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University of Stellenbosch Business School / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between economic structure and energy intensity in selected developed and developing countries of the world. A methodological and systematic approach was adopted to select the thirty-one countries explored in the study. Therefore, to answer the research questions posed in the study, the Granger Causality Technique and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) method were used. This study discovered that the variables examined in the study showed variations. The variations emerged because of differences in methodologies and analytical frameworks adopted. Errorcorrection models were estimated and used to test for the direction of Granger causality. In the model, a high R2 was observed among the six variables (i.e. energy efficiency, per capita income, manufacturing, average energy prices, energy imports, technological developments), which invariably account for 60.8 percent of the variance in the energy intensity. Based on this, the unidirectional Granger causality runs from efficiency, per capita income and manufacturing to energy intensity. Hence, the price effects are relatively less significant in the causal chain. The result is at variance with the hypothesis that the structure of the economy does not determine its energy intensity. Nevertheless, a unidirectional Granger causality running from economic structure to energy intensity indicates that improvement in the economic structure would encourage a decline in energy intensity.

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A glance back the democratic movement of Taiwan in the mid-1980s, the transformation of class structure played an important role in the post-war period. The post-war transformation of the economic structure composes the essential premised changes of the class structure, but it is not enough to explain the democratization of Taiwan after the mid-1980s. Therefore, this thesis connects with the causalities among ¡§economic structure¡¨, ¡§transformation of class structure¡¨ and ¡§changes of political regime¡¨ to re-explain the fundamental origin of Taiwan¡¦s democratization through the historical-structural approach. This thesis detects that the commercialized activities of agrarian production by the KMT government constituted the post-war economic production modes of Taiwan. And then the capital, extracted from the processes of agrarian commercialization, supported Taiwan¡¦s industrialization. The industrialization becomes a crucial target for the historical process of Taiwan¡¦s modernization. Through the industrialization, the traditional class structure of Taiwan was largely changed. It was at the cost of sacrificing the interests of the agriculture department to achieve the economic policy and produce enormous labor class. Following the promotion of the cultural and educational standards, it created a large number of technologic ¡§Middle class¡¨ based on the intellectual capital. Part of the bourgeois extended their wealth from the early preferential measures of the socio-economic policies during the KMT government period. At the same time, the KMT government exploited the unreasonable take-over of lands and foodstuffs, and the adjustment of tax policy to accumulate the future cooperative basis of ¡§official and merchant capital¡¨. The interactions among the ruling class, bourgeois, farmer, labor class, and the Middle class fermented the social background of the changes of Taiwan¡¦s political regime. At the last, resistant methods of social movements and deregulations of the authority from ruling elites within the KMT impelled Taiwan¡¦s transition from autocracy to democracy.

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ABSTRACT Most of the countries in the world take increasing national income and improving living standard as their economic development goals. Due to the change of economic structure, the nation¡¦s average national income per year has exceeded USD.10,000, and the people are enjoying the material life brought forth from the high economic growth. However, the increasing of wealth doesn¡¦t guarantee the increasing of happiness and well-being. Therefore, the idea of ¡§Quality of Life¡¨ in the advanced country is to remind us that pursuing living standard is only a tool, pursuing quality of life is the real goal of economic development. Looking back at 50 years¡¦ change of economic structure and the quality of life in Taiwan, the result of the transformation of the economic structure shows on the high multiple increasing of income and the notable improvement of quality of life in each aspect of people¡¦s life, such as education, medical insurance etc. However, pursuing the rapid economic development also brings about the negative effects on the quality of life, causing the impact of environmental pollution and the over development of resource, city densely populated, thus the quality of public security, social order, and nature-ecology environment cannot reach the people¡¦s expectation but even worsen. There is a tendency towards slow rising of the general quality of life index, just as the American economic historian W. W. Rostow said, people begin to improve their quality of life when the economic development comes into the mature stage. As a result, when Taiwan is pursuing the high economic growth and wealth, the improvement of ¡§quality¡¨ is much more important than that of ¡§quantity¡¨. The expense for improving the quality of life today is the investment in the payoff tomorrow. To improve the quality of life, we have to understand the external effect in the change of economic structure, and to estimate and deal with the external cost properly.

Review of Review of Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Times to the Present: v.1, Part A: Population; v.2, Part B: Work and Welfare; v.3, Part C: Economic Structure and Performance; v.4, Part D: Economic Sectors; v.5, Part E: Governance and International Relations. Susan B. Carter et al Cambridge. 2006. 5v, 0521817919, $825.00

隨著社會經濟的發展，以及工業化與都市化對臺灣社會的衝擊，人們不僅 所得增加、非工作時數增加，而且對於休閒娛樂的需求也日益強烈。「休 閒」不只是傳統意義的「休息」，而更可能是一種生活方式或生活品質； 休閒的社會意涵與本質，也隨著社會的變遷，在不同的時代背景之下，被 賦予不同的意義。隨著社經的發展與變遷，休閒在現代人的生活中扮演越 來越重要的角色，這可由臺灣社會上各種林立並以「休閒」為名的食品、 服飾、旅遊、休閒中心、休閒廣場、ＰＵＢ、ＭＴＶ、ＫＴＶ、茶藝館、 渡假村等五花八門、無奇不有的休閒場所、活動與現象中看出現代社會對 休閒活動需求之殷切。而休閒所帶來的許多正、負面之影響，使我們不得 不將休閒當做是一個獨特的問題與社會現象來研究。正如加藤秀俊所說： 「餘暇，在今日已成大眾性的問題，甚至是一嚴肅的基礎哲學問題」。而 用理論的術語來說，休閒既是一種新興浮現的社會意識，亦是一種具體存 在的社會事實 。由於整個社經結構的改變，使得我們整個的生活型態與 價值觀也 過去傳統大不相同。而本研究的主要目的就是想探究臺灣在經 濟發 期間，社會結構的轉變是否創造出有利人們休閒的條件，並進而使o 人們的休閒活動與過去有所變化？在本研究中，試圖採用社會學鉅曭瘋[ 點，來找出影響人們休閒活動的結構性因素，並由此建構本研s的理論架 構。社會經濟的發展使得整個社經結構發生變化，如所得獐W加，使得人 們有多餘的金錢從事休閒活動；行業結構的轉向服務~，使得人們的工作 型態、工作內容與過去傳統工作不同，更須要休◥瑤桴砥F教育程度普遍 提升，對個人的休閒價值觀和休閒參與都有雂j的影響；交通運輸的發達 ，使得人們的流動性增加，也擴大休閒※坁瑤d圍。這些結構性因素的改 變，正好提供了有利人們從事休閒※坁滷囓鞳C由以上簡單的敘述中，我 們可整理出本研究的主要基本妝嚏G社會經濟的發展，使得一些社經結構 發生變化，因而創造出有Q人們從事休閒活動的條件，進而影響人們的休 閒活動。因此，在本膍s中，主要的研究目的乃是：]1） 從社經結構因素 與休閒有利條件兩方面來分析休閒活動，主要是要找出影響休閒有利條件 與休閒活動的因素為何；]2） 檢證社經結構變項對休閒有利條件與休閒 活動的影響力；]3） 對臺灣的休閒現象作一描述性的敘述。

The thesis comprises five papers and an introductory overview of applied models and methods. The papers concern interdependences and interrelations in models applied to empirical analyses of various problems related to production, consumption, location and trade. Among different definitions of 'structural analysis' one refers to the study of the properties of economic models on the assumption of invariant structural relations, this definition is close to what is aimed at in lire present case. Although the subjects cover widely differing aspects of the economic system, applied models and methods, i.e. entropy maximizing (information minimizing) models and random utility maximizing models, are in many cases closely connected. Tlic first paper reports on a regional input-ouput study applied to Norrbotten, Sweden. The paper is mainly concentrated on developing and estimating an econometric model, describing the structural interdependences in the Norrbotten economy. The chapter is composed of three parts. The first part concerns the theoretical basis of the model, the main fields of application and principal problems in connection with the estimation. The core of the estimated model is defined by the intersectoral dependences in the Norrbotten economy. This model can be viewed as a part of a more general model of the regional economy, and such a general model is briefly outlined. The second part reports on the collection and arranging of data, and the methods used for the estimation of the model. In the third part the results are presented. A special interest concerns the effects of production changes in the basic industries in the county, as to the expected impact on different industries and occupational groups. The second paper concerns some aspects of the problem of predicting trade flows in the forest sector. The model, based on information theory, is predicting current trade flows by adjusting the historical, a priori, trade flows to satisfy current export and import totals. In the third paper an entropy model is employed to decompose the interregional and intraregional employment change in Sweden and Stockholm, during the period 1960 - 1980, into effects attributed to regions (zones), industries, occupations and interaction effects. The fourth paper presents an empirical analysis of housing choice, based on individual data of households in Stockholm. The consumer choice is regarded as a complex choice from a finite set of discrete alternatives and a probabilistic choice mode! (multinomial logit) is employed, where secondary dwelling is included in the housing choice decision. In the final paper spectral analysis is used for identifying the significant components of cycle behaviour in time series of Swedish exports of forest products over a twenty year time period. / digitalisering@umu

How sustainable is Australia’s pattern of energy supply and use? What are the major factors explaining Australia’s sustainable energy performance relative to other countries? This thesis explores energy supply and use in Australia during the 1990s and 2000s and examines major drivers such as policy decisions, economic structure and trade profile. Performance and drivers in Australia are compared with other OECD countries. / To address the questions posed above, it is first necessary to explore the concepts of ‘sustainable development’ and ‘sustainable energy’ and consider how best to measure sustainable energy performance. Alternative sustainability frameworks and models are examined, with the ‘strong sustainability’ model adopted for this thesis being distinguished from other models in three principal ways: i) it places biophysical constraints on economic activity; ii) it regards certain critical natural capital is being non-substitutable; and iii) it places roughly equal emphasis on intra- and intergenerational equity. The strong sustainability model is operationalised into a series of principles and objectives for energy sustainability, which in turn are used as a basis for systematically developing a suite of sustainable energy indicators. This approach is preferred over other approaches to assessing sustainable energy performance given the study’s focus on measurable objectives and outcomes. / The second part of the thesis is devoted to measuring the sustainable energy performance of Australia and other OECD countries against twelve indicators. Some of the indicators selected are ‘standard’, being quite commonly used in other contexts. A number of the indicators though, are unique or have unique features that increase their validity as measures of strong sustainability. Initial results of the performance assessment suggest that Australia is amongst the weakest performing OECD countries, ranking last of all OECD countries against two of the twelve sustainable energy indicators and in the lower quartile of OECD countries against a further six indicators. Further analysis, combining and weighting indicator scores and country rankings across the 12 indicators confirms Australia’s poor performance. Australia ranks 28th of 30 OECD countries by two different ranking methods and 15th of 16 OECD countries by another two methods. Only the USA ranks consistently lower than Australia. Denmark consistently ranks highest of all countries by all methods. / The third and final part of the thesis examines drivers of sustainable energy performance by Australia and a subset of four OECD countries: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden (OECD 4). The primary basis for OECD 4 selection was strong performance against the sustainable energy indicators, although other criteria including economic structure, trade and demography were also considered. A range of techniques, including factorisation, ‘what if’ analysis and linear regression are used to diagnose the underlying factors driving the performance of Australia and the OECD 4 against the sustainable energy indicators. The analysis is extended to include a qualitative assessment of policy drivers including strategic and institutional settings, energy pricing, electricity market policies, R & D and regulation. / A major conclusion of the thesis based on the analysis is that Australia’s weak sustainable energy performance since 1990, relative to other OECD countries, has been substantially shaped by domestic policy decisions, decisions that were not inevitable given Australia’s economic structure, trade profile, demography, and geography.