Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Delaware, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-243).

Further development of ideas discussed at a joint workshop sponsored by the United Nations Environment Programme Industry and Environment Centre (UNEP/IE) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, 7-8 June 1993.

Este trabalho tem como objetivos analisar os acordos ajuda externa assinados pelo Brasil entre 2005 e 2010 e estudá-los à luz das diretrizes diplomáticas brasileiras no período, identificando suas determinantes conjunturais e estruturais. Em oposição às modalidades tradicionais de cooperação internacional, que são acordadas entre países com diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento econômico e diferentes interesses estratégicos, a cooperação Sul-Sul se caracteriza por envolver países em desenvolvimento, com maior potencial de identificação mútua e de convergência de interesses. Não surpreende, portanto, que essa modalidade tenha ganhado força ultimamente, na medida em que países emergentes alcançam projeção internacional e se encontram em condições mais favoráveis para fortalecer laços diplomáticos, promover o desenvolvimento econômico de parceiros comerciais (efetivos ou potenciais) e aumentar, quantitativa e qualitativamente, sua influência no âmbito internacional. No Brasil, o órgão responsável pela articulação dos acordos de cooperação internacional é a Agência Brasileira de Cooperação, vinculado ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Sua criação, em 1987, acompanhou o processo de abertura democrática do país e sua atuação já atravessa sete mandatos presidenciais tão variados em suas orientações políticas quanto nos contextos externos que eles enfrentaram. A compreensão de sua relevância estratégica na política externa brasileira não acompanhou, entretanto, a atenção que a Agência Brasileira de Cooperação tem ganhado por parte do governo federal. Este trabalho pretende analisar, a partir de um conjunto de dados coletados junto à Agência Brasileira de Cooperação, a política externa brasileira e a relevância estratégica que os projetos de cooperação Sul-Sul ganharam nos últimos governos. / This dissertation has two main objectives: analyze the aid donation agreements signed by Brazil between 2005 and 2010 and study their relation to the main ideas informing Brazilian diplomatic relations in the period. As opposed to traditional models of international cooperation, which are agreed between countries with different economic capacities and different strategic interests, South-South cooperation distinguishes itself by involving only underdeveloped countries, which have greater potential of mutual identification and of converging interests. Thus it does not come as a surprise that this practice has been increasingly gaining importance lately, as emergent countries have been experiencing greater international projection and meeting more favorable conditions to strengthen diplomatic ties, to promote trade partners (effective or potential) economic development and to increase, quantitatively and qualitatively, their influence on the international realm. In Brazil, the bureaucratic body responsible for the articulation of cooperation agreements is the Brazilian Cooperation Agency, under the Ministry of Foreign Relations. Its creation in 1987 followed the Brazilian democratization process, and within its lifetime it has gone under the command of seven presidential administrations as diverse on their political orientations as on the international challenges they had to face. However, the comprehension of the Brazilian Cooperation Agencys strategic role in Brazils foreign policy did not follow the increasing relevance attributed to it by the federal government in recent years. This paper intends to study Brazilian foreign policy and the strategic relevance of South-South cooperation in the last presidential administrations, based on data collected at the Brazilian Cooperation Agency.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T16:49:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Thamirys Ferreira Cavalcante.pdf: 27380863 bytes, checksum: 1b5dbd703d9d777364e7f87419553eaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T16:49:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Thamirys Ferreira Cavalcante.pdf: 27380863 bytes, checksum: 1b5dbd703d9d777364e7f87419553eaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / CAPES / Beginning from the dynamics of interests that guide the relationship between Brazil and Japan, the aim of this work is to study the Japanese-Brazilian relations, emphasizing the cooperation maintained between the two countries. To carry out the work, it employed the literature on the subject and it was supported by studies carried out by agencies of both governments and by research institutions such as ABC, the MOFA and the IBGE. The text builds itself in an effort to show how cooperation is capable of acting in the design of favorable identifications among countries and draw closer relations through the perception of common interests. Historically, Japanese-Brazilian relations developed in bases defined as complementary interests. These interests associated with changes in the international scenario draw Japan and Brazil closer to each other over the years, turning the mutual perception between them and outlining the contours of interaction structures. Apart from a relationship based on human ties, from the 1950s, new variables were added to these structures, such as trade and technical cooperation. Despite the intermittent character, the Japanese-Brazilian relationship has evolved and surpassed the bilateral sphere, expanding the results of this cooperation to other countries through a fruitful triangular partnership. / Partindo da dinâmica dos interesses que orientam as relações entre Brasil e Japão, o objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar as relações nipo-brasileiras, dando ênfase à cooperação mantida entre os dois países. Para a realização do trabalho, lançou-se mão da pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema e do suporte de estudos feitos por órgãos dos dois governos e instituições de pesquisa como a ABC, o MOFA e o IBGE. O texto constrói-se no sentido de demonstrar como a cooperação é capaz de atuar na concepção de identificações favoráveis entre os países e de estreitar relações através da percepção de interesses comuns. Historicamente, as relações nipo-brasileiras têm se desenvolvido em bases definidas como interesses complementares. Estes interesses associados a mudanças na conjuntura internacional fundamentaram a aproximação entre os dois países ao longo dos anos, transformando a percepção mútua entre eles e delineando os contornos das estruturas de interação. Para além de uma relação baseada nos laços humanos, a partir da década de 1950, novas variáveis foram acrescentadas a essas estruturas, como o comércio e a cooperação técnica. Apesar do caráter intermitente, o relacionamento nipo-brasileiro tem se desenvolvido e ultrapassado a esfera bilateral, expandindo os frutos dessa cooperação para outros países através da uma profícua parceria triangular.

A Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre os Contratos de Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias de 1980 (CVIM ou CISG) atingiu sua caducidade em virtude: 1) das profundas modificações ocorridas no comércio internacional desde sua adoção; 2) de seu diálogo insatisfatório com outras fontes do direito do comércio internacional; 3) da necessidade de incorporação de objetivos fundamentais da comunidade internacional; 4) da necessidade de uma nova configuração institucional a fim de promover sua adequada aplicação mundialmente. Por tais razões, sugere-se que futuros trabalhos na Comissão das Nações Unidas para o Direito Mercantil Internacional (CNUDMI ou UNCITRAL) levem a uma renovação da CISG com o propósito de adaptá-la às características do comércio mundial no século 21, em particular com respeito: 1) à considerável dificuldade em se separar o comércio de bens do comércio de serviços; 2) à maior importância dada à autonomia da vontade e a regras privadas aplicadas por árbitros internacionais sem a direta participação do Estado; 3) à necessidade de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável em conexão com a responsabilidade social corporativa; 4) à necessidade de melhorar a aplicação uniforme (ou adequada) do direito da compra e venda internacional em virtude do surgimento de instrumentos regionais e da tendência domesticista dos tribunais nacionais. De acordo com as conclusões da presente tese, os futuros trabalhos a serem conduzidos na UNCITRAL devem ser levados adiante segundo as seguintes premissas: 1) os trabalhos já realizados pela UNCITRAL na área do direito do comércio internacional devem ser preservados e levados adiante; 2) futuros trabalhos na área do direito da compra e venda internacional devem assumir a forma de uma nova convenção internacional que contenha princípios gerais do direito dos contratos assim como regras para a compra e venda de mercadorias e serviços; 3) tal nova convenção deve promover a arbitragem como método de resolução de controvérsias, tendo em vista que a arbitragem apresenta maiores chances de produzir uniformidade de aplicação do que os tribunais nacionais. Propõe-se que a nova convenção seja denominada de Convenção sobre os Contratos de Compra e Venda de Mercadorias e Serviços (CISGS). Também se propõe que seu texto seja redigido conjuntamente pela UNCITRAL e pelo Instituto Internacional para a Unificação do Direito Privado (UNIDROIT). A CISGS deverá futuramente substituir a CISG. Porém, até que a CISGS entre em vigor e seja adotada por um número relevante de Estados, a CISG continuará a fornecer regras padrão para a compra e venda internacional de mercadorias. / The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980 (CISG) has become old to the extent that: 1) fundamental changes have affected international trade since its inception; 2) it has proved to poorly interact with other sources of international trade law; 3) it needs to incorporate fundamental objectives of the international community and 4) it deserves a new institutional framework to ensure its proper application on a global basis. On such grounds, it is suggested further work at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) ought to be carried out for the purpose of renovating the CISG and adapting it to the requirements of world trade in the 21st century, due in particular to: 1) considerably increasing difficulty in severing sales of goods from sales of services; 2) greater importance given to party autonomy and to privatized rules applied by international arbitrators without direct participation of the state; 3) the need to promote sustainable development in connection with corporate social responsibility; 4) the need to further the uniform (or proper) application of international sales law in the light of the emergence of regional instruments and the homeward trend of national courts. According to the findings of the present thesis, further work at UNCITRAL must be carried out according to the following premises: 1) the work already done by UNCITRAL in the field of international sales law must be preserved and carried forward; 2) further work in the field of international sales law must be envisaged in the form of a new convention that encompasses principles of contract law as well as rules on contracts for the sale of goods and services; 3) such new convention must promote arbitration as a dispute resolution method, on the ground that arbitration is more likely to provide uniformity of application than national courts. It is proposed the new convention be named as the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and Services (CISGS). It is also proposed its text be jointly drafted by UNCITRAL and by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). The CISGS is intended to replace the CISG in due course. However, until the CISGS enters into force and is adopted by relevant membership, the CISG will continue to provide default rules for the international sale of goods.

Historically there have been various discussions on how to achieve development from different scopes and spaces. The vision of development from a global space has undergone a significant evolution to the present day, in particular after World War II, in the context of international development cooperation. Within a regional space, economic cooperation mechanisms have shown to be dynamic and positive for development. This paper aims, firstly, to set forth a review of the evolution of the development vision from a global and regional perspective. Secondly, to analyze contributions in commerce from a regional development perspective through a comparative analysis of the Pacific Alliance and the Latin American Integration Association between 2005 and 2014, as economic cooperation mechanisms in Latin America and the Caribbean that seek development within the same region. / Históricamente han existido distintos debates para alcanzar el desarrollo, desde diferentes ámbitos y espacios. La visión del desarrollo desde el espacio global, ha tenido una importante evolución hasta nuestros días, principalmente después de la II Guerra Mundial, a través de la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (CID). Desde el espacio regional, los mecanismos de cooperación económica han reflejado ser dinámicos y positivos para el desarrollo. Por ello, el presente trabajo pretende en primera instancia, realizar una revisión de la evolución sobre la visión de desarrollo desde un contexto global y regional. En una segunda fase, busca analizar las aportaciones comerciales, desde una visión del desarrollo regional, por medio de un análisis comparativo de la Alianza del Pacífico (AP) con respecto a la región y a la Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI) para el periodo 2005-2014, como mecanismos de cooperación económica en América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC) que buscan un desarrollo dentro de la misma región.

This thesis deals with interests of Japan, Australia and New Zealand in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The basis is an analysis of economic position of the APEC and of the three countries within the APEC and characteristics of the organisation. The thesis deals with the security and economic interests of the three countries in the Asia-Pacific area that implicate their interests in APEC.

Building relations with China is a topic of broad and current interest, when it comes to establishing and deepening new economic cooperation between Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions. This thesis analyses current economic cooperation between these two regions with the prevailing emphasis on the African partner. The thesis is formally divided into five chapters. The first two chapters focus on selected theoretical and factual starting points related to the main topic of the thesis, which create a foundation stone for the other chapters. In the third chapter of the thesis, selected statistical data about current trade and investment cooperation between both partners are introduced. The main goal of the following fourth chapter is to analyze real impact of mutual cooperation on the selected country of Sub-Saharan region. The last chapter of the thesis analyses a relatively problematic and widely discussed issue: the classification and allocation of financial flows from China in the Sub-Saharan Africa.

The institutionalization of a social clause in an agreement which is binding among the signatories is difficult to support as it always entails having to touch issues like protectionism, and political, economic and cultural hegemony. The barrier of distrust between the "pro" and the "anti" social clause groups has become too deeply entrenched in the Asia Pacific to elicit a consensus that can be embodied in a ratified agreement. It is in this light that the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum seems to be a more practicable approach. This, thesis begins on the recognition that APEC exists and the Philippines is actively participating in it — the critical issue now is to make it an institution that will safeguard labor rights, not contribute further to their violation. Vital to the understanding of APEC is that it is more of a process rather than a solid institution. The APEC process is consensus-based and therefore functions well as a vessel for the harmonious and beneficial navigation by member economies of the treacherous waters of global trade. Because of the apparent voluntary character of member countries' commitments, some cause-oriented groups consider this process as an opportunity for interjecting social issues in APEC trade discussions by influencing civil society and thereby ultimately putting pressure on their respective governments to include these issues in the countries' individual commitments. This thesis is divided into four main chapters. The first chapter gives a historical analysis of the Philippines' journey toward trade liberalization in an increasingly globalizing world economy. The early stages of the country's trade liberalization program were plagued by a fundamental problem: the policies at the macro-economic level conflicted with the goal of liberalization, for they were hinged on an unsustainable level of foreign borrowing and on domestic politics of corruption and exploitation of human resource. The second chapter analyses the APEC objectives of free trade and the Philippines' trade liberalization commitments within that forum. It is argued that the country's bold and unilateral initiatives toward the fulfillment of the Bogor Declaration are unsustainable because of the government's misplaced fundamentals of competitiveness and lack of social support measures. The third chapter is a theoretical review of the linkage between the social clause and the liberal trading order with references to the North-South divide. It is argued that given a basically similar rationale — rejection of protectionism and of exploitation of labor — there could be an alternative path between the two opposing camps through which labor rights can be discussed and considered in a regional trade forum. The concluding chapter explores the different ways with which the labor movement can tap the human development and sustainable development aspects of the APEC forum. There is a need to develop and utilize a counter-consciousness in policy making which will inject a critical approach to the Philippines' ardent drive to attain global competitiveness. It is concluded that there is a possibility of creating a political space for non-government organizations (NGOs), private organizations (POs) and social movements to meaningfully participate in the APEC process and help in safeguarding social concerns, particularly labor rights. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

One of the more significant regional groupings to have emerged since the collapse of the Soviet Union is the wider Black Sea. Located at the jagged confluence of the Western, Orthodox and Muslim worlds, the region was quite frequently a violent meeting place, and thus instead of a bridge between civilizations, it has been a barrier. Even more compelling is how the presence of oil and gas has thrust the Black Sea into the world's view and contributed to the rush of external interest, and how this has helped develop a unique regional entity. Today, in an interconnected global economy, the region's position as a producer and conduit for fossil fuels makes it impossible to consider in isolation. More importantly, to succinctly define this dissertation's research question, it can be asked how does energy act as a transformational agent in the emergence of a Black Sea region? / Ph. D.