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Gregory was the first monk to be pope; proverbially, he would have preferred to have remained a monk; the audience he addressed was almost always made up of monks. However, no sustained attempt has been made to establish the contexts for Gregory as a monastic writer. The thesis represents an initial attempt to do so, and in particular, to question the image of Gregory as a monk unable to cope with the assumption of episcopal power. The sources principally chosen for study are as follows: Augustine's Praeceptum; Cassian's Institutes and Conferences; the writings of the early Lerins circle; the Sermons and Rules of Caesarius of Aries; the Rule of St. Benedict, together with the Rules of the Master and Eugippius of Lucullanum. The thesis has been structured as a series of comparisons between these texts, and the situations in which they were produced, with Gregory's writings and his situation in late sixth century Rome. Gregory's ecclesial and eschatalogical perspectives, to which he adhered before papal election, are seen to set him apart from earlier monastic writers, and into confrontation with contemporary ascetics and clerics, the Roman clerical establishment in particular. These aspects of Gregory's thought are related to his rhetorical performance, and the voice he develops is compared to those of earlier ascetics. It is argued that the central concern of the texts considered is that of language: western ascetic projects are seen to focus on holiness of rhetoric, especially in the sixth century. In choosing to speak and write primarily as an exegete, Gregory signalled that he did not wish to contribute to the Gaulish or Italian monastic cultures developing around written Rules. He was concerned instead to articulate a personal holy authority.

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Nos travaux s'inscrivent dans un courant de recherche récent, centré sur l'économie du fer des périodes protohistoriques. L'originalité tient en l'étude d'un matériel provenant des plus anciens contextes métallurgiques et en l'approche pluridisciplinaire du sujet, menant à de nouvelles interprétations socio-économiques. Les recherches menées dans le cadre de ce travail sont fondées sur une étude des vestiges d'artisanat du fer à Bourges (Cher, France) et à Lyon (Rhône, France) au Vème siècle avant J.-C. Cette partie est abordée d'un point de vue archéologique et historique, mais également d'un point de vue archéométrique. Il s'agit, pour une part, de définir l'artisanat au sein de ces deux grands établissements, d'en mesurer l'ampleur et de voir la place réservée aux activités de forge. Le second volet correspond à la caractérisation des déchets de forge (scories, battitures, chutes et ratés de fabrication) ainsi que des objets ou ébauches présents sur les sites archéologiques afin de les attribuer à une ou plusieurs étapes de la chaîne opératoire de fabrication d'un objet en fer, d'approcher la nature de l'objet ainsi que celle du métal dont il est constitué. Nous avons pu établir les modalités d'approvisionnement des ateliers, identifier plusieurs productions, valoriser les savoir-faire hautement spécialisés des forgerons et aborder l'organisation des ateliers. La valeur intrinsèque du métal fer et les implications sociales de la production métallique ont aussi été appréhendées. Enfin, l'ensemble de ces résultats et leur comparaison avec les données disponibles pour d'autres établissements où le travail du fer apparaît nous ont amené à établir une classification originale, fondée principalement sur les activités artisanales, où les indicateurs de niveaux sociaux sont utilisés dans un second temps. Ainsi est mise en évidence la participation importante de la production métallique dans le développement économique des établissements. / The present study is part of a recent line of research focused on the iron economy of the proto-historical period. This unusual outlook is due to the study of the material from the most ancient metallurgical contexts and the multidisciplinary approach to the subject leading to some new social and economic interpretations. This research work is based on the study of the smithy remains in Bourges (Cher-France) and in Lyon (Rhône-France) dating back to the Vth century B C. This part is studied from an archaeological and historical point of view but also from an archaeometrical point of view. The first stage consisted in defining the craft industry in these two important settlements, in measuring its extent concerning the craft production in general as well as the smithy activity in particular. The second stage consisted in characterizing the smithy wastes (slags, metal scraps, waste material, rough items) and iron productions that could be found on these archaelogical sites, in order to better determine their place in the operational sequence of an object production. It was also important to know at the same time the artifact and the nature of its constitutive metal, the ways of supplying the workshops with iron and to identify different productions. We had to point out the highly specific know-how of the smiths, and the internal organisation of the workshops. It was also a way of revealing the value of iron and all the social implications of metal productions. Finally we compared these results to available data from other settlements including iron working among craft activities. We established an original classification of these sites where craft activities are the main criteria and where the indicators of the social levels are used in a second stage. Thus was revealed the importance of iron working in the economic development of settlements.

Vers l'an 12 avant J.-C., l'empereur Auguste décide de réorganiser les Gaules. Il crée à cette occasion de nouvelles villes, et déplace aussi des agglomérations gauloises. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier à court, moyen et long termes, l'impact qu'a pu avoir cette réorganisation territoriale sur l'occupation rurale. Son originalité est de modéliser les dynamiques d'occupations non plus à partir de données issues de prospection, mais grâce à celles découvertes de manière « fortuite » lors des opérations d'archéologies préventives. Le nombre d'habitats mis au jour a ainsi été rapporté à l'ensemble des superficies diagnostiquées pour baser la réflexion sur l'évolution des densités d'habitats. Cette analyse a été menée sur les 1182 diagnostics archéologiques réalisés depuis 1990 dans les quatre cités antiques de la basse vallée de la Seine, et qui ont permis de découvrir 232 habitats gaulois ou gallo-romains. Les principaux résultats sont que la création de nouvelles ville au début de I' Antiquité, a dans un premier temps entrainé un exode rural à proximité, en parallèle d'un enrichissement de la société rurale et d'un accroissement des inégalités. Cela a permis l'apparition de grandes exploitations agricoles dans la seconde moitié du II siècle après J.-C. : la villa gallo-romaine. Leur apparition a néanmoins provoquée le déclin progressif de la petite paysannerie dès la fin du IIe siècle, et est probablement en lien avec le développement des hameaux autour des villes augustéennes, dans la seconde moitié du IIIe siècle. Les espaces n'ayant pas fait l'objet d'une urbanisation planifiée au début de I' Antiquité, sont devenues des zones marginales au cours de cette période. / Around 12 BC. Emperor Augustus decided to reorganise the Gauls. On this occasion, he created new cities and moved Protohistoric towns. This thesis aims to study in the short, medium and long terms, the impact this territorial reorganisation might have had on the rural occupation. Its originality is to model the dynamics of occupation not from data acquired during prospections but fortuitously during preventive archaeological operations. The number of settlements uncovered has been compared to the total surveyed surfaces, in order to base the reflection on the evolution of the density of settlements. This analysis has been conducted on the 1182 archaeological surveys conducted since 1990 in the four Roman cities of the lower valley of the Seine river and has allowed the discovery of 232 Gallic or Roman settlements. The main results are that the creation of new towns at the beginning of the Roman period, has firstly led to a rural exodus in short distances, in parallel with an enrichment of the rural society and an increase in inequalities. This has allowed the appearance of big agricultural exploitations in the second half of the 2nd century AC: the roman villa. Their appearance has nevertheless induced a progressive decline of the small peasantry from the end of the 2nd century forth, and is possibly linked to the development of hamlets around Augustan cities in the second half of the 3rd century. Areas that have not been subject to a planned urbanisation at the beginning of the Roman period have been marginalised.

The topic of this contribution is a hieratic ostracon published recently by Ben Haring which allegedly contains a list of words arranged according to the south Semitic sequence of letters. His hypothesis can be confirmed and some of the words can be identified as Semitic. In addition to we suggest that the words are intended as letter names which, however, did not become canonical over time.

My thesis examines relations among practitioners of various religions, especially Christians and Jews, during the era when Jesus’ project went from being a Galilean sect, to a persecuted minority, to religio licita status, and eventually to imperial favor, all happening between the first century resurrection of Jesus and the fourth century rise of Constantine. There is an abiding image of the Church in wider public consciousness that it is unwittingly and in some cases antagonistically exclusionist. This is not a late-developing image. I trace it to the period that the church developed into a formal organization with the establishment of canons and creeds defined by Church councils. This notion is so pervasive that an historical retrospective of Christianity of any period, from the sect that became a movement, to the Reformation, to the present day’s multiple Christian iterations, is framed by the late Patristic era. The conflicts and solutions reached in that period provided enduring definition to the Church while silencing dissent. I refer here to such actions as the destruction of books and letters and the banishment of bishops. Before there emerged the urgent perceived need for doctrinal uniformity, the presence of Christianity provided a resilient non-militant opponent to and an increasing intellectual critique of all religious traditions, including that of the official gods that were seen to hold the empire together. When glaringly manifest cleavages in the empire persisted, the Emperor Constantine sought to use the church to help bring political unity. He called for church councils, starting with Nicaea in 325 CE that took no account for churches outside the Roman Empire, and many within, even though councils were called “Ecumenical.” The presumption that the church was fully representative without asking for permission from a broader field of constituents is just that: a presumption. This thesis studies the ancient world of Christianity’s growth to explore whether, in that age of new and untested toleration, there was a more advisable way of responding to the invitation to the political table. The answer to this can help us formulate, and perhaps revise, some of our conduct today, especially for Christians who obtain a voice in powerful places. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th. (Church History)

My thesis examines relations among practitioners of various religions, especially Christians and Jews, during the era when Jesus’ project went from being a Galilean sect, to a persecuted minority, to religio licita status, and eventually to imperial favor, all happening between the first century resurrection of Jesus and the fourth century rise of Constantine. There is an abiding image of the Church in wider public consciousness that it is unwittingly and in some cases antagonistically exclusionist. This is not a late-developing image. I trace it to the period that the church developed into a formal organization with the establishment of canons and creeds defined by Church councils. This notion is so pervasive that an historical retrospective of Christianity of any period, from the sect that became a movement, to the Reformation, to the present day’s multiple Christian iterations, is framed by the late Patristic era. The conflicts and solutions reached in that period provided enduring definition to the Church while silencing dissent. I refer here to such actions as the destruction of books and letters and the banishment of bishops. Before there emerged the urgent perceived need for doctrinal uniformity, the presence of Christianity provided a resilient non-militant opponent to and an increasing intellectual critique of all religious traditions, including that of the official gods that were seen to hold the empire together. When glaringly manifest cleavages in the empire persisted, the Emperor Constantine sought to use the church to help bring political unity. He called for church councils, starting with Nicaea in 325 CE that took no account for churches outside the Roman Empire, and many within, even though councils were called “Ecumenical.” The presumption that the church was fully representative without asking for permission from a broader field of constituents is just that: a presumption. This thesis studies the ancient world of Christianity’s growth to explore whether, in that age of new and untested toleration, there was a more advisable way of responding to the invitation to the political table. The answer to this can help us formulate, and perhaps revise, some of our conduct today, especially for Christians who obtain a voice in powerful places. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Church History)