Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1997. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-245).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--George Washington University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-146).

Countries participating in a common currency area increase their integration within the area. This paper investigates the impact common currency areas have for economic integration with economies of different characteristic outside the area. Results for a common currency group compares to a sovereign currency group. The common currency group consists of three countries who have adopted the euro, while the sovereign currency group consist of three European countries with sovereign currencies. The level of economic integration is examined towards three different economies; European drivers, global markets and emerging markets. The period ranges from 1993M01 to 2017M09 and includes industrial production indices and stock market indices. Economic integration is studied through a DCC-EGARCH model, on both aggregated and time-dependent level, which yield correlations. In comparison to previous studies, this paper also applies a cross-quantilogram method to examine the impact of different market conditions have on the correlations. Higher correlations for the common currency group than for the sovereign currency group do exist with the European drivers and the global countries. With the emerging markets such pattern is not found, instead low correlations are mainly examined. Besides the correlation with the emerging countries, the results indicate membership in a common currency area, in this case the EMU, to increase the economic integration. Overall, highest levels of correlation are found with the European drivers, followed by the US as a global economy, corresponding with the importance of homogeneity for high economic integration. Due to no conclusive change in correlations during the euro implementation, membership in a common currency area per se does not increase economic integration. However, a common currency area with a strong currency do along with other characteristics influence the economic integration. We find evidence that market regimes have an impact on economic integration. Adverse market conditions overall seem to influence the integration in a higher degree than normal or good conditions. The results indicate that the adverse conditions increase the economic integration, this is in particularly seen for the common currency countries correlation with the European drivers and the US.

Magister Legum - LLM

La région andine est un territoire constitué par quatre pays d'Amérique Latine : la Bolivie, la Colombie, l'Equateur et le Pérou, regroupés au sein d'une même association régionale, le Pacte Andin, depuis 1969. Ce Pacte porte l'appellation de Communauté Andine des Nations (CAN), depuis 1996. L'objectif de la thèse est de qualifier le processus régional actuellement à l´œuvre dans la CAN, en utilisant comme point de départ la typologie des processus régionaux établie par Figuière et Guilhot (2006, 2007, 2009) qui permet de distinguer et de qualifier les deux piliers de l'intégration économique régionale : l'intensification des flux économiques intra régionaux et l'institutionnalisation des relations interétatiques, soit, la régionalisation et le régionalisme. L'analyse va permettre de montrer que, si des nombreuses institutions aux vocations très variées ont vu le jour dans la CAN au fil de quatre décennies, la part des échanges intra régionaux n'est quant à elle pas parvenue à franchir le seuil des 10% sur cette période. Ces résultats témoignent d'une part, de la mise en place progressive d'un régionalisme en profondeur, dans la mesure où les réglementations qui sont élaborées par les institutions régionales provoquent l'harmonisation de pratiques à l'intérieur des Etats-nations, et d'autre part, de l'absence d'une véritable régionalisation. Le processus actuellement à l'œuvre au sein de la CAN ne peut donc être qualifié d'intégration économique régionale (IER). L´attraction exercée par l´économie américaine constitue l´un des facteurs explicatifs de ce décalage entre le processus institutionnel régionale plus sophistiqué et une régionalisation qui ne démarre pas. / Andean region consists of four Latin American countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru unified within a regional association, Andean Pact, in 1969, that became the Andean Community of Nations (CAN) in 1996. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the regional process that is actually being implemented within CAN. In this aim, we use the typology of regional processes established by Figuière and Guilhot (2006, 2007, and 2009) as the starting point of analysis. This analytical framework leads to identify two distinct pillars in regional economic integration: intensification of intra-regional economic flows and institutionalization of interstate relations, namely regionalism and regionalization. This analysis will show that, even though numerous institutions with various purposes emerged within CAN during the last four decades, the proportion of intra-regional trade did not exceed 10% during this period. These results reflect on the one hand, the phase-in of regionalism in depth, insofar as the regulations that are developed by regional institutions cause the harmonization of practices within nation States, and on the other hand, the absence of a genuine regionalization.. On the other hand, they point to a lack of a sound regionalization. Therefore the ongoing CAN process cannot be qualified as a regional economic integration (IER). This discrepancy between a more sophisticated regional institutional framework and a regionalization that does not take off may partially be explained by the significant economic attractiveness of the US economy.

Thesis (MTech (Business))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002 / South Africa has long been a part of the region although it may be a new comer to some institutions established. One of the reasons why SADC was established was to reduce economic dependence on South Africa. The latter has since its first democratic elections been integrated into the region of South African Development Community which comprises of 14 members. South Africa commands an economy three times the size of all SADC economies. It is believed that the economic spread effects from integration with the South African economy will act as an engine of growth in the region. The effect of South Africa's economic dominant role on other SADC member states is a concern. The study seeks to determine the extent to which South Africa can be of assistance to other member States given its own internal problems such a unemployment and poverty. South Africa has a major role to play in terms of stabilising the region and given the expectations from the international community. It has vested interest in the region as it exports more than it imports from the region. The region has potential for investment opportunities and that is made impossible by political instability and political intolerance in the region. The SADC is faced with a serious question whether a member state can enter in the internal affairs of another member state whose internal activities adversely affect the economy of that particular country and that of other member states.

The usefulness of the European model of integration is currently subject to debate and the North American integration process has been largely ignored as a comparative framework. The asymmetrical relationship between Canada and the United States began a long time before NAFTA, and the study of this process could shed light on the usual problems faced by Latin American countries. This article attempts to encourage discussion about this topic. Particularly,there is evidence for a substantial and positive change in Canadian productivity at the time of the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUFTA). However, the enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) does not seem to have had the same effect as the earlier treaty. / La utilidad del modelo europeo de integración es actualmente sujeto de debate, mientras que el proceso de integración norteamericano ha sido largamente ignorado como un marco comparativo. La relación asimétrica entre Canadá y los Estados Unidos empezó hace mucho tiempo antes del NAFTA, y el estudio de este proceso podría dar luces en los problemas usuales enfrentados por países latinoamericanos. Este artículo intenta promover la discusión sobre este asunto.Particularmente, existe evidencia de un cambio positivo y sustancial en la productividad canadienseen el momento del acuerdo comercial entre Canadá y los Estados Unidos (CUFTA). Sin embargo, la promulgación del Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de Norteamérica (NAFTA) no pareceque haya tenido el mismo efecto que el tratado anterior.

A presente pesquisa analisa a estrutura institucional e regulatória dos intercâmbios internacionais de energia elétrica, realizados por meio de interligações não associadas às centrais binacionais de geração, entre o Brasil e os demais membros plenos do MERCOSUL, ou seja, Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai. Inicialmente, apresenta o estado atual da integração dos sistemas elétricos entre esses países e, em seguida, apresenta a estrutura institucional envolvida na realização desses intercâmbios. Logo depois, considerando que em muitos estudos a questão regulatória é indicada como um ponto ainda a ser resolvido para que a integração energética seja consolidada entre esses países, a presente pesquisa se debruça em uma análise detalhada dessa questão, considerando o caso do marco regulatório brasileiro, incluindo desde os atos internacionais assinados entre o Brasil e os demais membros do MERCOSUL até as mais diversas normas jurídicas internas que versam sobre a questão. Concluiu-se que há a ausência de um planejamento para que os intercâmbios nessa região ocorram de maneira contínua. Isso está refletido no marco regulatório, cuja análise indicou que os regramentos são definidos de acordo com as necessidades conjunturais e sem indicações para a realização dos intercâmbios no médio ou longo prazo. Os instrumentos normativos estão operacionalizando intercâmbios emergenciais e interruptíveis de excedentes de energia elétrica e não um projeto de integração energética sólida, que possibilite aos países participantes explorar sua complementaridade de recursos. / This research analyzes the institutional and regulatory framework of electricity exchanges between Brazil and other Mercosur members, i.e. Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, by interconnections not associated with binational power plants. Initially, it presents the current state of electric systems integration followed by the institutional structure that oversees and operates the electricity exchanges among these countries. Considering that in many studies the regulatory framework is indicated to be an issue to be improved to consolidate the energy integration in the region, this study focuses on a detailed analysis of it. The Brazilian regulatory framework is analyzed as well as its complex and varied system of norms and legal instruments. This research also assesses international agreements signed between Brazil and other Mercosur members and its consequences in electricity exchanges. It was concluded that there is a lack of planning in order to enable electricity exchanges to occur in the region on a regular basis. This can be seen in the regulatory framework, whose analysis showed that the rules and procedures are defined according to the conjuncture needs and without indications about the exchanges occurring in the medium or long term. The normative instruments are operationalizing interruptible and emergency exchanges of electricity surpluses and not a solid energy integration project, which could enable participating countries to exploit their complementary resources.

Ao longo das décadas de 1990 e 2000, Brasil e Argentina passaram por mudanças estruturais em suas economias para poderem contornar as dificuldades impostas pelos novos cenários econômicos internacional e doméstico. Nesse contexto, já não havia a possibilidade de controlar os fluxos de capitais como em décadas anteriores para equilibrar déficits comerciais. A integração econômica passou a ser vista como uma forma de expandir o comércio dos parceiros, o nível de emprego e de crescimento econômico. Os ganhos após as negociações do bloco foram consideráveis, marcados por interrupções decorrentes de crises externas e internas a Brasil e Argentina. Durante as crises os setores ineficientes manifestaram-se para protegerem seus mercados e adiar a queda das barreiras comerciais e tornaram mais nítidas as limitações da estrutura regulatória do comércio. Entre 1994 e 2005, alguns setores inicialmente inexpressivos ganharam participação maior em relação ao total comercializado, demonstrando a importância da criação de novos mercados para o crescimento de segmentos anteriormente sem demanda, como foi o caso do setor de equipamentos eletrônicos para o Brasil. Pela observação dos setores envolvidos na relação comercial, pode-se observar a capacidade de geração de emprego, captação de divisas, expansão da demanda por produtos intensivos em tecnologia. Tanto para o Brasil quanto para a Argentina o setor de veículos automotores, reconhecidamente de alto valor agregado e intensivo em tecnologia, apresentou crescimento de vendas notável, utilizando-se das novas possibilidades oferecidas pela integração. / Throughout the decades of 1990 and 2000, Brazil and Argentina went through structural changes in their economies in order to face the restrictions imposed by the new domestic and international economic environment. It was not possible anymore to control capital flows as it was in previous decades to balance trade deficits. The economic integration became a way to increase trade between partners, the employment level and the economic growth. After negotiations, the gains were considerable and marked by interruptions as a result of domestic and international crises faced by Brazil and Argentina. At the same time, the inefficient sectors used the harsh moments to impose trade barriers, protect their market shares and postpone the liberalization process, making it clear the limitations of the regulatory structure. From 1994 to 2005 some sectors initially not much expressive expanded their participation on the total of trade, showing the importance of the creation of new markets for the development of sectors, as it was for the brazilian sector of electronics equipments. Analysing the sectors involved in the trade makes it possible to see their capacity to generate employment, obtain foreign exchange and increase the demand for high technology goods. As for Brazil and Argentina, the automobile sector, known as for being of high added value and intensive in technology, has demonstrated remarkable growth in sales, taking advantage of the new possibilites granted by the integration.