Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e Cruz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T03:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lambert_RodrigoObici_M.pdf: 1427907 bytes, checksum: 0290be9c0e3b756da4bd67fa9830b1e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A reconfiguração das estruturas de governança global é uma tendência verificada no contexto pós Guerra Fria. Com o objetivo de compreender qual o papel dos Estados Unidos na reorganização dos regimes liberais no início do século XXI, delimitamos nosso objeto em torno da análise da influência norte-americana na reforma do mecanismo de disputas da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Examinamos as negociações dos temas "acesso ao sistema" e "implementação das decisões" para identificar se o United States Trade Representative consegue moldar a revisão do Entendimento de Solução de Controvérsias em favor dos seus interesses. As ações norteamericanas têm uma influência importante, embora não decisiva, na reestruturação do sistema de disputas da OMC / Abstract: The reconfiguration of the structures of global governance is a trend in the post-Cold War era. In order to understand the role of the United States in the reorganization of liberal regimes at the beginning of 21st century, we defined our object as being the analysis of the US influence on the reform the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization. We examine the negotiations of "system access" and "implementation of decisions" to identify if the United States Trade Representative can shape the Dispute Settlement Understanding review in favor of their interests. The US actions exert an important influence, though not decisive, in restructuring the WTO disputes system / Mestrado / Política Externa / Mestre em Relações Internacionais

Foreign animal disease outbreaks can cause substantial economic losses. Policy makers need information on both the vulnerability of the food supply to disease epidemics and the impacts of alternative protection actions. This research focused on the assessment of the U.S. agricultural sector and human vulnerability to a Rift Valley Fever (RVF) outbreak and the value of a select set of alternative disease control strategies. RVF is a vector-borne, zoonotic disease that affects both livestock and humans; thus both animal and human consequences of an outbreak were examined. This research was conducted in two parts. Livestock impact assessment used an integrated epidemic/economic model to examine the extent of RVF spread in the animal population and its consequences plus the outcome of implementing two different control strategies: emergency vaccination and larvicide vector control. The number of infected, aborted, and dead animals is best controlled by coupling vaccination along with larvicide, but results in the second highest median national welfare loss. Therefore, careful decisions must be made as to what actions should be taken. Total national producer welfare is reduced with each scenario, and is more severe than the total national welfare loss (producer, consumer, and processor together). Consumer welfare is increased with each scenario due to a drop in prices of some commodities, and in some instances, an increase in supply as well. The majority of the national welfare loss can be attributed to the producers' and processors' loss in welfare. The highest damages are seen in the regions of the outbreak such as the South Central (SC). Other regions such as the Corn Belt, Lake States, and South East regions also see high damages due to price changes. The outbreak did not have substantial price effect on dairy products, but did have noticeable price changes for live cattle such as heifer calves, stocked yearling, and dairy calves. Prices for substitutes such as pork, chicken, and turkey experienced a price reduction, which can also be a factor resulting in consumer welfare gains. Human impact assessment utilized an inferential procedure for estimating the human consequences which comprise of a cost of illness calculation to assess the dollar cost of human illnesses and deaths, as well as a Disability Adjusted Life Year calculation to give an estimate of the burden of disease on public health as a whole. With potential costs above $2 billion for human illness, and with this number not accounting for loss or damages to other sectors of the economy, it can be highly probable that investing in a human vaccination campaign can be cost-effective and possibly cost-reducing. This cost along with the economic loss of the agriculture sector suggests substantial potential losses to the U.S. if this hypothetical situation were to become reality. Combining total loss estimates from the cost of illness and ASM models, potential damage of a RVF outbreak could range from 121 million to 2.3 billion US 2010$. The results of this study show the economic damages of an outbreak in the livestock population being much greater relative to the outbreak in the human population (roughly 16 times greater). It should be pointed out that both cost estimates are most likely under estimated. The animal outbreak is not incorporating all susceptible livestock (e.g. hogs and goats), and the human illness is not incorporating other damages to society (e.g. damages due to loss of tourism). By providing estimates on the potential economic outcomes, policy makers can better choose where, when, and how to invest their resources.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Heidelberg, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [211]-240).

Le droit au développement est lié à l’idéologie du développement ; à bien des égards il apparaît comme une revendication d’un nouvel ordre juridique international. Cependant face aux nouveaux défis mondiaux portés par le droit international de l’environnement, le droit au développement voit ses fondements remis en question et peu à peu dominés par le concept de développement durable. Il est alors nourri par les nouvelles perspectives apportées par le droit à un environnement sain, en lien avec les enjeux éthiques portés par les droits de l’homme. La cohérence des politiques de développement ne peut être réalisée sans considération pour les droits humains et donc sans prise en considération de ses conditions de vie environnementales. Pour atteindre les objectifs d’une société internationale équitable, il faut redonner une priorité aux droits fondamentaux au sein même de la démarche de développement durable. La prise de conscience tardive des risques pesant sur l’environnement a conduit à faire peser des menaces sur la sécurité internationale et il est donc à présent nécessaire de repenser le droit au développement par rapport à la question, émergente sur la scène internationale, de la sécurité environnementale. Une nouvelle architecture de gouvernance environnementale internationale apparaît comme indispensable pour la réalisation du droit au développement et pour offrir plus largement d’autres perspectives de développement au-delà d’une approche strictement économique. Une réflexion institutionnelle menée sur la création d’une organisation mondiale de l’environnement permet d’envisager un ordre public écologique international construit dans une démarche collective plus solidaire et cohérente par rapport aux réalités écologiques, économiques et sociales. / The right to development is linked to the ideology of development and appears as a claiming of a new international legal order. But, facing new global stakes raised by international environmental law, the right to development sees its foundations questioned and little by little demined, by the concept of sustainable development. It is then fed by the new perspectives brought by the right to a healthy environment in connection with the ethical stakes carried by human rights. The coherence of development policies cannot be realized without taking into consideration human rights and thus without taking into consideration its environmental living conditions. To reach the goals of a fair international company, it is necessary to restore a priority in the fundamental rights within the approach of sustainable development. The late awareness of the risks pressing on the environment led to make press threats on the international security and it is necessary thus at the moment to rethink the right for the development with regard to the emergent question on the international scene of the environmental security. New architecture of international environmental governance appears as essential for the realization of the right to development and to offer more widely other perspectives of development beyond a strictly economic approach. An institutional reflection led on the creation of a world environmental organization allows to envisage an international ecological order built in a more united and more coherent joint representation with regard to the ecological, economic and social realities.

Cette thèse analyse l’articulation entre les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) et le tourisme dans l’optique de la coopération internationale. Elle étudie les relations internationales entre le Mexique, le Belize, le Guatemala, le Honduras et le Salvador (1992-2012) dans le contexte de l’Organisation du Monde Maya (OMM) dans laquelle le tourisme est placé comme un vecteur de développement économique. Elle répond à la problématique suivante : le tourisme électronique peut-il favoriser la création et la consolidation des liens de coopération entre les pays de la multi-destination de l’OMM ? Ce travail de recherche montre comment, en dépit des difficultés liées au principe de la concurrence, aux intérêts nationaux et de politique extérieure, l’accord de coopération en matière de tourisme électronique s’est concrétisé à travers une offre englobant toute la Région du Monde Maya à partir de la marque Monde Maya sur le Web. La thèse souligne l’intérêt du tourisme électronique tout en préconisant son renforcement afin d’accentuer la coopération régionale entre États et de consolider le rôle du tourisme dans les régions à partir d’une perspective commune, ce qui permettrait de créer une synergie dynamisante et constructive. Cette recherche vise à apporter une contribution à l’étude de thèmes : tourisme, coopération internationale, Région du Monde Maya. / The linkage between information and communication technology (ICT) and tourism is analyzed in the context (1992-2012) of international cooperation between Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Salvador in the framework of the Maya World Organization (MWO). Tourism is a vector of economic development for this organization. Can electronic tourism create and consolidate cooperation in tourism between the countries taking part in the MWO with its multiple tourist destinations? Despite the difficulties of competition, national interests and foreign policies, the agreement on cooperation in e-tourism has led to an offer for the whole Maya region through the Maya World website. This thesis emphasizes the importance of e-tourism and advocates strengthening it so as to foster cooperation among countries in the region from a joint perspective, thus creating a constructive, dynamic synergy. It contributes to the study of tourism, international cooperation and the World Maya Region. / Esta tesis analiza la articulación entre las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) y el turismo en la óptica de la cooperación internacional. Estudia las relaciones internacionales entre México, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador (1992-2012) fen el marco de la Organización Mundo Maya (OMM) en la cual el turismo es identificado como un vector de desarrollo económico. La tesis responde a la cuestión siguiente: ¿El turismo electrónico en el marco de la OMM puede favorecer la creación y la consolidación de los lazos de cooperación entre los países de la multidestinación de la OMM? Este trabajo de investigación muestra cómo, pese a dificultades vinculadas con el principio de competencia, a los intereses nacionales y de política exterior, el acuerdo de cooperación en materia de turismo electrónico se materializó a través de una oferta turística abarcando toda la Región Mundo Maya a partir de la marca Mundo Maya en la Web. La tesis subraya el interés acerca del turismo electrónico y recomienda su reforzamiento con el fin de acentuar la cooperación regional entre Estados y consolidar el papel del turismo en las regiones a partir de una perspectiva común, lo que permitiría crear una sinergia dinámica y constructiva. La investigación pretende contribuir al estudio de los siguientes temas: turismo, cooperación internacional, Región Mundo Maya.