Orientador: Fernando Sarti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T09:48:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mostafa_Joana_M.pdf: 1020062 bytes, checksum: 385247653de58b3ea53661404d8d14e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Inúmeros organismos multilaterais advogam que o México constitui um exemplo bem sucedido de reformas liberais que redundaram em maior crescimento, sobretudo devido à maior exposição ao comércio exterior. Contrariamente, neste trabalho, procuramos relevar o papel primordial das relações econômicas entre o México e os Estados Unidos, tendo como cenário um momento histórico de aguda contestação do mercado interno norte americano e um elevado crescimento deste. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento do setor exportador mexicano, maior responsável pela dinâmica do PIB entre 1996 e 2005, respondeu a uma lógica particular que não pode ser transposta a outros países. Por fim, concluímos que o México, ao integrar-se excessivamente à economia norte-americana, vive um momento de enorme dependência dos EUA, sem que mecanismos endógenos de crescimento e de redução da heterogeneidade estrutural tenham se desenvolvido / Abstract: Multilateral institutions frequently advocate Mexico¿s recent growth pattern as a case of success, particularly due to its degree of openness to international trade. Contrary to this view, our study reveals the primary influence of Mexico-United States economic relations, in a setting of fierce competition for the fast growing American market. Thus, the export industry development in Mexico, responsible for the GDP dynamic between 1996 and 2005, followed a particular rationale that cannot be transferred to other countries. In summary, by over-integrating its economy to that of the US, Mexico has substantially increased its dependency whilst failing to create endogenous mechanisms of growth and development / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

No / This book explores economic developments across Europe in relation to its apparent segmentation, as disparities widen between core and periphery countries. In contrast to previous literature, the scope of analysis is extended to Europe as a continent rather than confining it solely to the European Union, thereby providing the reader with greater insight into the core/periphery nexus. The authors commence with a critical appraisal of economic thinking in relation to regional trade agreements and monetary integration. In relation to a number of EU economies, the book addresses issues of a liquidity trap, deflation, and twin deficits, together with the interconnection between exchange rates and current account balances. Importantly, they extend the discussion of segmentation through a series of focused case studies on Russia, Brexit and emergence of the mega-regionals.

This thesis investigates policy formulation and implementation processes in Zambia. A number of issues emerge with respect to the weaknesses of the system and how policy decisions worsened Zambia's economic performance instead of improving it. The Kaunda era policies of nationalization had an adverse impact on productivity of industries as well as affecting the resource flow from donors and business houses. On the other hand President Chiluba's reforms in the 1990s have had both positive and negative impacts on the people of Zambia. The rapid privatization and liberalization affected employment levels thereby worsening the poverty levels. Further, the liberalization brought in stiff competition from other countries forcing most manufacturing companies to close down. The policy environment based on the Bretton Woods Institutions seems not to be working as result of not taking into account the local Zambian situation. On the other hand, there were positive macroeconomic developments such as growth in GDP, lowering of inflation and stabilizing of exchange rates as from 1996. This has however not improved the living standards of the people. In Zambia, the shifts back and forth between strong and weak planning institutions have negatively affected policy development and implementation. There has been uncoordinated policy development; as a result, some policies in the major sectors are contradictory while in other cases policies are not linked to the resource envelope, making them un-implementable. Secondly, the institutional framework for policy development is not effective. There is generally lack of coordination among ministries, provinces and other stakeholders in planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of development programmes. This thesis urges that the improving planning capacities at the national, provincial and district levels should improve the processes of policy development and implementation in Zambia, which will in turn help to reduce poverty. Further, the districts should be the centre for the bottom-up process. In order to carryout this responsibility, efforts should be made to improve their capacities. As for the top-down process, the Sector Advisory Groups should continue to participate in the planning, monitoring and evaluation so as to contribute to policy formulation and implementation. These should be coordinated by the National Development Coordinating Committee (NDCC) through a Planning Bureau. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

This thesis investigates policy formulation and implementation processes in Zambia. A number of issues emerge with respect to the weaknesses of the system and how policy decisions worsened Zambia's economic performance instead of improving it. The Kaunda era policies of nationalization had an adverse impact on productivity of industries as well as affecting the resource flow from donors and business houses. On the other hand President Chiluba's reforms in the 1990s have had both positive and negative impacts on the people of Zambia. The rapid privatization and liberalization affected employment levels thereby worsening the poverty levels. Further, the liberalization brought in stiff competition from other countries forcing most manufacturing companies to close down. The policy environment based on the Bretton Woods Institutions seems not to be working as result of not taking into account the local Zambian situation. On the other hand, there were positive macroeconomic developments such as growth in GDP, lowering of inflation and stabilizing of exchange rates as from 1996. This has however not improved the living standards of the people. In Zambia, the shifts back and forth between strong and weak planning institutions have negatively affected policy development and implementation. There has been uncoordinated policy development; as a result, some policies in the major sectors are contradictory while in other cases policies are not linked to the resource envelope, making them un-implementable. Secondly, the institutional framework for policy development is not effective. There is generally lack of coordination among ministries, provinces and other stakeholders in planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of development programmes. This thesis urges that the improving planning capacities at the national, provincial and district levels should improve the processes of policy development and implementation in Zambia, which will in turn help to reduce poverty. Further, the districts should be the centre for the bottom-up process. In order to carryout this responsibility, efforts should be made to improve their capacities. As for the top-down process, the Sector Advisory Groups should continue to participate in the planning, monitoring and evaluation so as to contribute to policy formulation and implementation. These should be coordinated by the National Development Coordinating Committee (NDCC) through a Planning Bureau. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

La thèse porte sur la problématique de l’efficience du financement intermédié des processus de croissance et de développement économiques. Elle s'intéresse d’une part à la résolution des problèmes d’inefficience liés à la présence d’asymétries informationnelles et de l’incertitude sur les marchés du crédit grâce aux mécanismes réputationnels mis en œuvre dans le cadre des relations de long terme banques-emprunteurs et d’autre part, aux conditions dans lesquelles ces mécanismes peuvent émerger et se développer, en particulier dans un pays en développement comme le Cameroun.La thèse a donc une portée à la fois conceptuelle, empirique et normative.En premier lieu, nous avons cherché à alimenter le débat théorique sur la pertinence et l'intérêt du mécanisme réputationnel dans le processus d’intermédiation bancaire. Nous montrons que, contrairement aux modèles habituels d’intermédiation de la théorie d’agence, où les mécanismes de sanctions ou de coercitions judiciaires restent souvent inefficaces et coûteuses, le caractère auto-exécutoire du mécanisme de la réputation suffit seul à garantir l’efficacité de son fonctionnement. De plus, le mécanisme réputationnel nous semble mieux concilier deux conceptions opposées du comportement des acteurs que sont l’homo economicus et l’homo sociologicus. De ce fait, ce mécanisme est susceptible de constituer un cadre d'analyse intéressant pour la modélisation des comportements bancaires notamment dans le contexte des PED africains où les incertitudes restent exacerbées et où prédominent des rationalités économiques beaucoup plus fondées sur les valeurs. En second lieu, les résultats de notre enquête statistique de terrain permettent de montrer qu'au Cameroun, par rapport aux Institutions Financières Décentralisées (IFD) comme la MicroFinance, les Institutions Financières Formelles (IFF) semblent accorder une moindre importance aux pratiques réputationnelles dans leur comportement d'allocation des capitaux, en particulier aux PME. Ceci est susceptible d'apporter une des meilleures explications au différentiel de performance micro-économique, se situant ici à l'avantage des IFD.Enfin, la même enquête nous permet de mettre fortement en évidence l'existence de nombreux facteurs à la fois internes et externes empêchant aux deux catégories de banques une meilleure prise en compte du mécanisme réputationnel. Ce constat nous conduit à proposer des axes ou pistes de réflexion, à formuler et à justifier un ensemble de recommandations à la fois organisationnelles, institutionnelles et réglementaires associées. Ceci dans l’objectif de construire un système bancaire camerounais plus fiable et plus solide en incitant les banques à mieux intégrer les pratiques réputationnelles dans leur jugement d'octroi de crédit aux emprunteurs. / This thesis focusses on the problematic of the efficiency of intermediate finance on the economic growth and development processes. It concerned, on one hand, the resolution of inefficiency problems resulting from the presence of asymmetric information and uncertainty involved credit markets when reputational mechanisms implemented through banks-borrowers long-term relationships are used and, on the other hand, the conditions in which these mechanisms could emerged and expanded, in particular in a developing country such as Cameroon.The thesis thus has, at the same time, conceptual, empirical and normative purpose First of all, we tried to enrich the theoretical debate about relevance and interest of the reputational mechanism relating banking intermediation process. We show that, while in the models of agency where judicial penalties and pressures mechanisms are often ineffective and expensive, only the auto-enforceable character of the reputational mechanism is enough to guarantee its efficacious functioning. Furthermore, for us, the reputational mechanism seems better to reconcile the two usual opposite conceptions of agents behaviors that are homoeconomicus and homosociologicus. Therefore, this mechanism might constitute an interesting analysis framework for modeling banking behavior, in particular in the context of African economies where uncertainties remain aggravated and where much more economic rationalities based on the values prevail.Secondly, our statistical survey issues clearly shows that in Cameroon, with regard to decentralized financial institutions (DFIs) like Microfinance unities, formal financial institutions (FFI) seem to attach less importance to reputational practices in their capital allowance behaviour, especially to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This is likely to provide a better explanation of the differential micro-economic performance, situated here to the advantage of DFI.Finally, the same above mentioned survey strongly reveal the existence of many both internal and external factors preventing both categories of banks in a better consideration of reputational mechanisms. We then proposed axes or lines of reflection, formulated and justified a set of corporate, institutional and regulatory associated recommendations. This with the aim to build a more reliable and more solid Cameroonian banking system by inciting banks to better integrate reputational practices in their judgment of granting credits to borrowers.