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Aquaculture plays a critical role in alleviating demand pressures caused by increasing fish consumption and over-exploitation of fishery stocks. While aquatic foods are generally considered low-revenue generators in comparison to other protein-sources, aquaculture products help to support food security, income, and higher standards of living, particularly in developing countries. Decision makers, i.e. policy-makers and farmers, are challenged with the responsibility of planning and conducting aquaculture development in a sustainable way whereby social, environmental and economic goals are simultaneously satisfied. Existing studies that economically evaluate the industry for its current and historical performance, and future development scenarios are invaluable to sustainable planning, but have not been developed in Mexico. This dissertation is comprised of two essays applying Economics and Operations Research theory to regional economic planning for the sustainable development of shrimp farming in northwest Mexico. The analyses are carried out both at the micro (farm) and macro (industry planning and development) levels based on an unbalanced panel of shrimp semi-intensive farms containing primary-source information at pond level for the period 1994, 1996-1998. Using an input distance function approach, the first essay examines total factor productivity (TFP) and technical efficiency (TE) using both traditional (T) and environmentally-adjusted (EA) indicators. The reduction in TFP was determined to be due to a technological regression as reflected by increased input-intensive production technology resulting in an increase in undesirable outputs. The learning curve resulting from a shift from white shrimp to blue shrimp production species resulted in higher FCRs, water exchange and pollution emissions, despite increasing shrimp yields. In all years except 994, EA TE and EA TFP were lower than the traditional TE and TFP scores. TE and TFP had an opposite behavior than yields in this period of time. In order to improve the technological change (TC) component of TFP in light of stable TE scores, increased government assistance in disseminating technological know-how is necessary to improve TFP at a faster rate during the transition period. A sensitivity analysis also revealed the economic feasibility of the implementation of pollution abatement technology based on the calculated shadow price of N and P pollutants at USD $6.35/kg and $8.3/kg respectively. In the second essay, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model was developed to evaluate the sustainable development of shrimp farming in the northwest region of Mexico (States of Sonora, Sinaloa and Nayarit) based on government objectives for aquaculture development in Mexico. Three possible production systems among two species were investigated. The optimal combination of new shrimp farms within 22,500 ha over a five-year period is determined. The planning objectives assumed in the MCDM model are maximization of employment (E), foreign exchange earnings (XG), and economic rent (ER), and total pollution (TOTALPOLL) minimization, subject to land availability and local market demand constraints. Under a preliminary evaluation of single objective optimization, XG and ER maximization produce similar results: USD $888.6 and $322.5 million in foreign exchange earnings and economic rent respectively, and the creation of 6,150 jobs. The MCDM model was implemented using Feasible Goals, which allows for the simultaneous graphical evaluation of decision maps arising from trade-offs among efficient solutions. When fully allocating the available land (22,500 ha), the multiobjective development of the shrimp farming industry produces 7,490 new jobs, ER and XG of USD $204.5 and $497.6 million respectively, with a total pollutant discharge of 2,000 tons. The multiple-criteria optimization strongly favors semi-intensive systems (93% of the total 466 new farms), producing 57,119 tons of shrimp by 2005. The sustainable development of the industry based on the assumptions of this analysis does not suggest intensification of systems. Rather, the results of the MCDM analysis support the claim that semi-intensive farms, which are more common in Mexico, promote sustainability. Based on the findings of each of the essays, it is suggested that production performance indicators are needed on a periodic basis for the evaluation of the shrimp industry of Mexico. Production performance measurements may better assist farmers in the decision-making for industry sustainability and growth. Moreover, direct determination of N and P discharges by farms are recommended in future studies as well as incorporating risk and employing longer time series.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-05-18T14:10:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carla Moura.pdf: 9163458 bytes, checksum: 08a8f97c0987c04ab63fbd016e439351 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-18T14:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carla Moura.pdf: 9163458 bytes, checksum: 08a8f97c0987c04ab63fbd016e439351 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is based on the analysis of an archive on the “Program of Assistance to the Cooperatives in the Amazon region”, this implanted and executed in the Amazon region during the decade of 60. The study of this Program alone it was possible due to access possibility the documentary sources and archivists, pertaining to the family of a bank clerk, already deceased, that it was part of the first one, and only, group of Agents of Cooperative Credit – ACC, formed in the decade of 1960 for the Bank of Credit of Amazônia S/A – BCA, with the purpose to assist the formation of 50 agricultural cooperatives in the corresponding region to the Legal Amazônia. It was intended with the analysis of this archive, having as base Comparative Weberian Sociology, to reflect on this cooperative experience in the process of economic planning searching to confer to this quantity the possibility to clarify the question amplest of the proper development of the Amazônia. / Este trabalho de dissertação fundamenta-se na análise de um arquivo sobre o “Programa de Assistência ao Cooperativismo na Região Amazônica”, implantado e executado na Região Amazônica durante a década de 60. O estudo deste Programa só foi possível devido à possibilidade de acesso às fontes documentais e arquivistas, pertencentes à família de um bancário, já falecido, que fez parte da primeira, e única, turma de Agentes de Crédito Cooperativo – ACC, formados na década de 1960 pelo Banco de Crédito da Amazônia S/A – BCA, com a finalidade de assessorar a formação de 50 cooperativas agrícolas na região correspondente à Amazônia Legal. Pretendeu-se com a análise deste arquivo, tendo como base a Sociologia Comparativa Weberiana, refletir sobre esta experiência cooperativista no processo de planejamento econômico, buscando conferir a esse acervo a possibilidade de esclarecer a questão mais ampla do próprio desenvolvimento da Amazônia.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of La Verne, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 385-394).

Este trabalho discute o planejamento urbano no Brasil como produto de contextos ideológicos, compreendendo sua praticabilidade como intrinsecamente condicionada pela base material da sociedade brasileira. Com isso, tendo como fundamento dessa interpretação a Dialética da Acumulação Entravada (Deák, 1990), desenvolve-se a hipótese de que as iniciativas de planejamento urbano originadas da ideologia Social-Democrata - isto é, originadas de uma ideologia incompatível àquele fundamento material da sociedade brasileira - não conferem com o exercício real do Estado brasileiro nem poderiam legitimá-lo, sendo, por isso, impossíveis de suceder no Brasil. De modo diferente, as experiências de planejamento filiadas ao ideário neoliberal, ainda que de maneira superficial, constituem argumentos justificativos para a ação do Estado e, de tal sorte, são absorvidas pela prática social no Brasil como instrumento de perpetuação do status quo. O trabalho empreende sua proposta por meio da organização de um arcabouço teórico e de um estudo de caso enfocando São Paulo, em especial o Plano Urbanístico Básico de São Paulo (PUB-1968), elaborado em meio à conjuntura da Social-Democracia, e o Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE- 2002), concebido no contexto neoliberal. / This essay discusses urban planning in Brazil as a product of ideological contexts, whose feasibility is strictly conditioned by the material basis of Brazilian society. Thus, taking the Dialectics of Hindered Accumulation ( Deák , 1990) as a theoretical background for this interpretation , it develops the hypothesis that urban planning initiatives originated from the Social-Democracy ideology - that is to say, originated from an ideology incompatible with the material fundamentals of Brazilian society - do not match the actual activities of the Brazilian state neither could legitimate it, being, therefore, impossible to take place in Brazil. Differently, the experiences of planning affiliated with the neoliberal ideology, although superficially, are justifying arguments for state action and, in such a way, are absorbed by the social practices in Brazil as a tool for maintaining the status quo. The work undertakes its proposal by organizing a theoretical framework and a case study focused on Sao Paulo, specially, the Sao Paulo Urban Basic Plan (PUB-1968), prepared through the juncture of Social Democracy, and the Strategic Director Plan of Sao Paulo (PDE-2002), conceived in the neo-liberal context.

Este trabalho discute o planejamento urbano no Brasil como produto de contextos ideológicos, compreendendo sua praticabilidade como intrinsecamente condicionada pela base material da sociedade brasileira. Com isso, tendo como fundamento dessa interpretação a Dialética da Acumulação Entravada (Deák, 1990), desenvolve-se a hipótese de que as iniciativas de planejamento urbano originadas da ideologia Social-Democrata - isto é, originadas de uma ideologia incompatível àquele fundamento material da sociedade brasileira - não conferem com o exercício real do Estado brasileiro nem poderiam legitimá-lo, sendo, por isso, impossíveis de suceder no Brasil. De modo diferente, as experiências de planejamento filiadas ao ideário neoliberal, ainda que de maneira superficial, constituem argumentos justificativos para a ação do Estado e, de tal sorte, são absorvidas pela prática social no Brasil como instrumento de perpetuação do status quo. O trabalho empreende sua proposta por meio da organização de um arcabouço teórico e de um estudo de caso enfocando São Paulo, em especial o Plano Urbanístico Básico de São Paulo (PUB-1968), elaborado em meio à conjuntura da Social-Democracia, e o Plano Diretor Estratégico (PDE- 2002), concebido no contexto neoliberal. / This essay discusses urban planning in Brazil as a product of ideological contexts, whose feasibility is strictly conditioned by the material basis of Brazilian society. Thus, taking the Dialectics of Hindered Accumulation ( Deák , 1990) as a theoretical background for this interpretation , it develops the hypothesis that urban planning initiatives originated from the Social-Democracy ideology - that is to say, originated from an ideology incompatible with the material fundamentals of Brazilian society - do not match the actual activities of the Brazilian state neither could legitimate it, being, therefore, impossible to take place in Brazil. Differently, the experiences of planning affiliated with the neoliberal ideology, although superficially, are justifying arguments for state action and, in such a way, are absorbed by the social practices in Brazil as a tool for maintaining the status quo. The work undertakes its proposal by organizing a theoretical framework and a case study focused on Sao Paulo, specially, the Sao Paulo Urban Basic Plan (PUB-1968), prepared through the juncture of Social Democracy, and the Strategic Director Plan of Sao Paulo (PDE-2002), conceived in the neo-liberal context.

The experience drawn from development programmes, has shown that the translation of policy and theory into workable action programmes, is an art form that is little understood and seldom practised successfully, Within the development context, Sbapiero (1984) argues that “no where is the gap between theory and useful action more apparent than in the fielu of economic development” (Shapiero,1984;14). Past top-down exogenous economic development strategies have failed to achieve their objectives, and communities have traditionally lacked the means by which to initiate development. Structural changes in the global arena have also made it difficult for governments to protect their local markets because of competition in the global arena. This means that economic growth in each local area can follow only from the development of a new capacity to respond to global economic changes. Recently, more bottom-up endogenous approaches, to economic development, have been formulated. LED is viewed as a mechanism which could help fill the void which exists, through the effective mobilisation o f community resources. LED could thus enable the poor and structurally unemployed to participate in the economy, by focusing on Human Resource Development, Entrepreneuralism which is geared towards Community Development. New legislation and policy changes have led to more pragmatic and supportive environments which foster LED, LED is in effect a local response which ideally relies on local initiatives, and the communities taking ownership of the development process. This dissertation cannot be comprehensive, Instead it suggests a general framework to problem solving in the field of LED. The Thusanang Training Centre is thus promoted as a synthetic instrument with which to provide a general economic development mechanism at the local level. Training Centres represent areas with interesting and innovative initiatives, that may serve as indicators of ‘good practice* for LED within communities. However when a commitment is made to engage h LED strategies, organisations need to consider the ramifications of their actions on the entire community.

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This thesis follows debates about economic planning during the 1930s through the work of Lewis L. Lorwin; his organization, the National Economic Planning Association; and its journal, Plan Age, to recover a rich intellectual legacy. Economic historians have marginalized the economic planning movement, regarding it as an aberration and failure. Instead, the planners played a central role in many important transitions, including the shift from laissez faire to Keynesian economics, an essential ingredient in the U.S. ascendance to global power. Marxian class analysis is the method used to explore the contradictions of the economic planning movement, explain its successes and failures, and measure the extent and limits of its challenges to liberal economic and political theory, with special attention to the ways in which the movement simultaneously undermined and reinforced capitalism and imperialism. In the process new directions are suggest for contemporary critics and activists.