The diploma thesis Impact of the economic crisis on the construction market and the current trends in the construction sector focuses mainly on the development of the Czech construction market in relation to the economic crisis of 2008-2009, while looking for conjunctions with macroeconomic indicators. It also describes the following period of development of the construction sector with an emphasis on current trends. Exemplifying how this is implemented into practice, the diploma thesis includes a description of the activities of a group of companies called EBM Group.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of measures taken by the Federal Reserve System in response to the 2007 financial crisis that was later joined by economic crisis. It analyzes effects caused by modification of existing programs, creation of new credit programs, support of systemically important institutions by the Fed and programs of outright purchase of selected assets on the open market. The thesis also examines the behavior of the Fed in setting of a target interest rate in longer term, from 2000 to 2011. The thesis verifies the validity of the Taylor rule of monetary policy by using regression analysis. Appendix at the end of the thesis emphasizes the importance of the U.S. dollar in the current international monetary system and the associated implications for the external stability of the U.S. economy.

The thesis describes and analyses the problem of the global financial and economic crisis and its influence on the Russian economy. It constitutes a synthesis of main approaches to the crisis' examination from the years 2008-2011 and develops its own theoretical model for explaining the crisis' emergence and spreading in an open economy, and also analyses in detail the state of the Russian economy and anti-crisis measures. The thesis is based on assumptions that the crisis could have been explained and foreseen theoretically with the help of macroeconomic models, that the anti-crisis policy was in majority of cases inefficient, and that the problems of the Russian economy were caused not only by the global recession, but also by its internal imbalances. On the methodological side, the thesis is based on the ideas of the Austrian and Keynesian economics (the Austrian business cycle model and post- and neo-Keynesian branches) and the financial crises economics and partly on selected thoughts of the Marxian economics, and is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, the attention is given to the four main heterodox theoretical approaches to explaining financial and economic crises and to the development of a synthetic model. In the second chapter, the reasons, course and main previsions of the U.S. and global crisis are examined and the synthetic model from the first chapter is empirically tested. In the third chapter, the degree of the crisis' influence on different groups of countries is estimated, followed by a description of its main transmission channels and an analysis of anti-crisis measures at the global level. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the specifics of the Russian economy, its development during the crisis and to the anti-crisis policy of the Russian government and of the Central Bank of Russia. The thesis attempts to fill the gap in the existing economic literature by presenting new findings in the above-mentioned areas.

This thesis deals with the comparison of tax reforms during the financial and economic crisis in the old and new EU countries. My main objective is to compare the reforms implemented in individual states during the financial and economic crisis and its impact on the tax quota and tax mix. The first part deals with the causes and development of the financial and economic crisis. In the second chapter is a description of the optimal tax system and history of the tax reforms. The final chapter describes the various changes and reforms in EU countries, the development of their tax quota, tax mix, the government expenditure to GDP ratio, the government debt to GDP ratio and the impact of certain changes to the amount of taxation on labor.

There are different views on the nature and content of strategies that ensure positive performance in the economic crisis environment. This has created the need for studies focusing on the relationship between strategies and performance in different economic crises. Manufacturing firms in Zimbabwe have experienced declining performance since 1996. It is against this background that this study examined the dimension of strategic orientations (as measures of strategies) exercised by firms to determine their relationship with performance during the economic crisis. Data on the various dimensions of strategic orientation was collected through questionnaires, while data on performance were collected through questionnaires and financial statements. The study sample was obtained through a stratified sampling technique which falls within the sphere of probability sampling methods. The multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between the six dimensions of strategic orientation and performance. The analysis dimension of strategic orientation was dominantly exercised by many firms. The analysis dimension of strategic orientation was also the most effective because it had a positive relationship with performance (positive profitability and growth). This makes the analysis dimension of strategic orientation relevant in economic crisis. The study showed that the pro-activeness dimension of strategic orientation focused by very few firms had a positive relationship with performance (positive profitability and growth) and hence making it relevant in economic crisis. Moreover, it was established that the relationship between aggressiveness and riskiness dimensions of strategic orientation was negative and hence less relevant in economic crisis. It is therefore recommended that, for manufacturing firms in Zimbabwe to survive, improve performance and ensure sustainability in the current economic crisis environment, they need to focus dominantly on the analysis and pro-activeness dimensions of strategic orientation. This requires firms to invest more in research and development, develop strategic partnerships with other firms, strong networks, innovative and creative capabilities. In addition, firms must avoid fighting competitors and taking risky decisions. This study considered firms that are currently operational and it is recommended that future studies consider firms that closed during the economic crisis to acquire a deeper understanding of the effective strategies in economic crisis. / Business Management / D.B.L.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el impacto financiero de la NIC 19: Beneficio a los empleados, bajo el contexto del Covid-19, en los hoteles de 4 estrellas del distrito de Miraflores, año 2020. En el mes de marzo del 2020, el Covid-19 llegó al Perú, ocasionando que el estado peruano estableciera medidas para salvaguardar la salud y la vida de la población. Una de las medidas establecidas fue la inmovilización total, también llamada cuarentena, que afectó a los diversos sectores económicos, siendo el más golpeado el sector hotelero. Es así que se realizó la presente investigación, basada en cinco capítulos: Capitulo I, Marco teórico, el cual abarca las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera, en el mundo y el Perú, definiciones, objetivos, alcance y dimensiones de la NIC19: Beneficio a los empleados, el modelo de nuestra investigación y el Sector Hotelero en el Perú. Capitulo II, Plan de Investigación, que detalla sobre el planteamiento del problema de nuestro tema, su justificación o relevancia, objetivos e hipótesis, y sus limitaciones y parámetros. Capitulo III, Método de la Investigación, se determinó la población a analizar, el tamaño de la muestra y el diseño de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa que son herramientas que evalúan los datos recolectados por la población y muestra. Capitulo IV, Desarrollo de la Investigación, se aplicaron instrumentos como, las entrevistas a profundidad a expertos y las encuestas a nuestra muestra determinada; por otro lado, se presentaron escenarios de casos prácticos y su inferencia en los estados financieros de las empresas hoteleras. Capítulo V, Análisis de Resultados, es el último capítulo de la investigación, donde contabilizamos y analizamos los resultados estadísticos obtenidos y recolectados, análisis de Alfa Cronbach, Chi cuadrado y la validación de las hipótesis, dependiente e independiente, según las dimensiones de la norma, y en base de ello se realizaron las conclusiones y recomendaciones / The objective of this research work is to determine the financial impact of IAS 19: Employee benefits, under the context of Covid-19, in the 4-star hotels of the Miraflores district, year 2020. On March of 2020, Covid-19 arrived in Peru, causing the Peruvian state to establish measures to safeguard the health and life of the population. One of the measures established was the total immobilization, also called quarantine, which affected the various economic sectors, the hotel sector was the hardest hit since national trips were suspended, therefore tourism throughout Peru was paralyzed during many months. Due to this effect, there were several dismissals in the different companies in this sector, as well as the option of granting the perfect suspension to their workers, which was an exceptional measure that several companies took advantage of, this allows, for a maximum period of ninety days, suspend the obligations to be paid by the worker, as well as the duty to pay salaries on the part of the entity. The research was carried out in five parts: Chapter I Theoretical framework, which covers the International Financial Reporting Standards, in the world and Peru, definitions, objectives, scope and dimensions of IAS19: Employee benefits, our model Research and the Hotel Sector in Peru. Chapter II Research Plan is detailed on the approach to the problem of our topic, its justification or relevance, objectives and hypotheses and its limitations and parameters. Chapter III Research Method, we determinate the population to be analyzed, the sample size and the qualitative and quantitative research design were determined, which are tools that evaluate the data collected by the population and sample. Chapter IV Research Development, we applied instruments such as in-depth interviews with experts and surveys were applied to our determined sample, on the other hand, we carried out scenarios of practical cases and how they inferred in the financial statements of the hotel companies. Chapter V Analysis of Results, in this last chapter of our research is where we count and analyze the statistical results obtained and collected, analysis of Alpha Cronbach, Chi square and the validation of the dependent and independent hypotheses according to the dimensions of the norm, based on of them the conclusions and recommendations were made. / Tesis

Las crisis económicas mundiales surgen en distintos países y los organismos económicos internacionales(OEI) hacen frente a diferentes situaciones en las que las políticas económicas no funcionan adecuadamente y requieren de algún financiamiento para afrontarlas. Su importancia ha impulsado la presente investigación. En un primer momento, se explicará como los marcos regulatorios de los OEI constan de un conjunto de leyes y normas para la ejecución de determinadas operaciones de apoyo con normas internacionales en diversos ámbitos que permiten la estabilidad financiera mundial. Los OEI que destacan en la intervención para afrontar las diferentes crisis económicas son el Fondo Monetario Internacional(FMI), integrado por 184 países miembros que, a través de programas de apoyo y el asesoramiento mediante guías de buenas prácticas, los benefician para hacer frente a la crisis; y el Banco Mundial(BM), con 189 países miembros basa su organización en diferentes instituciones (BIRF, AIF, IFC, MIGA, CIADI) con roles específicos que se ajustan a las necesidades de financiamiento que cada país demanda. En un segundo momento, se explicarán cuáles son las causas principales de las crisis económicas mundiales: la volatilidad en tipo de cambio, las tasas de interés, la ausencia de políticas monetarias adecuadas, el desplome en la bolsa de valores, burbujas inmobiliarias, entre otros. En un último capítulo se revisará los efectos principales: la reducción del salario, empresas en quiebra o procesos de liquidación, fuga de inversionistas, recesión, disminución de inversión pública, e índice de desempleo elevado, entre otros. / International Financial Institutions (IFIs) respond to economic crises in countries where public policies do not work properly and require financing. The regulatory frameworks established for these IFIs are composed of a set of laws and regulations created for the execution of specific support operations that run under the protection of various international treaties in several areas, therefore, allowing global financial stability. The most prominent IFIs in terms of confronting various economic crises are the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The IMF is comprised of 184 member countries that, through support programs and advice on good practice guidelines, benefit from facing potential crisis. The World Bank is comprised of 189 member countries as well and it’s an extended family of five institutions: IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, and ICSID. These institutions have specific roles that adjust to the financing needs that each country demands. The main causes of world economic crises are exchange rate volatility, interest rates, the absence of monetary policies, the crash of the stock market, real estate bubbles, among others. The main effects are the reduction of wages, companies in bankruptcy or filing for liquidation, flight of investors, recession, decrease in public investment, high unemployment rate, among others. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

The largest post-war economic crisis, which began spreading to the world in the second half of 2008, hit all sectors negatively. An important lesson from the analysis of the crisis is not its causes, but rather the reference to the drawbacks of globalization, in the form of dismantling the consequences of this crisis. Building industry is a specific branch of the Czech economy, which has responded to the outbreak, the course and the retreat of crisis, in a unique way. Both pre-investment and investment phases of a construction project are time-consuming, resulting in a delayed response - inertia, to changes in the state of the economy that are reflected in aggregate demand from which demand for construction output is derived. The thesis focuses mainly on the development market, where it focuses in detail on evolution of housing construction in the pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis period. The set of incorrect steps, decisions and inactivity of residential developers caused a unique phenomenon - the house-offer crisis. Therefore, the result of the work is methodological recommendations - a set of steps whose observation should reduce the negative effects of the crisis on the construction industry and avoid the re-emergence of the house-offer crisis. Economic cycles give us two assurances: each growth is followed by fall and vice versa. Nowadays it is not possible to predict the causes of the future crisis or its length, but it is important to prepare for it.

The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the real and actual state of Laufen CZ, and propose measures. It is an analysis of internal and external environment company. How to cope with the impact of firm financial and economic crisis tell us analysis like SWOT, SLEPT, Quick test, fundamental analysis and Porter five forces.

The crisis in the construction industry in the years 2008 to 2010 had a great impact on the implementation and completion of already initiated development projects. In my diploma thesis I have focused on this problem from the perspective of companies that implemented development projects in mentioned years. I processed the initial financial analysis to evaluate the "financial health" of the company, and then I compared the two development projects, one realized before the economic crisis, and the second, which was implemented during the economic crisis.