Th.--Lett.--Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1979. / Index.

H Δημόσια Υγεία είναι ο πυλώνας της οικονομικής ανάπτυξης μιας χώρας. Ο Τομέας της Υγείας διαφέρει από τους άλλους τομείς της οικονομίας. Σύμφωνα με τα διεθνή πρότυπα καταγραφής λογαριασμών υγείας του ΟΟΣΑ, υγειονομική δαπάνη είναι το σύνολο των δαπανών για δραστηριότητες μέσω της χρήσης ιατρικής, φαρμακευτικής, νοσοκομειακής και παραϊατρικής γνώσης και τεχνολογίας που αποσκοπούν στην προαγωγή της υγείας, στην πρόληψη ασθενειών, στη θεραπεία νοσημάτων και στη μείωση της πρόωρης θνησιμότητας, στη φροντίδα ατόμων με ειδικές ανάγκες, στη βοήθεια για αξιοπρεπή θάνατο και στην παροχή και διαχείριση προγραμμάτων υγείας, ασφάλισης και χρηματοδότησης. H φαρμακευτική αγορά είναι μια από τις περισσότερο ρυθμιζόμενες αγορές της οικονομίας, με αυστηρούς ελέγχους για την ασφάλεια και τη δραστικότητα των φαρμάκων, στις νομοθεσίες για τις πατέντες των νέων φαρμάκων, στους κανονισμούς για τις τιμές των φαρμακευτικών προϊόντων και πλήθος άλλων πολιτικών για τον έλεγχο και τη προστασία της προσφοράς και της ζήτησης στα φάρμακα. / Τhe Public Health is the cornerstone of the economic development of a country. The health sector is different from the other sectors of the economy. Health expenditure is the total cost of operations through the use of medicine, pharmacy, nursing and paramedical knowledge and technology aimed at promoting health, preventing disease, to treat disease and reduce premature mortality in the care of persons with disabilities to help dignified death, and providing and managing health programs, insurance and finance. The pharmaceutical market is one of the most regulated markets in the economy with strict controls for safety and efficacy of drugs, the laws on patents for new drugs, the regulations for the prices of pharmaceuticals and many other policies to control and the protection of supply and demand of drugs.

The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the premier forum for international cooperation on the most important aspects of the international economic and financial agenda. G20 brings together the world's major advanced and emerging economies. It together represents around 90% of global GDP, 80% of global trade, and two thirds of the world's population according to the report of G20 official website. The first essay investigates the effects of money supply on selected G20 economies. According to the Nobel Laureate Friedman, money shocks will effect output in the short-run and will effect prices in the long-run. Also, the increased monetary growth tends to lower interest rates at first, but later on, the resulting acceleration in spending and inflation produces a rise in demand for loans, which tends to raise interest rates. The purpose of this study is to test Friedman's proposition empirically for 12 selected countries from G20 during 1980 to 2010. Our findings suggest that both price level and output have similar responses to monetary innovation in most sample countries, which is not consistent with Friedman's proposition. However, the interest rates' responses of these countries validate the Friedman's proposition. In addition, we find that money Granger-causes output, prices, and interest rates in most countries. Although our results do not provide strong evidences about the responses of output and prices as Friedman stated, we find that money matters, and policy makers should be cautious to adopt expansionary monetary policy to stimulate economic growth in these countries. The second essay investigates the relationship between private sector and exchange rates in 15 selected countries from G20 during the period 1980-2010. In examining the determinants of exchange rate, many researchers have focused on the role of public sector only. However, we believe that private sector is also an important component of an economy, and private sector has influences on the exchange rate. This study investigates the relationships between private sector and exchange rates in 15 countries from G20 during the period 1980-2010. We note that private sector investment is important for exchange rates in most developed countries. Also, exchange rates are found to Granger-cause private sector investment. Thus, there are feedback relationships between private sector and exchange rates in most sample countries. The study provides vital information relevant for policy formulation and implementation. In order to stabilize the exchange rates, policymakers need to adjust strategies to control private capital inflows. To provide a sound environment for private sector development, governments should differentiate the types of exchange rates risk in order to design and implement consistent policy to deal with issues at hand. In addition, exports play a key role in the economies of most developing countries. Many economists such as Ram (1987) and Ekanayake (1999) prove that good exports performance make big contribution to economic growth. The third essay investigates the hypothesis whether exports volume of Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand are effected by exchange rate volatility of their main export receiving countries, i.e., U.S. and Japan. During the period 1980-2010, exports volume in Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand increased fast, and their main export receiving countries were the developed countries, i.e., U.S. and Japan. This study mainly investigates the effects of exchange rate volatility of U.S. and Japan on the exports volume of these exporting countries. Our findings suggest that there are impacts though exchange rate volatility of U.S. and Japan on exports volume of Indonesia, Philippine, Singapore, and Thailand. To investigate this topic is important to help exporters avoid risk and policymakers justify their policies and exchange rates.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Three arguments are normally presented as rationale for the privatisation of state owned enterprises. The first relates to the problem of the financing of higher levels of public expenditure; the second is based on the viewpoint that private ownership is more efficient than public ownership; whilst the third claims that the losses of inefficient public enterprise are responsible for excessive budget deficits and other fiscal problems. Although empirical evidence proves that privatisation enhances economic efficiency, it negatively affects the affordability of and access to essential services, which may have serous consequences for poorer households. This happens through increased prices of essential services, such as electricity and telecommunication, as well as through loss of employment opportunities during and after privatisation. Many countries, also in Africa, implemented various types of privatisation programmes over the past two decades in order to decrease the relative size of governments and to improve efficient delivery of services. Towards the end the 1990’s and after the tragic genocide, Rwanda’s Government of National Unity also embarked on an ambitious restructuring programme of its state-owned enterprises. The main purpose of this study was to assess the likely impact of privatisation on poor households in developing countries. The report presents a general overview of the literature, with a specific focus on Brazil, Argentina and South Africa. It investigates the experiences of these countries and derives lessons that can be learnt. Finally it assesses the possible impact of the privatisation of essential service delivery on poor households in Rwanda. The main conclusion of the study is that governments should look beyond efficiency benefits of restructuring and focus on the overall opportunity cost of the privatisation of essential service delivery. The specific method of privatisation may determine the final social impact. The case studies also highlight the need for more research into the challenges facing the privatisation of essential service delivery. It is clear that any restructuring should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the likely impact on the poorer sections of the community. / South Africa

The anchor of this research was to analyze the implementation process of Zimbabwe’s IEEP. Implementation of policy has been the Achilles heel of most African countries it has been proven that it is a disease of the continents. In this research the focus is on analyzing what happened between the tabled idea and the implemented policy, this is because the implemented policy had a tremendous contradictory impact to the world as it disempowered the investors in an attempt to economically empower its citizens. The tabled idea was great it had its own flows because it lacked clarity in some of its definition and the goals, objectives and how the policy were to be implemented are not clear there is basically lack of clarity pertaining to the policy. This study made use of two theories the Top- down approach and the politics and administration dichotomy, these two theories are in favour of an autocratic way of policy implementation which follows a chain of command. These two theories highlighted that administrators are being covered be politicians and that administration as a practice and discipline are dead. This has lead to policies being made implemented first before they are formulated because there are no administrators. This study reviewed that the implementation process of the IEEP is not clear or rather it does not exist; there is little or no transparency on the events that took place between the tabled idea and the implemented policy.

Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e Cruz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T03:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lambert_RodrigoObici_M.pdf: 1427907 bytes, checksum: 0290be9c0e3b756da4bd67fa9830b1e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A reconfiguração das estruturas de governança global é uma tendência verificada no contexto pós Guerra Fria. Com o objetivo de compreender qual o papel dos Estados Unidos na reorganização dos regimes liberais no início do século XXI, delimitamos nosso objeto em torno da análise da influência norte-americana na reforma do mecanismo de disputas da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Examinamos as negociações dos temas "acesso ao sistema" e "implementação das decisões" para identificar se o United States Trade Representative consegue moldar a revisão do Entendimento de Solução de Controvérsias em favor dos seus interesses. As ações norteamericanas têm uma influência importante, embora não decisiva, na reestruturação do sistema de disputas da OMC / Abstract: The reconfiguration of the structures of global governance is a trend in the post-Cold War era. In order to understand the role of the United States in the reorganization of liberal regimes at the beginning of 21st century, we defined our object as being the analysis of the US influence on the reform the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization. We examine the negotiations of "system access" and "implementation of decisions" to identify if the United States Trade Representative can shape the Dispute Settlement Understanding review in favor of their interests. The US actions exert an important influence, though not decisive, in restructuring the WTO disputes system / Mestrado / Política Externa / Mestre em Relações Internacionais

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Magister Legum - LLM / The market value of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) companies listed on the JSE Securities Exchange (JSE) has fallen to only 2% of the overall market capitalisation of the JSE. Many BEE companies have disappeared from the exchange and there have been many failures. In the context of the report of the BEE Commission (BEE Com), it is essential to understand why these failures have occurred and it is essential to research methods of structure, capitalisation and listings to ensure that ownership of the economy is fairly distributed in future as per the recommendations of the BEE Comm. The motivation for this research project is based on the fact that as a member of the Historically Disadvantaged Group in this country, and after having qualified in the Faculty of Law with a commercial background, I would like to attempt to make a meaningful contribution to the transformation that should take place to facilitate equality of ownership of the economy. The proposed research is critically important as the recommendations of the Commission have to be implemented as a matter of urgency, given the current slow growth rate of the economy and given the fact that as many more new enterprises could be listed on the JSE, it would provide further access to jobs, thereby positively impacting on the unemployment situation thereby contributing to poverty relief. / South Africa

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This study examined the role the Malaysian government played in developing the Malaysian economy as a means to eliminating poverty and inequality and explored the lessons South Africa can learn from Malaysia's development experience. Under British colonial rule Malaysia developed a divided multi-ethnic society characterised by gross inequality and high levels of poverty. Jolted by the 1969 race riots and in a major departure from the laissez-faire economic policy, the government embarked on the New Economic Policy in 1970. This ambitious twenty-year social engineering plan ushered in greater state intervention in the economy. It greatly reduced poverty among indigenous Malays and made substantial progress towards achieving inter-ethnic economic parity. / South Africa