Access to China and its wealth of manufactured goods was long sought by the European ‘monopoly Companies’, yet a direct and regular trade between Europe and the South China coast was only established around the turn of the eighteenth century. By focusing on the private trade and interloping activities of British-born China traders, this thesis shows how this branch of commerce took root and expanded within a transnational European trading arena between c.1720 to 1750. Interlopers, or free agents, I argue, played a highly integrative role for the development of European markets for Chinese goods and the networks of supply and capital that underpinned the trade. British-born Canton traders, who were operating in the smaller interloping East India Companies established close connections between Britain and the continent and between the different ‘national’ East India Companies. Private trade records, merchant letters, and East India Company materials form the large source base of this study and are used to analyse the ways in which cross-border mobility encouraged the transfer of expertise, capital, and information between different East India ventures. Methodologically, this work draws on, and builds upon the extensive scholarship on networks and the transnational. It is not biographical, yet follows a number of key individuals and their largely overlapping networks in order to shed light on the question how Canton traders (and British-born interlopers in particular) operated in the European market place – not merely as collective importers of foreign consumer goods, but as independent merchants, whose trade in Chinese goods ranged from wholesale buying and selling, brokering, smuggling, and the fulfilment of special commissions for clients across Europe.

This thesis investigates the development of fish culture technology in Victorian Britain. Fish culture included artificial propagation (breeding, incubation and rearing) of fish, as well as the other material practices, forms of regulation, social organisation and discourses that constituted freshwater fisheries conservation in Britain, circa 1830 – 1870. The approach taken is based in both the sociology of science and technology and social history. Fish culture is viewed as an innovative reproductive technology, and positioned as part of the “preHhistory” of modern reproduction. Focusing on the generative interactions of the social and piscine worlds of fish culture, empirical analyses of the social relations or social order of a technology, and its coHconstitution with the society of which it was part are conducted. Focus is also placed specifically on social conflicts of different kinds. These conflicts emerged out of existing social and economic tensions connected to the fisheries and the scientific study of fish – which were themselves connected to wider economic, demographic and political developments in British society in which social hierarchies of different kinds were being challenged and thus also defended and remade. Empirical case studies focus on these conflicts as socio-technical processes involving rivalry over scarce goods – ideal and material – and, specifically, how they were resolved or ameliorated such that social orders were achieved, modified and reproduced. The thesis is positioned as a contribution to the social studies of reproduction, to science and technology studies, and to the substantive sociological and historical understanding of a socio-technical practice of historical interest and, in the form of modern aquaculture, of growing contemporary importance.

Orientador: Marcos Tadeu Del Roio / Banca: José Luis Bendicho Beired / Banca: Angélica Lovatto / Resumo: O escopo do presente trabalho consiste em analisar a trajetória e obra de Heitor Ferreira Lima, intelectual de esquerda formado no PCB que se vinculou a burguesia industrial para defender a consolidação do processo de industrialização no Brasil. Assim sendo, será realizada uma reflexão crítica sobre os pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos utilizados em seu pensamento dedicado à historiografia econômica. Embora o referido autor afirmasse sempre utilizar o materialismo histórico, coube a este trabalho questionar a corroboração de uma análise integralmente marxista em seus escritos. Nesse sentido, através da investigação de alguns aspectos recorrentes em sua obra, será demonstrada a subordinação conceitual ao pensamento de Roberto Simonsen, principal líder da burguesia industrial do século XX. A fim de elucidar a constituição e o sentido da obra de Lima, buscar-se-á compor o ambiente intelectual em que o autor estava inserido. Para tanto, além dos livros de Lima, serão analisados seus artigos mais relevantes publicados na Revista Brasiliense, juntamente com os de Caio Prado Jr., outro intelectual de esquerda cuja visão sobre a formação social brasileira também apresenta aspectos análogos aos argumentos de Simonsen. Portanto, por meio da observação de evidências que comprovam uma análise mais economicista, do que efetivamente marxista, considera-se que seu pensamento fez parte do arcabouço ideológico da burguesia industrial em prol do nacional-desenvolvimentismo. / Abstract: The present study analyzes the trajectory and work of Heitor Ferreira Lima, left intellectual formed in the PCB, linked the industrial bourgeoisie and defender the consolidation of the industrialization process in Brazil. Therefore, a critical reflection about the theoretical and methodological assumptions present in his thinking devoted to economic history will be held. Although this author always claimed to use historical materialism, this study questions the corroboration of a fully Marxist analysis in his writings. In this sense, through the investigation of some recurrent aspects in his work, it will be demonstrated conceptual subordination to the thought of Roberto Simonsen, principal leader of the industrial bourgeoisie of the twentieth century. In order to elucidate the formation and direction of the work of Lima, will be composed the intellectual environment that the author was inserted. To this end, in addition to Lima books, his most important articles published in Revista Brasiliense will be analyzed, along with the Caio Prado Jr., another left intellectual whose vision about the Brazilian society also has similar aspects to Simonsen‟s arguments. Therefore, by observing the evidence that support more economistic analysis, than effectively Marxist, consider that his thinking was part of the ideological framework of the industrial bourgeoisie in favor of developmentalism national. / Mestre

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Quakers were disproportionately successful in commerce during the period in which Britain emerged as the world’s leading trading nation. Analysing the causes of their success sheds light on our understanding of the developments facilitating economic growth in the period immediately preceding the Industrial Revolution. This thesis critically explores how the Society of Friends’ religious ideas and institutions sustained its members’ businesses. It proves previous explanations for Quakers’ success wrong. It finds that contrary to what has been argued in the literature, the Quakers’ business ethics were not unique. The Society of Friends did not police honest conduct in business or enforce the payment of debts before the late eighteenth century. Equally, marital religious endogamy likely only began to facilitate the growth of kinship networks after 1750. This thesis moreover shows an important institutional change undergone by the Society of Friends in the mid-eighteenth century. As part of the Quaker revival of the 1750s, Quaker meetings began to monitor and police their members’ behaviour, including the conduct of business and marital endogamy, to an unprecedented degree. This may have had implications for Friends in business in the proceeding age of industrialisation. However, neither ethics, the enforcement of honesty, or marital endogamy can explain Quaker commercial success during the seventeenth century Atlantic trade expansion. Instead, this thesis it shows that Quaker meetings in seventeenth century Philadelphia arbitrated commercial disputes between local Friends as well as with Quaker merchants’ in England. Further research is required to establish the scale on which this happened, but it is possible that this activity of Philadelphia meetings provided Friends with a competitive edge in the colonial trade.

While there is an abundant literature on the moderating effects of formal institutions on changes in economic incentives, there is still little understanding on whether informal institutions – such as beliefs, values and social norms - exert a similar effect. In the current European context, with increasing demands to reform the welfare systems, the question becomes all the more relevant. With this in mind, and focusing on social norms about the role of the family, this thesis aims to provide insights into the following question: are the effects of family values on individual behaviour resilient to changes in economic incentives? Using EU survey micro data the thesis analyses the interplay between the effects of family values and changes in economic incentives in shaping individual behaviour in social care. The results suggest that the effects of family values remain resilient to changes in economic incentives. The first paper confirms that, in line with the existing literature, family values affect individual behaviour. Most importantly, however, it shows that this effect can be overridden by certain individual socio-economic characteristics. The second paper focuses on the strength of the effects, showing that the effect of family values on individual behaviour is strongest when economic incentives are changed in ways that do not directly challenge prevailing family values. Finally, the third paper demonstrates that the effect of family values on individual behaviour is resilient to a policy reform that conflicts with them. The extent of the resilience depends on the socio-demographic characteristics of the individuals. These results have direct implications in the EU context, suggesting that convergence of economic outcomes might be difficult to achieve given that the impact of common problems and policies differ depending on the prevailing family values. At the very least, these differences should be taken into account when designing EU-wide policies.

This thesis investigates the topics related to the estimation of Teacher Effectiveness (TEs) and School Effectiveness (SEs). With regard to TEs, the focus is on the predicted teacher impact on improving academic achievement when a student from the median (or the mean) of the achievement distribution is exposed to a more e�ective teacher. Regarding SE estimates, we explore the evolution of SEs over a specific period of time. In both cases, we base our estimations on the Chilean education system, from which we have exclusive access to very rich datasets. Our main objectives are summarised as follows: (i) to consistently estimate TEs and SEs using Value Added Models (VAMs), studying the most common estimation approaches used in the literature, and the required assumptions on which they are founded; (ii) to provide the �rst TE estimates for the Chilean educational context; and (iii) to investigate the evolution of SEs, identifying what factors are associated. The thesis is organised into �ve chapters. In Chapter 2, we present a detailed review of TE estimations based on typical Value Added Models, which are derived from a general achievement function (GAF).We then discuss some estimation methodologies and the validations of the estimations found in the literature. In Chapter 3, we present the data and describe how it is organised, placing special emphasis on the selected sample cohorts and the performance measures used through the thesis. In Chapter 4, we test for evidence of non-random assignment of pupils to classrooms (or teachers) in the Chilean context, in order to examine the random assignment assumption imposed in most of the VAMs. For Chapter 5 and Chapter 6, we choose the VAM that enable us to estimate TEs and SEs simultaneously. We employ the Maximum Likelihood estimation (MLE) methodology and obtain predictions of teacher and school effects from the estimated empirical Bayes (EB) distributions. In both chapters, we discuss the assumptions required to consistently estimate our TE and SE measures using this method. We usually conduct the estimations under two VAM specifications, one with a preset value of the persistence parameter �, and another with an unrestricted value of �. The results suggest that teachers are more able to generate a larger impact on Maths than on Language scores. If a pupil from the median of the standardised examination scores distribution were exposed to 1 standard deviation (SD) more e�ective teacher, she will move up around 9 percentile positions in Language and 12 percentile positions in Maths, in terms of the pupils' ranking by subject. Regarding the SE estimates in the long run, we find that neither downward nor upward trajectories of SEs are explained by differences in observed characteristics, apart from pupil academic performance. We find evidence that trajectories of school effectiveness are associated with the proportion of High (or Low) quality teachers, based on our estimated TEs. We conclude that teachers are important in improving pupil academic performance, and that the level of teacher quality within schools is related to the stability and trajectories of school e�ectiveness in the long run.

The thesis seeks to ask what we can learn from historical perspectives on poverty and unemployment in the liberal era for an understanding of poverty and unemployment in the neoliberal era. It does this through staging a series of historical interventions with figures and groups in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century (1870 to 1939) and then turning to the twenty-first century to look at how poverty and unemployment have been conceptualized and governed. It explores the continuing role of moralizing discourses targeted at the poor and unemployed, variously labelled as the “residuum”, “unemployables”, “habitual loafers”, “shirkers” and “scroungers”. In both the liberal and neoliberal eras, the objective is to explore how these discourses, and various practices of classifying and excluding the poor and unemployed, and seeking to conduct their behaviour, constitute a kind of “illiberal liberalism”. The thesis employs theoretical approaches from Marxist, Foucauldian and history of economic thought literatures to understand this in terms of different forms of “social control”. It finds that moralized judgements of behaviour, character and class significantly affect how poverty and unemployment are thought about, even as structural and economic understandings of these problems advance and become more “scientific”. The first set of perspectives it explores is from late-nineteenth century neoclassical economist William Stanley Jevons and Alfred Marshall. The second set explores the contributions of social reformers Charles Booth, Helen Bosanquet and Hubert Llewellyn Smith. The final set looks at the interwar era and includes the National Unemployed Workers’ Movement and the reading of George Orwell’s The Road to Wigan Pier. The thesis draws from these perspectives to demonstrate the historical resonances of illiberal discourses and practices in the neoliberal workforce era, analysing the way that social control runs through the marketization of employment services and the renewed focus on “character”.

The principal aim of this study is to explore the interrelationships that could exist between the processes of growth and redistribution of incomes by means of a formal model representative of Sri Lanka, and to assess quantitatively the effects of alternative policy options available. The model is based on the Chenery-Ahluwalia model for distribution with growth {1974} and retains some of its original features such as a dualistic pattern of production, differential savings rates and linkages amongst major socio-economic groups through employment. But in many respects this study goes beyond theirs by incorporating the government as a separate entity participating in a growth cum redistribution process, the roles of financial institutions, direct taxes, indirect taxes, subsidies and of foreign aid. In contrast to simulation techniques adopted in the Chenery-Ahluwalia approach, the model in this study is developed in terms of a set of simultaneous differential equations. The model is further extended by introducing considerations of incentives to skilled manpower, optimal growth of incomes of the poor over a finite time horizon, and of resource allocation over the major sectors of the economy. The main conceptual results include the derivation of the Kuznets pattern concerning the behaviour of income inequality as a country develops and the application of optimal control theory to an economic model consisting of three sectors, two control variables and an objective function to be optimised over a finite time horizon. Policy oriented results arc also derived, highlighting in particular, the significance of expanding capital for self employment, the desirability of consumption redistribution rather than income redistribution, the limited impact of subsidies, the importance of the modern (private) sector, the role of skilled manpower in development and the optimal allocation of resources over the major sectors of the economy.

Anthropogenic climate change and environmental degradation impacts are no longer a worry for the distant future but a real concern for the present. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and the poor, who often live by fragile ecosystems, are amongst the most vulnerable and exposed to the impacts of climate change. For these populations, climate related risks exacerbate other stressors and negatively impact livelihoods, security, and health. For low lying SIDS in particular, an additional fear is that climate change endangers their whole way of life, with their nationhood and culture being slowly engulfed by the approaching sea. Whilst the need to adapt is apparent, adaptation funding and motivating people to take up adaptive behaviours is a serious challenge. According to the ODI, financing climate change adaptation in the developing world can cost upwards of US$ 100-450 billion a year. Building adaptive capacity through cost effective solutions such as microloans for adaptive investments can be a promising strategy. By utilising the case study of Fiji, this Thesis attempts to unpack the cognitive drivers of climate change adaptive stated investment behaviour through a survey-based experiment (N=205). The prominent empirical method employed in this thesis was mediation analysis and specifically path analysis whereby the model specified is driven by theory. The choice of this method is justified through a comparison with multinomial logit. In the first instance, the antecedents of climate adaptive stated behaviour and the impact of information on subsequent stated behaviour were assessed through the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. In addition perceptions to climate change in Fiji were explored through guided interviews (N=50). Overall positive attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control towards conservation and adaptation positively influenced intention to invest in adaptive strategies though intention only significantly influenced subsequent stated behaviour when information on climate change adaptation was provided. Next, the efficacy of incentives in engaging adaptive investments was assessed. The results indicated that the use of ‘green’ incentives (whereby loans are contingent on ecosystem impacts) was most conducive to the choice of adaptive investments over nonadaptive. In addition behavioural intention significantly mediated stated investment behaviour under the green incentive condition – which it is argued may show that such incentives crowd-in internal motives for engaging in environmentally protective behaviours. We also found that ethnicity was a strong positive moderator of behavioural antecedents and subsequent stated investment behaviour. Lastly the moderators of stated behaviour and its antecedents were examined by exploring resource dependence, perceived shocks, and perceived severity of environmental and other issues. Again, it was found that green incentives were successful in engaging people to take up adaptive investments more so then under a dynamic (whereby loans are contingent on repayement) and a no incentive condition. It was found that perceived shocks, and resource dependence could significantly impact cognitive antecedents of behaviour as specified by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and in particular perceptions of behavioural control. Shocks, resource dependence and perceived severity also moderated subsequent stated behaviour, with greater variability between between adaptive and non-adaptive investment choices under the no incentive and dynamic incentive conditions. The latter had a greater probablity of agents choosing non-adaptive over adaptive investments whilst in the former the opposite was true. Overall the results can be useful for adaptation policies, microloan best practice, and behavioural change interventions in SIDS in particular.