce mémoire consiste en un examen du cadre juridique de la politique canadienne en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques. Nous y soulevons et analysons particulièrement ses glissements, quant à l'objectif d'équilibre recherché de la politique canadienne, qui résultent de son application dans le contexte juridique, politique, scientifique et économique actuel. Notre intention est de démontrer que, dans l'intérêt des Canadiens à court et à long terme, la politique canadienne en matière de brevets pharmaceutiques ne doit pas être assouplie en faveur de l'industrie du médicament générique seulement, ceci malgré la croissance des dépenses en matière de médicaments. En effet, l'intérêt des Canadiens ne peut être maximisé que si cette politique est rééquilibrée en tenant compte de l'ensemble de ses glissements juridiques observés. / All Canadian provinces are presently facing increasingly growing drug expenditures. In order to control these expenditures the provinces have adopted different policies to promote and accelerate the sale of generic drugs, these drugs being equivalent to brand-name drugs but thirty to fourthly percent less expensive. Considering its jurisdiction in the field of patents, the Canadian government could contribute to the efforts of the provincial governments in making more flexible the Canadian patent rules, thus promoting the marketing ofgeneric drugs in Canada. The government is however hesitating to do so because of its policy on pharmaceutical patents, which policy aims at balancing the interests of both the brand-name and generic drug industries. Effectively, the purpose ofthe poltey is to promote, on the one hand, the investments in research and development of new drugs in Canada and, on the other hand, to guarantee the rapid marketing of generic drugs, thus controlling drug expenditures. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the judicial framework of the Canadian policy on pharmaceutical patents. Its weaknesses, with regard to the balanced objective of the policy, resulting from its application in the present judicial, political, and economical and scientific context are the focus of this analysis. Our goal is to demonstrate that, to reach the Canadian social benefit, both in the short and long run, the Canadian policy on pharmaceutical patents should not be relaxed for the sole benefit of the generic drug industry, although the drug expenditures are growing. Rather, the social Canadian benefit would only be maximised by re-balancing the Canadian policy in the light of all its demonstrated weaknesses. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline.

Vyriausybės veikla reiškiasi jos vykdoma politika, kuri gali suteikti ekonominiam ciklui kilimo arba smukimo reiškinį. Naudodama fiskalinę politiką, arba kitaip iždo politiką, kuri reiškiasi mokesčiais ir biudžeto išlaidomis, gali reguliuoti valstybės ekonominę padėtį. Tai Vyiausybės įrankis, padedantis įtakoti ekonomikos veiklą per jos vykdomą išlaidų ir mokesčių kontrolę. Magistro darbe nuspręsta išanalizuoti ir įvertinti fiskalinės politikos pokyčius Lietuvai įstojus į ES, tuo pačiu palyginti su kitomis Baltijos šalimis. Šiuo magistro darbo tyrimu siekiama išsamiai ir nuosekliai, atlikti Lietuvos fiskalinės politikos analizę ir suformuluoti išvadas. Siekiant į analizę įtraukti kuo naujesnius duomenis, buvo pasirinkti laikotarpiai: Lietuvos fiskalinės politikos analizei 2004–2013 m. laikotarpis, o lyginamąjai Baltijos šalių analizei 2004–2012 m. Siekiant analizės nuoseklumo bei išvadų pagrįstumo, buvo iškelti uždaviniai: išnagrindėti fiskalinės politikos atsiradimo priežastis, tikslus, ištirti bei įvertinti pagrindines fiskalinės politikos priemones ir jų poveikį ekonomikai, ištirti Lietuvos fiskalinės politikos įgyvendinimo ypatumus bei fiskalinės politikos pokyčius, Lietuvai įstojus į ES, atlikti lyginamąją Baltijos šalių fiskalinės politos analizę po įstojimo į ES. Darbo metu nagrinėjant fiskalinės politikos sampratą, teorinį jos priemonių panaudojimą, valstybės biudžeto struktūrą ir jo sudarymo bei vykdymo procesus, buvo atlikta mokslinės literatūros analizė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Government action is manifested in its policies, which may give rise to economic cycles or downward phenomenon. By using fiscal policy, otherwise exchequer policy, which is manifested fees and budget costs, it can regulate the state economic situation. This is the government tool that helps to influence economic activity through its ongoing monitoring of costs and fees. In this master's thesis was decided to analyze and assess fiscal policy in Lithuania's accession to the EU, while compared with the other Baltic countries. In this master's thesis research is aimed to comprehensively and to consistently perform a Lithuanian fiscal policy analysis and to formulate conclusions. In order to include an analysis of the most recent data were selected periods: for 2004-2013 Lithuanian fiscal policy analysis, and 2004-2012 comparative analysis of the Baltic countries. In order to analysis the consistency and validity of the conclusions was identified objectives: to examine the causes of fiscal policy objectives, to examine and evaluate the main fiscal policy measures and their impact on the economy to explore Lithuania's fiscal policy peculiarities and fiscal policy developments in Lithuania's accession to the EU, the Baltic comparative national fiscal policy analysis after accession to the EU. During the examination of the concept of fiscal policy, the theoretical instruments its uses, the structure of the state budget and the establishment and implementation processes were carried... [to full text]

Univ., Diss.--Heidelberg, 2004.

This essay pretends to offer a juridical analysis of recent pronouncements of the Peruvian Tax Adminstration, by virtue of which, such entity states that those disbursements linked to extra judicial transactions do not constitute deductible expenses for the calculation of the Peruvian Income Tax. Under such premises, we offer a civil analysis of the nature of such disbursements and later, cover the issue of their relation with the generation of taxable income for Income Tax purposes. / El presente artículo pretende efectuar un análisis jurídico de los recientes pronunciamientos de la Administración Tributaria, en el sentido que los pagos efectuados como consecuencia de transacciones extrajudiciales no resultan deducibles para efectos de la determinación del Impuesto a la Renta. Se trata pues, de un análisis de corte civil respecto de la real naturaleza de los desembolsos efectuados con ocasión de la celebración de una transacción extrajudicial, para luego abordar la problemática de su vinculación con la generación de rentas gravadas con elImpuesto a la Renta.

O crescimento das despesas compulsórias no governo dificulta a otimização dos recursos de políticas para minimização do gasto público, diante da influência contingencial das variáveis econômicas, políticas e sociais. Nesse ambiente, as ações estratégicas devem estar concentradas naquelas despesas que se apresentam de caráter essencial, para redução do gasto e equilíbrio econômico. O gasto público é composto por quatro grandes grupos de despesas, classificadas como: despesas de pessoal e encargos, de transferências de renda às famílias, de Capital e despesas correntes, que tiveram participação na despesa primária do Governo Federal de 20%, 48%, 5% e 27%, do total gasto em 2015, respectivamente, de acordo com o relatório de análise econômica dos gastos públicos federais, no período de 2006 a 2015,(Ministério da Fazenda, 2016). No entanto, a título de exemplo, o gasto com energia elétrica da União evoluiu de R$ 1,256 bilhão, no ano de 2014, para R$ 1,740 bilhão, no ano de 2015, conforme informação do Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão (MPOG, 2016). As despesas de custeio administrativo são aquelas utilizadas para a continuidade das atividades dos órgãos da administração pública. As despesas correntes fazem parte do custeio. A aquisição de bens de consumo e serviços de energia elétrica caracterizam-se como despesas de custeio e despesas correntes. Os objetivos desta dissertação foram: o diagnóstico do processo de aquisição de material de consumo para uso específico em laboratório e o diagnóstico do consumo de energia elétrica reativa excedente, em uma universidade pública, visando a melhoria da qualidade do gasto público. Foi realizada uma revisão dos dados coletados numa Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior (IFES), a partir da qual foi possível obter um diagnóstico e definir os procedimentos a serem adotados para cada tipo de problema. Foram propostas algumas sugestões para evitar sua reincidência. Por meio dos resultados iniciais, definiu-se a necessidade de novas estratégias para aquisição de bens e serviços, e, no segundo momento, a demonstração da viabilidade dos mecanismos a serem utilizados, para redução do desperdício e eliminação do gasto público. A proposta de melhoria em ambas abordagens está concentrada em: i) Ações corretivas para saneamento dos problemas; ii) Ampliação da discussão do Planejamento estratégico, com proposição concentrada na otimização das despesas correntes, na inovação tecnológica e na possibilidade de descentralização do poder; iii) Estabelecimento de ações preventivas para controle da qualidade do gasto; iv) Redefinição dos processos de aquisição de bens e serviços; iv) Criação de mecanismos de acompanhamento e controle contínuo da demanda e consumo, junto aos usuários, e da representatividade institucional na relação contratual com os fornecedores. / The growth of compulsory expenditures in government makes it difficult to optimize the resources of policies to minimize public spending, given the contingent influence of economic, political and social variables. In this environment, strategic actions should be concentrated on those expenditures that are essential in order to reduce spending and economic equilibrium. Public expenditure is composed of four large groups of expenditures, classified as: personnel expenses and charges, income transfers to households, capital and current expenses, which had a share in the Federal Government's primary expenditure of 20%, 48%, 5% and 27% of the total spent in 2015, respectively, according to the report of economic analysis of federal public spending, from 2006 to 2015 (Ministry of Finance, 2016). However, as an example, the Union's spending on electricity increased from R $ 1.256 billion in 2014 to R $ 1.740 billion in 2015, according to the Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management (MPOG, 2016). Administrative expenses are those used for the continuity of the activities of public administration bodies. Current expenses are part of the cost. The acquisition of consumer goods and electric energy services are characterized as expenses of costing and current expenses. The objectives of this dissertation were: the diagnosis of the acquisition process of consumer material for specific use in the laboratory and the diagnosis of excess reactive power consumption in a public university, aiming at improving the quality of public expenditure. A review of the data collected in a Federal Institution of Higher Education (IFES) was carried out, from which it was possible to obtain a diagnosis and define the procedures to be adopted for each type of problem. Some suggestions were suggested to avoid their recurrence. The initial results defined the need for new strategies for the acquisition of goods and services and, secondly, the demonstration of the viability of the mechanisms to be used to reduce waste and eliminate public spending. The proposal for improvement in both approaches is focused on: i) Corrective actions to solve problems; Ii) Extension of the discussion of Strategic Planning, with a proposal focused on the optimization of current expenses, technological innovation and the possibility of decentralization of power; Iii) Establishment of preventive actions to control the quality of expenditure; Iv) Redefinition of the processes of acquisition of goods and services; Iv) Creation of mechanisms for monitoring and continuous control of demand and consumption, along with users, and institutional representation in the contractual relationship with suppliers.