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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING FOR ADVANCED DETECTION OF EARLY BLIGHT (ALTERNARIA SOLANI) DISEASE IN POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM) PLANTS

Atherton, Daniel Lee 01 December 2015 (has links)
Early detection of disease and insect infestation within crops and precise application of pesticides can help reduce potential production losses, reduce environmental risk, and reduce the cost of farming. The goal of this study was the advanced detection of early blight (Alternaria solani) in potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants using hyperspectral remote sensing data captured with a handheld spectroradiometer. Hyperspectral reflectance spectra were captured 10 times over five weeks from plants grown to the vegetative and tuber bulking growth stages. The spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), spectral change (ratio) analysis, partial least squares (PLS), cluster analysis, and vegetative indices. PCA successfully distinguished more heavily diseased plants from healthy and minimally diseased plants using two principal components. Spectral change (ratio) analysis provided wavelengths (490-510, 640, 665-670, 690, 740-750, and 935 nm) most sensitive to early blight infection followed by ANOVA results indicating a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) between disease rating group means. In the majority of the experiments, comparisons of diseased plants with healthy plants using Fisher’s LSD revealed more heavily diseased plants were significantly different from healthy plants. PLS analysis demonstrated the feasibility of detecting early blight infected plants, finding four optimal factors for raw spectra with the predictor variation explained ranging from 93.4% to 94.6% and the response variation explained ranging from 42.7% to 64.7%. Cluster analysis successfully distinguished healthy plants from all diseased plants except for the most mildly diseased plants, showing clustering analysis was an effective method for detection of early blight. Analysis of the reflectance spectra using the simple ratio (SR) and the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) was effective at differentiating all diseased plants from healthy plants, except for the most mildly diseased plants. Of the analysis methods attempted, cluster analysis and vegetative indices were the most promising. The results show the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing for the detection of early blight in potato plants.
2

Reducing copper and chlorothalonil in staked tomato production on Virginia's Eastern Shore

Graves, Arthur S. 25 July 2001 (has links)
Virginia ranks third in fresh market staked tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production with approximately 1,659 hectares on the Eastern Shore. Estimated annual gross value is $30,800,000. Copper and chlorothalonil have long been considered essential to control bacterial and fungal diseases in fresh market tomatoes. High rates of these fungicides on tomatoes grown under plastic mulch have led to concerns about their potential adverse effect on water quality in estuaries adjacent to fields. The development of new fungicides, such as azoxystrobin and acibenzolar-S-methyl, which have more favorable environmental fate characteristics and are used at much lower rates, may provide viable alternatives to copper and chlorothalonil. Using a disease forecasting system, such as Tomcast, may reduce the number of applications of fungicides. The research objectives of this study were to reduce the amount of copper and chlorothalonil used in fresh market tomato production and to evaluate the effectiveness of the Tomcast disease forecasting system for controlling fungal leaf diseases on the Eastern Shore. Field studies compared copper to acibenzolar-S- methyl for bacterial diseases caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Research plots were established in a randomized complete block design with four replications in grower fields and at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research & Extension Center. Acibenzolar proved to be as effective as the standard copper bactericides in controlling bacterial spot. Acibenzolar provided better control than the standard copper bactericides when bacterial speck was the target disease. Azoxystrobin application alternated with maneb was evaluated as a replacement for chlorothalonil. Azoxystrobin and Tomcast were studied as tools to reduce chlorothalonil use for control of Alternaria solani. Tomcast can reduce the number of applications by 40-70 % per year and provide adequate control of early blight. Azoxystrobin provides better control of early blight than chlorothalonil. Use of these new, more environmentally compatible, plant-protection products , along with the Tomcast disease forecasting system, can significantly reduce or eliminate the need to use copper and chlorothalonil for tomato disease management and therefore eliminate them as potential pollutants of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean estuaries. / Master of Science
3

Ação de fungicidas e indutores de resistência no controle da requeima e pinta preta na cultura da batata / Fungicides and resistance inductors action in the control of late and early blight in potato crops

Tofoli, Jesus Guerino 08 April 2011 (has links)
A requeima, causada pelo oomiceto Phytophthora infestans e a pinta preta, causada pelo fungo Alternaria solani, estão entre as doenças mais importantes e destrutivas da cultura da batata no Brasil e no mundo. Considerando a importância do controle químico em sistemas integrados e a necessidade de se conhecer detalhadamente o desempenho de fungicidas e indutores de resistência visando à sustentabilidade da produção, o presente estudo objetivou caracterizar e comparar a ação preventiva, residual, curativa, anti-esporulante e resistência à chuva de fungicidas em condições controladas, bem como, avaliar em campo o potencial de controle de fungicidas e indutores de resistência e seus reflexos sobre a produtividade total e comercial de tubérculos. Todos os fungicidas promoveram elevada ação preventiva contra a requeima e a pinta preta. Os fungicidas sistêmicos ou com alta tenacidade proporcionaram controle das duas doenças até os 12 DAP, enquanto que os fungicidas translaminares até os 9 DAP. Quanto à ação curativa e anti-esporulante destacaram-se principalmente os fungicidas sistêmicos aplicados até as 24 horas após a inoculação (HAI). Os fungicidas translaminares foram capazes de inibir a requeima quando aplicados até 12 HAI e os de contato destacaram-se apenas para ação preventiva. Semelhantemente, os fungicidas sistêmicos, translaminares ou com alta tenacidade foram os menos afetados pela chuva simulada. O aumento do tempo de secagem promoveu uma maior retenção ou absorção dos produtos reduzindo o impacto negativo da precipitação. Os melhores níveis de controle, produtividade e qualidade de tubérculos foram obtidos com os fungicidas mandipropamida+clorotalonil, fluopicolida+propamocarbe, dimetomorfe+ametoctradina, mandipropamida, fenamidona+propamocarbe, bentiavalicarbe+ fluazinam, seguidos de dimetomorfe+clorotalonil mefenoxam+clorotalonil e famoxadona+ cimoxanil+mancozebe para requeima e azoxistrobina+difenoconazol, picoxistrobina, piraclostrobina+metconazol, trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol, azoxistrobina, boscalida+ piraclostrobina, iprodiona+pirimetanil e ciprodinil para pinta preta. Acibenzolar-s-metílico (ASM) reduziu a severidade da requeima e da pinta preta, porém, promoveu aumento da produtividade, apenas no campo de requeima. O fosfito de potássio (FP) também reduziu a severidade da requeima, no entanto, não influenciou na produtividade. Com exceção de mandipropamida, a adição de ASM à mefenoxam+mancozebe, cimoxanil+mancozebe e mancozebe promoveu aumento do controle da requeima, no entanto, apenas quando em mistura com mancozebe proporcionou aumento na produtividade. A adição de FP à mandipropamida, mefenoxam+mancozebe, cimoxanil+mancozebe, mancozebe e de ASM à azoxistrobina e difenoconazol não refletiu no controle da requeima, da pinta preta e na produtividade, respectivamente. Mancozebe e ASM não diferiram quanto severidade, progresso da pinta preta e produtividade, porém mancozebe+ASM foi superior ao ASM. A adição de ASM a programas de aplicação reduziu a requeima e a pinta preta e incrementou a produtividade apenas quando adicionados a programas onde prevaleceram fungicidas translaminares e de contato. O FP não influenciou nenhum dos programas testados para requeima. / Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans and early blight, caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, are among the most destructive diseases of potato crops in Brazil and worldwide. Considering the importance of the chemical control on integrated systems and the need for detailed knowledge of the performance of resistance inducers and fungicides targeting the sustainability of production, the present study aimed to:1- characterize and compare the preemptive, residual, curative, antisporulative action and rain resistance of fungicides under controlled conditions; 2-: evaluate, under field conditions, the control potential of fungicides and resistance inductors and their effects on the total and commercial yield of potato tubers. All fungicides tested provided a high pre-emptive action against late and early blight. The systemic fungicides or high tenacity ones provided control of both diseases until 12 days after application, while translaminar ones until 9 days after application. As for the curative and anti-sporulative action, the systemic fungicides stand out when applied until 24 hours postinoculation, while the translaminar ones inhibited late blight when applied until 12 hours postinoculation. The contact fungicides stand out concerning pre-emptive action only. Similarly, systemic, translaminar and high tenacity fungicides were less affected by the simulated rain. An increase in drying time promoted higher retention and absorption of the products, so decreasing the negative precipitation impact. The better levels of control, yield and tubers quality were reached with the use of the following fungicides in the control of late blight: mandipropamid+chlorothalonil, fluopicolide+propamocarb, dimetomorph+ametoctradin, mandipropamid, fenamidone+ propamocarb, bentiavalicarb+fluazinam, followed by dimetomorph+chlorothalonil, mefenoxam+ chlorothalonil and famoxadone+cymoxanil+mancozeb. In the control of early blight the most efficient were: azoxystrobin+difenoconazole, pycoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin+metconazole, trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, boscalid+pyraclostrobin, iprodione+pyrimethanil and cyprodinil. Acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM) reduced the severity of late and early blight, but promoted an increase in the tuber yield only in late blight affected field. Potassium phosphite (Pp) also reduced the severity of late blight, although it did not have influenced the yield. Except for mandipropamid, the addition of ASM to mefenoxam+mancozebe, cymoxanil+mancozeb or mancozeb led to a better control of late blight, but only when mixed with mancozeb it promoted increase in the yield. Addition of Pp to mandipropamid, mefenoxam+mancozeb, cymoxanil+mancozeb, mancozeb and ASM to azoxystrobin, difenoconazole did not result either in the control of late and early blight or in an increase of yield. Mancozeb and ASM did not differ as for severity, progress of late blight and increasing yield, but however, mancozeb+ASM had a superior efficiency than ASM. Addition of ASM to application programs reduced late and early blight and increased yield only when added to programs in which prevailed translaminar and contact fungicides. Pp did not influenced any of the tested programs against late blight.
4

Ação de fungicidas e indutores de resistência no controle da requeima e pinta preta na cultura da batata / Fungicides and resistance inductors action in the control of late and early blight in potato crops

Jesus Guerino Tofoli 08 April 2011 (has links)
A requeima, causada pelo oomiceto Phytophthora infestans e a pinta preta, causada pelo fungo Alternaria solani, estão entre as doenças mais importantes e destrutivas da cultura da batata no Brasil e no mundo. Considerando a importância do controle químico em sistemas integrados e a necessidade de se conhecer detalhadamente o desempenho de fungicidas e indutores de resistência visando à sustentabilidade da produção, o presente estudo objetivou caracterizar e comparar a ação preventiva, residual, curativa, anti-esporulante e resistência à chuva de fungicidas em condições controladas, bem como, avaliar em campo o potencial de controle de fungicidas e indutores de resistência e seus reflexos sobre a produtividade total e comercial de tubérculos. Todos os fungicidas promoveram elevada ação preventiva contra a requeima e a pinta preta. Os fungicidas sistêmicos ou com alta tenacidade proporcionaram controle das duas doenças até os 12 DAP, enquanto que os fungicidas translaminares até os 9 DAP. Quanto à ação curativa e anti-esporulante destacaram-se principalmente os fungicidas sistêmicos aplicados até as 24 horas após a inoculação (HAI). Os fungicidas translaminares foram capazes de inibir a requeima quando aplicados até 12 HAI e os de contato destacaram-se apenas para ação preventiva. Semelhantemente, os fungicidas sistêmicos, translaminares ou com alta tenacidade foram os menos afetados pela chuva simulada. O aumento do tempo de secagem promoveu uma maior retenção ou absorção dos produtos reduzindo o impacto negativo da precipitação. Os melhores níveis de controle, produtividade e qualidade de tubérculos foram obtidos com os fungicidas mandipropamida+clorotalonil, fluopicolida+propamocarbe, dimetomorfe+ametoctradina, mandipropamida, fenamidona+propamocarbe, bentiavalicarbe+ fluazinam, seguidos de dimetomorfe+clorotalonil mefenoxam+clorotalonil e famoxadona+ cimoxanil+mancozebe para requeima e azoxistrobina+difenoconazol, picoxistrobina, piraclostrobina+metconazol, trifloxistrobina+tebuconazol, azoxistrobina, boscalida+ piraclostrobina, iprodiona+pirimetanil e ciprodinil para pinta preta. Acibenzolar-s-metílico (ASM) reduziu a severidade da requeima e da pinta preta, porém, promoveu aumento da produtividade, apenas no campo de requeima. O fosfito de potássio (FP) também reduziu a severidade da requeima, no entanto, não influenciou na produtividade. Com exceção de mandipropamida, a adição de ASM à mefenoxam+mancozebe, cimoxanil+mancozebe e mancozebe promoveu aumento do controle da requeima, no entanto, apenas quando em mistura com mancozebe proporcionou aumento na produtividade. A adição de FP à mandipropamida, mefenoxam+mancozebe, cimoxanil+mancozebe, mancozebe e de ASM à azoxistrobina e difenoconazol não refletiu no controle da requeima, da pinta preta e na produtividade, respectivamente. Mancozebe e ASM não diferiram quanto severidade, progresso da pinta preta e produtividade, porém mancozebe+ASM foi superior ao ASM. A adição de ASM a programas de aplicação reduziu a requeima e a pinta preta e incrementou a produtividade apenas quando adicionados a programas onde prevaleceram fungicidas translaminares e de contato. O FP não influenciou nenhum dos programas testados para requeima. / Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans and early blight, caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, are among the most destructive diseases of potato crops in Brazil and worldwide. Considering the importance of the chemical control on integrated systems and the need for detailed knowledge of the performance of resistance inducers and fungicides targeting the sustainability of production, the present study aimed to:1- characterize and compare the preemptive, residual, curative, antisporulative action and rain resistance of fungicides under controlled conditions; 2-: evaluate, under field conditions, the control potential of fungicides and resistance inductors and their effects on the total and commercial yield of potato tubers. All fungicides tested provided a high pre-emptive action against late and early blight. The systemic fungicides or high tenacity ones provided control of both diseases until 12 days after application, while translaminar ones until 9 days after application. As for the curative and anti-sporulative action, the systemic fungicides stand out when applied until 24 hours postinoculation, while the translaminar ones inhibited late blight when applied until 12 hours postinoculation. The contact fungicides stand out concerning pre-emptive action only. Similarly, systemic, translaminar and high tenacity fungicides were less affected by the simulated rain. An increase in drying time promoted higher retention and absorption of the products, so decreasing the negative precipitation impact. The better levels of control, yield and tubers quality were reached with the use of the following fungicides in the control of late blight: mandipropamid+chlorothalonil, fluopicolide+propamocarb, dimetomorph+ametoctradin, mandipropamid, fenamidone+ propamocarb, bentiavalicarb+fluazinam, followed by dimetomorph+chlorothalonil, mefenoxam+ chlorothalonil and famoxadone+cymoxanil+mancozeb. In the control of early blight the most efficient were: azoxystrobin+difenoconazole, pycoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin+metconazole, trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, boscalid+pyraclostrobin, iprodione+pyrimethanil and cyprodinil. Acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM) reduced the severity of late and early blight, but promoted an increase in the tuber yield only in late blight affected field. Potassium phosphite (Pp) also reduced the severity of late blight, although it did not have influenced the yield. Except for mandipropamid, the addition of ASM to mefenoxam+mancozebe, cymoxanil+mancozeb or mancozeb led to a better control of late blight, but only when mixed with mancozeb it promoted increase in the yield. Addition of Pp to mandipropamid, mefenoxam+mancozeb, cymoxanil+mancozeb, mancozeb and ASM to azoxystrobin, difenoconazole did not result either in the control of late and early blight or in an increase of yield. Mancozeb and ASM did not differ as for severity, progress of late blight and increasing yield, but however, mancozeb+ASM had a superior efficiency than ASM. Addition of ASM to application programs reduced late and early blight and increased yield only when added to programs in which prevailed translaminar and contact fungicides. Pp did not influenced any of the tested programs against late blight.
5

Efeito do extrato do rizoma de Curcuma longa e solução de curcumina em Alternaria solani e controle de pinta preta em tomateiro / Effect of the extract of Curcuma longa rhizome and curcumin solution on Alternaria solani and control of early blight in tomato plants

Balbi-Peña, Maria Isabel 28 February 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Balbi-Pena.pdf: 402140 bytes, checksum: 2e4a3baf75444b18009c52bff4d2c3f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is one of the most important diseases of tomato in Brazil. This disease affects leaves, stems, petioles and fruits causing important economicaI losses. New alternatives to fungicides have been evaluated to control the diseases with low environmental impact and low toxicity to living beings. The discovery of vegetal secondary compounds with antimicrobiotic activity or secondary compounds that induce disease resistance shows to be very promissory. Turmeric, Curcuma longa, has compounds in its rhizomes with proved antimicrobiotic activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro fungitoxic activity of turmeric extracts and curcumin against A. solani and to determinate their potential in the control of tomato early blight. Four different concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 20%) of aqueous extracts of turmeric rhizomes (sterilized by autoclavation) and four curcumin solutions (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) were incorporated into potato dextrose agar medium in order to evaluate fungal micelial growth and esporulation. To evaluate the effect of autoclavation, 10% and 15% turmeric extracts were sterilized by filtration. The effects of autoclavated and non autoclavated turmeric extracts and curcumin on in vitro spore germination were tested. The concentrations of 10 and 15% non autoclavated turmeric extracts inhibited the micelial growth by 38,2% and 23,2%, respectively, and the fungal sporulation by 71,7% and 87% respectively. When the turmeric extracts were autoclavated, neither micelial growth nor spore germination was inhibited and the effect on the sporulation was reduced, suggesting the presence of thermolabile antimicrobiotic compounds. The non autoclavated 5% extract inhibited by 15% the spore germination. At the highest concentration, the curcumin solution inhibited the micelial growth by 29,5%. Neither in vitro esporulation nor spore germination was affected by curcumin. At a greenhouse experiment, desease severity, fruit production and classification were evaluated. The treatments were: 1 and 10% turmeric extracts, 50 e 100 mg L-1 curcumin solutions, acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (2,5 g 100 L-1 of a.i.), copper oxychloride (110 g L-1 of a.i.), azoxystrobin (40 g L-1 of a.i.) and control (water). The disease control showed by turmeric extracts and curcumin solutions was similar to cuprous fungicide, but inferior to azoxystrobin control. There was no statistical difference in comercial fruit production between treatments. Only 50 mg L-1 curcumin treatment had higher porcentage of bigger fruits compared to the control. Another experiment with tomato plants growing in vases was performed with the subject of veryfing resistance induction. After 26 days of transplanting, the 7th. leaf was sprayed with turmeric extract (1 and 10%), curcumin (50 e 100 mg L-1), ASM (2,5 g a.i. 100 L-1) and water. Seventy two hours later, 7th. treated leaf and 8th. untreated leaf were inoculated with A. solani. At 7th. leaf, 10% turmeric extract and 100 mg L-1 curcumin treatments showed an statistically inferior area under disease progress curve, compared to the control, what could suggest induction of local resistance or direct antimicrobiotic activity. At 8th. leaf, only 10% turmeric extract shows significant difference compared with the control, what could mean a systemic resistance induced by turmeric extract. These results show the potential of turmeric and curcumin in the control in tomato early blight. / A pinta preta, causada por Alternaria solani, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cultura do tomateiro no Brasil. A doença ocorre em folhas, hastes, pecíolos e frutos, ocasionando elevados prejuízos econômicos. Várias alternativas aos fungicidas têm sido avaliadas nos últimos anos na busca de produtos que controlem satisfatoriamente as doenças, tenham pequeno impacto ambiental e baixa toxicidade aos seres vivos. A descoberta de muitos compostos secundários de plantas com atividade antimicrobiana e/ou indutores de resistência, mostra-se promissora. A cúrcuma, Curcuma longa, apresenta compostos em seus rizomas com comprovada atividade antimicrobiana. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a atividade fungitóxica in vitro dos extratos brutos de cúrcuma e da curcumina contra A. solani e determinar o potencial dos mesmos no controle da pinta preta em tomateiro. Foram utilizados extratos brutos aquosos de rizomas de cúrcuma (esterilizados por autoclavagem) nas concentrações de 1, 5, 10 e 20% e curcumina nas concentrações de 50, 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1, os quais foram incorporados em meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar para avaliação de crescimento micelial e esporulação do fungo. Para avaliar o efeito da autoclavagem, foram testados extratos de cúrcuma a 10 e 15% esterilizados por filtração. Foi testado também o efeito dos extratos de cúrcuma autoclavados e não autoclavados e da curcumina na germinação de esporos in vitro. Os extratos de cúrcuma a 10 e 15% sem autoclavar, inibiram em 38,2% e 23,2% respectivamente o crescimento micelial e 71,7% e 87%, respectivamente, a esporulação do fungo. Quando autoclavados, não apresentaram inibição do crescimento micelial nem da germinação de esporos e a inibição da esporulação foi menor, indicando a presença de compostos antimicrobianos termolábeis. O extrato não autoclavado na concentração de 5%, inibiu um máximo de 15% a germinação dos esporos. A curcumina inibiu o crescimento micelial em 29,5% na maior concentração. Não foi verificado efeito da curcumina sobre a esporulação e a germinação de esporos in vitro. No ensaio in vivo, conduzido em casa de vegetação, foi avaliada a severidade da doença e a produção e classificação de frutos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: extrato de cúrcuma (1 e 10%), curcumina (50 e 100 mg L-1), acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (2,5 g 100 L-1 de i.a.), oxicloreto de cobre (110 g L-1 de i.a.), azoxystrobin (40 g L-1 de i.a.) e testemunha (água). A curcumina e os extratos brutos de cúrcuma apresentaram níveis de controle de pinta preta, no campo, similares ao tratamento com fungicida cúprico, mas inferior ao azoxystrobin. Não houve diferenças estatísticas na produção comercial de frutos entre tratamentos. Somente o tratamento de curcumina 50 mg L-1 apresentou maior porcentagem de frutos grandes em relação à testemunha. Outro ensaio foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a indução de resistência em plantas cultivadas em vasos. Aos 26 dias após o transplante, a 7ª folha da planta recebeu extrato de cúrcuma (1 e 10%), curcumina (50 e 100 mg L-1), ASM (2,5 g 100 L-1 de i.a.) ou água, por aspersão. Após 72 h, a 7a folha tratada e a 8a folha (não tratada) foram inoculadas com A. solani. Na 7ª folha, os tratamentos com extrato de cúrcuma 10% e curcumina 100 mg L-1 apresentaram um valor de área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença estatisticamente menor à testemunha, o que poderia indicar indução de resistência local ou atividade antimicrobiana direta. Na 8ª folha, somente o extrato de cúrcuma 10% apresentou diferença significativa com a testemunha o que poderia indicar uma indução de resistência sistêmica pelo extrato bruto de cúrcuma. Esses resultados indicam o potencial de cúrcuma e curcumina para o controle de pinta preta no tomateiro.
6

Fungitoxicidade contra alternaria solani, controle da pinta preta e efeito sobre o crescimento do tomateiro (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) por medicamentos homeopáticos / Fungitoxicity against alternaria solani, control of early blight and effect on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) plants by homeopathic drugs

Toledo, Márcia Vargas 29 June 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Vargas Toledo.pdf: 728769 bytes, checksum: 73f1b1501ca618c192074d64a04203ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is the second most consumed vegetable in Brazil. The early blight disease, caused by the fungus Alternaria solani is one of the most important disease of this culture. The control is usually done with fungicides that can cause the production of fruits contaminated with pesticide. The use of homeopathy has been a practice for disease control, and an alternative to reduce these chemical drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fungitoxic activity against A. solani, the disease control of early blight and the effect on plant growth of tomato.of homeopathic drugs Propolis, Isotherapic of A. solani and Isotherapic of ash in at dinamizations 6, 12, 30 and 60CH, and Sulphur, Silicea terra, Staphysagria, Phosphorus, Ferrum sulphuricum and Kali iodatum at dinamizations 6, 12, 30 and 100CH. In vitro assays was investigate the antimicrobial activity of the treatments on mycelial growth, sporulation and germination of spores of A. solani. The results indicated that Sulphur 100CH and Staphysagria 100CH reduced the mycelial growth compared with the control treatment wint distilled water and water-etanol solution. Propolis, 6, 30 and 60CH and Ferrum sulphuricum 6 and 30CH inhibited the sporulation, Isotherapic of A. solani in 6CH, Isotherapic of ash at 6CH, and Ferrum sulphuricum 6 and 30CH reduced the spores germination of A. solani. The data also indicated that the distilled water at 60 and 100CH reduced the mycelial growth. In the second phase, anassay was conducted in a greenhouse with Propolis, Sulphur and Ferrum sulphuricum. The work was carried out in pots, and at 19 days after transplanting of seedlings, the 6 ths. leaves were treated and 72 hours after the treatment, the 6ths. and 7ths. leaves were inoculated with A. solani. The severity were evaluated 7, 10, 14 and 16 days after inoculation and was calculated the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Sulphur, 12 and 30 CH, Ferrum sulphuricum at 6, 12 and 30CH and Propolis in all dinamizations reduced the AUDPC of early blight. Sulphur 60CH and water-etanol solution 10% had systemic effect in the induction of resistance. Propolis at 30 and 60CH increased the amount of root, Ferrum sulphuricum 60CH and Sulphur in 30CH increased the root dry weight, while Propolis on 30 and 60CH, Ferrum sulphuricum in 6, 12, 30 and 60CH and Sulphur in all dinamizations increased the mass of the shoot. The results indicate that the homeopathic drugs tested have potential for control of early blight in the tomato, by direct actions on the pathogen and host. / O tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) é a segunda hortaliça mais consumida no Brasil. A doença pinta preta, causada pelo fungo Alternaria solani é uma das mais importantes. O tratamento normalmente é feito com fungicidas o que ocasiona a produção de frutos contaminados por resíduos de agrotóxicos. O uso da homeopatia tem sido uma prática relevante no controle de doenças, e uma alternativa para reduzir esses contaminantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação dos medicamentos homeopáticos Propolis, Isoterapico de A. solani e Isoterapico de cinza, nas dinamizações 6, 12, 30 e 60CH, e Sulphur, Silicea terra, Staphysagria, Phosphorus, Ferrum sulphuricum e Kali iodatum nas dinamizações 6, 12, 30 e 100CH, na atividade fungitóxica sobre A. solani, no controle da doença pinta preta, e no crescimento das plantas de tomate. Foi realizado ensaio in vitro visando investigar a atividade antimicrobiana dos tratamentos no crescimento micelial, esporulação e germinação de esporos de A. solani. Os resultados indicaram que Sulphur em 100CH e Staphysagria em 100CH reduziram o crescimento micelial comparando com os controles água destilada e solução hidroalcoólica. Na inibição da esporulação, Propolis em 6, 30 e 60CH e Ferrum sulphuricum em 6 e 30CH diferiram dos controles. Isoterapico de A. solani em 6CH, Isoterapico de cinza em 6CH e Ferrum sulphuricum em 6 e 30CH reduziram a germinação de esporos de A. solani. Os dados indicaram também que a água destilada, quando dinamizada em 60 e 100CH, reduziu o crescimento micelial. Na segunda fase, foi realizado ensaio em casa de vegetação com ambiente controlado com os medicamentos Propolis, Sulphur e Ferrum sulphuricum. O trabalho foi realizado em vasos e, aos 19 dias após o transplante das mudas, as 6ªs folhas foram tratadas e 72 horas após, as 6ªs e 7ªs folhas foram inoculadas com A. solani. Foram feitas avaliações da severidade com 7, 10, 14 e 16 dias após a inoculação e com os dados calculada a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Ao término foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento. Sulphur em 12 e 30 CH, Ferrum sulphuricum em 6, 12 e 30CH e Propolis em todas as dinamizações reduziram a AACPD da pinta preta, Sulphur em 60CH e solução hidroalcóolica 10% apresentaram efeito sistêmico na indução de resistência. Propolis em 30 e 60CH incrementaram o volume de raiz, Ferrum sulphuricum em 60CH, Sulphur em 60CH e Propolis em 30CH incrementaram a massa seca da raiz, enquanto que Propolis em 30 e 60CH, Ferrum sulphuricum em 6, 12, 30 e 60CH e Sulphur em todas as dinamizações incrementaram a massa da parte aérea. Os resultados indicam que os medicamentos homeopáticos testados têm potencial para controle de pinta preta no tomateiro, por ação direta no patógeno e no hospedeiro.

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