The first part of the work is about how to write the business plan. The practical part of work is about the business plan - Services for household and judges its chance for a success.

La préservation des écosystèmes et la performance économique des organisations sont souvent mises en opposition. Ecosystèmes et organisations sont cependant interdépendants et peuvent être appréhendés comme constitutifs d’un même système socio-écologique (SSE). Notre objectif est d’identifier les instruments permettant le respect des contraintes de viabilité environnementales et économiques des SSE que nous proposons : la résilience écologique et la profitabilité des organisations. Après avoir souligné la faiblesse environnementale des instruments de régulation traditionnels néoclassiques, nous évaluons l’efficacité de deux autres catégories d’outils, récents et souvent plébiscités. Les approches volontaires étudiées permettent généralement de garantir la viabilité économique des organisations, mais leurs objectifs environnementaux, dont l’atteinte est variable, ignorent souvent la complexité des écosystèmes. Parmi les comptabilités environnementales, celles qui relèvent d’instruments de régulation néoclassiques poursuivent des objectifs écologiquement inappropriés, alors que les approches hétérodoxes sont plus en phase avec nos contraintes écologiques mais supposent une réforme profonde des conventions comptables. Ces résultats nous incitent à élaborer un modèle de gestion environnementale permettant d’assurer la viabilité des SSE à plus court terme. Il repose, pour son efficacité écologique, sur une démarche de gestion adaptative à l’échelle territoriale. Les désavantages compétitifs susceptibles d’apparaître sont mis en évidence par des comptabilités appropriées, et ces situations sont optimisées via la mise en œuvre de processus redistributifs adaptés. / Ecosystems’ preservation and the economic performance of organisations are often considered to be antagonistic. Nevertheless, ecosystems and organisations are interdependent, and they can be seen as part of the same social-ecological system (SES). The goal of our research is to identify the tools that ensure that the SES environmental and economic viability constraints we provide (i.e. ecological resilience and organisations’ profitability) are observed. After highlighting the ecological weakness of conventional neoclassical regulatory tools, we measure the effectiveness of two other categories of tools that have appeared recently and are often praised. The voluntary approaches analysed generally ensure the economic viability of organisations, but their environmental goals, which are variably reached, often ignore the complexity of ecosystems. Among the environmental accounting approaches, those considered as neoclassical regulatory tools pursue objectives that are ecologically inappropriate, whereas heterodox approaches observe our ecological constraints, but entail a significant reform of accounting policies. These results prompt us to elaborate an environmental management model, set to ensure shorter term SES viability. It lies, for its ecological effectiveness, on an adaptive management approach at the territorial level. The competitive disadvantages which might arise are identified in appropriate accounts, and these situations are addressed with using suitable redistributive processes.

Les bonobos (Pan paniscus) sont menacés d’extinction. Ils sont les plus grands primates et les seuls grands singes de la rive sud du bassin du Congo. Ils sont nos plus proches parents avec les chimpanzés et sont étudiés dans l’urgence par les anthropologues pour comprendre nos origines Hominidé. Mais qu’en est-il de leur rôle fonctionnel dans la forêt ? Leur disparition aurait-elle des conséquences graves sur l’écologie forestière ? Telles sont les questions de ce projet inédit, dont les réponses sont apportées par plusieurs années d’observations d’un groupe en liberté habitué au site de recherche LuiKotale (RD Congo). Dans cette forêt tropicale humide, la très grande majorité des plantes a besoin des animaux pour se reproduire et disperser leurs graines. Les bonobos sont les plus grands frugivores après les éléphants. Au cours de sa vie, chaque bonobo ingèrera et dispersera 9 tonnes de graines, de plus de 91 espèces de lianes, herbes, arbres et arbustes. Ces graines voyageront 24 heures dans le tube digestif des bonobos, qui les transporteront sur plusieurs kilomètres (≈1.3km; max : 4.5 km), loin de leur plante mère, où ils seront déposées intactes dans leurs fèces. Ces graines dispersées restent viables, germent mieux et plus rapidement que les graines non passées par le tube digestif d’un bonobo. La diplochorie, impliquant les bousiers (Scarabaeidae), favorise leur survie post dispersion. Certaines plantes comme les Dialium pourraient même être dépendants du bonobo pour activer la germination de leurs graines en dormance tégumentaire. Les premiers paramètres de l’efficacité des bonobos comme disperseurs de graines sont présents. Leurs comportements pourraient affecter la structure des populations végétales. La majorité de ces plantes zoochores ne peuvent recruter sans dispersion et la structure spatiale homogène des arbres laisse penser à un lien direct avec leur agent de dispersion. Peu d’espèces remplaceraient les bonobos en terme de leur rôle fonctionnel, tout comme les bonobos ne remplacent pas les éléphants. Il y a peu de redondance fonctionnelle entre les mammifères frugivores très différents du Congo, qui doivent faire face aux pressions de chasse des hommes et disparaissent localement. La défaunation des forêts, résultant dans le syndrome des forêts vides, est un problème grave de biologie de la conservation illustré ici. La disparition des bonobos qui dispersent les graines de 65% des arbres de leur forêt, ou encore 11.6 millions de graines au cours de la vie d’un bonobo, est liée à la conservation des forêts tropicales humides du Congo / Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are threatened with extinction. They are the largest primates, and the only apes (except human), of the southern bank of the Congo Basin. Along with chimpanzees, they are our closest living relatives and are studied by anthropologists to include/understand our hominid origins; but what about their functional role in the forest? Would their disappearance have serious consequences for forest ecology? Answering this question is the aim of this new project, with several years of observations of a free-ranging habituated group of bonobos on the LuiKotale research station (DR Congo). In this tropical rainforest, the very great majority of plants need animals to reproduce and disperse their seeds. Bonobos are the largest frugivorous animals in this region, after elephants. During its life, each bonobo will ingest and disperse nine tons of seeds, from more than 91 species of lianas, grass, trees and shrubs. These seeds will travel 24 hours in the bonobo digestive tract, which will transfer them over several kilometers (mean 1.3 km; max: 4.5 km), far from their parents, where they will be deposited intact in their feces. These dispersed seeds remain viable, germinate better and more quickly than unpassed seeds. For those seeds, diplochory with dung-beetles (Scarabaeidae) imrpoves post-dispersal survival. Certain plants such as Dialium may even be dependent on bonobos to activate the germination of their seeds, characterized by tegumentary dormancy. The first parameters of the effectiveness of seed dispersal by bonobos are present. Behavior of the bonobo could affect the population structure of plants whose seeds they disperse. The majority of these zoochorous plants cannot recruit without dispersal and the homogeneous spatial structure of the trees suggests a direct link with their dispersal agent. Few species could replace bonobos in terms of seed dispersal services, just as bonobos could not replace elephants. There is little functional redundancy between frugivorous mammals of the Congo, which face severe human hunting pressures and local exctinction. The defaunation of the forests, leading to the empty forest syndrome, is critical in conservation biology, as will be illustrated here. The disappearance of the bonobos, which disperse seeds of 65% of the tree species in these forests, or 11.6 million individual seeds during the life of each bonobo, will have consequences for the conservation of the Congo rainforest

Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are threatened with extinction. They are the largest primates, and the only apes (except human), of the southern bank of the Congo Basin. Along with chimpanzees, they are our closest living relatives and are studied by anthropologists to include/understand our hominid origins; but what about their functional role in the forest? Would their disappearance have serious consequences for forest ecology? Answering this question is the aim of this new project, with several years of observations of a free-ranging habituated group of bonobos on the LuiKotale research station (DR Congo). In this tropical rainforest, the very great majority of plants need animals to reproduce and disperse their seeds. Bonobos are the largest frugivorous animals in this region, after elephants. During its life, each bonobo will ingest and disperse nine tons of seeds, from more than 91 species of lianas, grass, trees and shrubs. These seeds will travel 24 hours in the bonobo digestive tract, which will transfer them over several kilometers (mean 1.3 km; max: 4.5 km), far from their parents, where they will be deposited intact in their feces. These dispersed seeds remain viable, germinate better and more quickly than unpassed seeds. For those seeds, diplochory with dung-beetles (Scarabaeidae) imrpoves post-dispersal survival. Certain plants such as Dialium may even be dependent on bonobos to activate the germination of their seeds, characterized by tegumentary dormancy. The first parameters of the effectiveness of seed dispersal by bonobos are present. Behavior of the bonobo could affect the population structure of plants whose seeds they disperse. The majority of these zoochorous plants cannot recruit without dispersal and the homogeneous spatial structure of the trees suggests a direct link with their dispersal agent. Few species could replace bonobos in terms of seed dispersal services, just as bonobos could not replace elephants. There is little functional redundancy between frugivorous mammals of the Congo, which face severe human hunting pressures and local exctinction. The defaunation of the forests, leading to the empty forest syndrome, is critical in conservation biology, as will be illustrated here. The disappearance of the bonobos, which disperse seeds of 65% of the tree species in these forests, or 11.6 million individual seeds during the life of each bonobo, will have consequences for the conservation of the Congo rainforest