O presente texto tem por objetivo investigar a evolução do dogma trinitário na igreja antiga: a compreensão que os primeiros padres tiveram da Trindade enquanto tentativa de dar respostas às heresias que se insurgiram a partir do evento Jesus Cristo, sobretudo, no que diz respeito a sua divindade como também da divindade do Espirito Santo. Trata-se de posições tomadas pela Igreja em dois momentos significativos da produção cultural do significado da Trindade, mas com a mesma finalidade. Sucede-se depois dos concílios de Nicéia e Constantinopla o esforço de alguns padres, sobretudo de Santo Agostinho, na sistematização do dogma trinitário. Partimos do princípio de que são as heresias internas na Igreja que vão provocando a sistematização e aprofundamento dos dogmas trinitários. Assim, o presente trabalho busca a unidade a partir da análise agostiniana de Trindade e o respaldo que esta encontra nos principais "padres da Igreja" / This present text aims to investigate the evolution of the Trinitarian tent in the early church:the understanding that the early Fathers of the Trinity had while attempting to provide answers the h resies that rose up from the event Jesus Christ, above all, especially as regards his divinity as well as the divinity of the Holy Spirit. These are positions taken by the Church in two separate significant stages of cultural production of the meaning of the Trinity,but with the same purpose. It followed up after the Councils of Nicea and Constantinople the effort of some priests, especially of St. Augustine in the systematization of the Trinitarian tent. We assume that are the internal heresies in the Church who are provoking the deepening and systematization of Trinitarian tent. Thus this present work searches the unity from the Augustinian analysis of the Trinity and the support that this is the main "church fathers"

This study addresses eighteenth-century English-speaking evangelicals' understandings of church history, through the lens of published attempts to represent preceding Christian centuries panoramically or comprehensively. Sources entail several short reflections on history emerging in the early years of the transatlantic Revival (1730s-1740s) and subsequent, more substantial efforts by evangelical leaders John Gillies, Jonathan Edwards, John Wesley, Joseph and Isaac Milner, and Thomas Haweis. Little scholarly analysis exists on these sources, aside from the renaissance of interest in recent decades in Edwards. This is surprising, considering the acknowledged prominence of history-writing in the eighteenth century and the influence attributed, then and now, to the works of authors such as Gibbon, Hume, and Robertson. The aim is, first, to elucidate each of the above evangelicals' interpretations of the Christian past, both in overview and according to what they said on a roster of particular historical events, people and movements, and then to consider shared and divergent aspects. These aspects range from points of detail to paradigmatic theological convictions. Secondarily, evangelical church histories are analyzed in relation to earlier Protestant as well as eighteenth-century 'enlightened' historiography, in part through attention to evangelical authors' explicit engagement with these currents. This contextualization assists in determining the unique qualities of evangelical interpretations. Is there, then, evidence of a characteristically 'evangelical' perspective on church history? An examination of this neglected area illumines patterns and particulars of evangelicals' historical thought, and these in turn communicate the self-perceptions and the defining features of evangelicalism itself. Findings support the primary contention that evangelical leaders made use of a dynamic pattern of revival and declension as a means of accounting for the full history of Christianity. Beyond displaying the central place of 'revival' for evangelicals, these church histories demonstrate evangelicalism‘s complex relationship—involving both receptivity and critique—with Protestant and Enlightenment currents of historical inquiry.

Le présent mémoire propose d’examiner, d’une façon approfondie et innovatrice, le rapport entre les chrétiens et Marc-Aurèle à travers une analyse complète des sources à disposition, notamment celles historico-littéraires, épigraphiques, numismatiques et législatives. En particulier, l’on démontrera l’absence de fondement de l’image faite a posteriori de Marc-Aurèle en tant que protector christianorum dont le premier témoin, d'après nos connaissances, est Tertullien. L’on montrera, par le biais d’une analyse législative des sources à notre disposition qu’à l’époque de Marc-Aurèle il n’y avait aucune loi qui protégeait les chrétiens. Bien au contraire, les dispositions de Trajan étaient toujours valides. Par la suite, nous chercherons à trouver les véritables raisons de la politique de Marc-Aurèle envers les chrétiens à travers la comparaison entre la pensée médio-platonicienne de Justin et celle stoïcienne du princeps. L’interprétation philosophique de l’attitude à montrer face à la mort, nous donnera une clef de lecture pour pénétrer les raisons les plus profondes des violences et des procès que les chrétiens ont subis au cours de son principat. / This work aims to provide an original and thorough exploration of the relationship between Marcus Aurelius and the Christians by means of an in-depth analysis of the available historical, literary, epigraphic, numismatic, and legal sources. Specifically, it will show that the a posteriori view of Marcus Aurelius as protector Christianorum, apparently introduced by Tertullian, is unfounded. In support of this argument, a legal analysis of the available sources will show that, far from enjoying legal protection during the Principality of Marcus Aurelius, Christians were still subject to Trajan’s laws. The true reasons underlying the policy of Marcus Aurelius towards the Christians will be investigated by comparing the Middle Platonism of Justin Martyr with the stoic meditations of the princeps. In particular, the philosophical interpretation of the attitude deemed suitable in the face of death will provide an insight into the reasons that led to the wave of violence and to the trials of Christians under Marcus Aurelius’ rule.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-10-09T18:38:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_francisco_sales.pdf: 920226 bytes, checksum: 4058a91cccaccbf259d22c8daae5694c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T18:38:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_francisco_sales.pdf: 920226 bytes, checksum: 4058a91cccaccbf259d22c8daae5694c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-20 / This present text aims to investigate the evolution of the Trinitarian tent in the early church:the understanding that the early Fathers of the Trinity had while attempting to provide answers the h resies that rose up from the event Jesus Christ, above all, especially as regards his divinity – as well as the divinity of the Holy Spirit. These are positions taken by the Church in two separate significant stages of cultural production of the meaning of the Trinity,but with the same purpose. It followed up after the Councils of Nicea and Constantinople the effort of some priests, especially of St. Augustine in the systematization of the Trinitarian tent. We assume that are the internal heresies in the Church who are provoking the deepening and systematization of Trinitarian tent. Thus this present work searches the unity from the Augustinian analysis of the Trinity and the support that this is the main "church fathers". / O presente texto tem por objetivo investigar a evolução do dogma trinitário na igreja antiga: a compreensão que os primeiros padres tiveram da Trindade enquanto tentativa de dar respostas às heresias que se insurgiram a partir do evento Jesus Cristo, sobretudo, no que diz respeito a sua divindade – como também da divindade do Espirito Santo. Trata-se de posições tomadas pela Igreja em dois momentos significativos da produção cultural do significado da Trindade, mas com a mesma finalidade. Sucede-se depois dos concílios de Nicéia e Constantinopla o esforço de alguns padres, sobretudo de Santo Agostinho, na sistematização do dogma trinitário. Partimos do princípio de que são as heresias internas na Igreja que vão provocando a sistematização e aprofundamento dos dogmas trinitários. Assim, o presente trabalho busca a unidade a partir da análise agostiniana de Trindade e o respaldo que esta encontra nos principais "padres da Igreja".

The present thesis focuses on the importance of the written word as a ruling device of the Anglo- Saxon kings. Due to the availability of historical evidence, the studied period begins in 597 with the arrival of Christian missionaries from Rome and ends prior to the Norman Conquest in 1066. The kings' approach to the written word is analyzed on the basis of surviving literary and iconographic evidence, i.e. on documents composed for or by the rulers, and on the visual images of the rulers as portrayed in surviving manuscripts. The first chapter provides a historical background necessary for the correct interpretation of the examined texts and portraits. This section is aimed at the main concepts discussed in the thesis: medieval authorship, medieval kingship, and the spread of Christianity within the Anglo- Saxon kingdoms. The second chapter offers the analysis of written documents and focuses on the texts composed within the scope of King Alfred's educational and religious reform. The close reading of the OE translations demonstrates the king's use of the texts as didactic tools mainly serving to promote religion and learning within the kingdom. The key texts are Gregory's Pastoral Care, Augustine's Soliloquies, and Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy; an additional context of the king's life and...

In and around the 870s, Britain was transformed dramatically by the campaigns and settlements of the Great Army and its allies. Some pre-existing political communities suffered less than others, and in hindsight the process helped Scotland and England achieve their later positions. By the twelfth century, the rulers of these countries had partitioned the former kingdom of Northumbria. This thesis is about what happened in the intervening period, the fate of Northumbria's political structures, and how the settlement that defined Britain for the remainder of the Middle Ages came about. Modern reconstructions of the era have tended to be limited in scope and based on unreliable post-1100 sources. The aim is to use contemporary material to overcome such limitations, and reach positive conclusions that will make more sense of the evidence and make the region easier to understand for a wider audience, particularly in regard to its shadowy polities and ecclesiastical structures. After an overview of the most important evidence, two chapters will review Northumbria's alleged dissolution, testing existing historiographic beliefs (based largely on Anglo-Norman-era evidence) about the fate of the monarchy, political community, and episcopate. The impact and nature of ‘Southenglish' hegemony on the region's political communities will be the focus of the fourth chapter, while the fifth will look at evidence for the expansion of Scottish political power. The sixth chapter will try to draw positive conclusions about the episcopate, leaving the final chapter to look in more detail at the institutions that produced the final settlement.