The Action Plan for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico represents the first national attempt to address this environmental issue. Hypoxia is the condition of low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in a body of water. This condition leads to a so-called dead zone and potentially threatens industries dependent on the living marine resources of this area. The potential impact of any policy or plan designed to combat hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico could have significant impacts on stakeholder groups, specifically the fishing industry in the Gulf of Mexico, and the agriculture and fertilizer industries in the Midwest. This thesis examines the influence of the relative economic power of the aforementioned industries on the development of effective policy to mitigate hypoxia. The relative economic power of the agriculture and fertilizer industries has significantly impacted the development and efficacy of this plan.

La notion de droits et d'intérêts économiques protégeables délocalisés sur le plan international a un lien évident avec les mouvements internationaux de capitaux. Et on ne peut parler de ces mouvements sans évoquer le contentieux juridique qui les concerne sur le plan international. Car ces mouvements relèvent des transferts des capitaux privés et peuvent faire l'objet de mesures contraintes dans les pays d'accueil. Mais notre sujet est abordé dans le cadre du contentieux porté devant la CIJ qui a rendu à cet effet deux arrêts importants, à savoir l'arrêt Barcelona Traction en 1970 et l'arrêt Elettronica Sicula en 1989, auxquels on peut ajouter un arrêt récent, longtemps attendu, mais décevant, l'arrêt Diallo rendu le 24 mai 2007. L'objectif général de cette étude est de contribuer à la réflexion sur cette notion qui s'inscrit dans le cadre du contentieux économique international d'origine privé et intéresse les personnes privées qui délocalisent leurs activités sur le plan international. Il s'agit des actionnaires personnes physiques ou morales qui émettent des investissements à long terme à l'étranger. Ceux-ci sont qualifiés d'investissements directs consistant dans l'apport de capitaux d'une entreprise à une autre, par la création d'une filiale à l'étranger, ou l'augmentation du capital de celle-ci, le rachat d'une entreprise étrangère, la prise de participation, la constitution d'une société étrangère en compagnie d'actionnaires étrangers majoritaires. En effet, pour les pays d'accueil, ces investissements constituent un facteur de développement. Car ils sont un procédé de canalisation de transfert de technologie. Les investisseurs étrangers apportent avec eux des techniques de production innovantes, des méthodes d'organisation performantes et des savoir-faire qui se propageront progressivement à l'ensemble du pays et doperont sa productivité. En conséquence ces pays auront importé un progrès technique sans avoir eu à le financer. Dans ces conditions les actionnaires, qui ne sont autres que des investisseurs directs, attendent que leur soient assurées, sur le plan international, la sécurité et la liberté de leurs activités économiques. En outre, en cas de différend concernant le traitement de leurs droits et intérêts économiques par l'Etat où ils sont établis, ces acteurs économiques comptent sur la protection diplomatique et judiciaire que la CIJ peut décider à leur égard. A cet effet, il conviendra d'examiner dans cette étude, si la CIJ qui est une juridiction universelle, est le cadre judiciaire approprié pour régler le contentieux qui résulte des réalités économiques internationales. Car nous montrerons que l'inquiétude pour les investisseurs étrangers porte d'une part, sur l'identification des droits et des intérêts économiques protégeables dans la jurisprudence de la CIJ d'une part, et sur la détermination de la qualité de l'Etat pour devant la Cour d'autre part. / The notion of rights and economic interests protectable relocated internationally has clear links with international capital movements. And one cannot speak of these movements without mentioning the legal dispute which concerns internationally.Because these movements fall transfers of private capital and are subject to measures stress in the host country. But our subject is addressed in the context of proceedings brought before the ICJ that made this two important cases, namely the Barcelona traction judgment in 1970 and ElettronicaSicula judgment in 1989, which may be added a recent judgment long-awaited but disappointing, the Diallo judgment in 24 th May, 2007.The general aims of this study is to contribute to the reflection on the theme that fits in the context of international economic disputes of private origin and interested individuals who relocated their international activities. These shareholders persons or entities that issue long-term investments abroad. These are referred to as direct investment consisting in the provision of capital from one company to another, though the establishment of a foreign subsidiary, or increasing the capital thereof, the redemption a foreign company, the equity investment, the establishment of a foreign company with majority foreign shareholders company. Indeed, for the host countries, these investments are a factor of development. Because they are a method of transfer line technology. Foreign investors bring whith them innovative production techniques. Efficient organization methods and know – how which gradually spread to the entire country and will boost productivity. Consequently, these countries have imported technical progress without having to pay for it. Under these conditions the shareholders, which are other than direct investors are waiting for their insured internationally, security and freedom of economic activities. In addition, in the event of a dispute regarding the processing of their rights and economic interests of States where they are established, these economic actors rely on diplomatic and legal protection that the ICJ may decide against them. Finally, our research should be examined in this study, if the ICJ is a universal jurisdiction is the appropriate legal framework for resolving disputes resulting from international economic realities. Because we show that the concern for foreign investors’ concerns, first, the identification of protectable rights and economic interest in the jurisprudence of the ICJ on the hand, and the determination of the quality of state to the Court on the other.

In the course of time, the Egyptian army has developed a complicated network of economic interests as a privileged establishment, and independent from civilian oversight or political surveillance. This dissertation argues that; the well-established and long lasting independent economic interests may turn the military establishment to an independent stakeholder and closed, conservative group within the society seeks to preserve its own privileges by controlling over the political power and resist any external oversight including the democratic reforms that may create a threat to these privileges. Such military establishment is a direct threat to any democratic transition. In this case, the armies securitize the political sphere raising the democratic reforms as foreign conspiracy and an existential threat to its privileges and raise the nationalism and xenophobic rhetoric as it needs to create a political justification for their security practices that aim to crush the opposition and secure the political power. I suppose that the Egyptian case shows causal relations between the economic interests of the military establishment and the nationalism as a dominant ideology. Such military is leaning to not only control the political power, but it aims to militarize the societal values and control over the...

The electricity demand in Norrbotten County is expected to increase from 8 TWh in 2019 to 107 TWh in 2050. A contributing role to the large electricity demand in Norrbotten County is that LKAB will make large investments within the company. LKAB's electricity needs will increase from 2 TWh in 2020 to 50 TWh in 2040. LKAB believes that wind power is one of the best options for getting energy quickly at a low cost. The land construction, which is a large wind power project in Piteå municipality, was planned to build 1101 wind turbines that would produce 10–12 TWh per year. To build all the wind turbines, a land area of 450 square kilometers needs to be used. If you start from the ground construction, they will need 5000-5500 wind turbines to produce 50 TWh of energy. The area that needs to be used to build 5000-5500 wind turbines is then 2000-2,250 square kilometers. This means that future wind power installations will need access to large areas of land. But there are other interests that also have an interest in the same land and may have to compete with wind power for land in the future. The purpose of the study is to investigate and analyze which other interests are competing with potential new wind power establishments for land in Norrbotten County and to contribute to future wind power projects being sustainable.   The result shows that there are other interests that are also interested in land in Norrbotten County. The result also shows that trade-offs are made between different interests and that wind turbines have an impact on us humans. The interests brought out in the study and which may compete with wind power for land in the future are, outdoor life, nature conservation, reindeer husbandry, national park, nature reserve, water protection area, natura 2000, the Armed Forces, unbroken mountains, cultural environment conservation, commercial fishing, facilities for communication and human interests.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-11-20T20:18:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida, Elga Lessa de.pdf: 4751254 bytes, checksum: c5bb41fdeb76f05cf9e7b007d921c50b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-12-01T21:19:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida, Elga Lessa de.pdf: 4751254 bytes, checksum: c5bb41fdeb76f05cf9e7b007d921c50b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-01T21:19:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida, Elga Lessa de.pdf: 4751254 bytes, checksum: c5bb41fdeb76f05cf9e7b007d921c50b (MD5) / Desde as últimas décadas do século XX, um novo discurso para a cooperação internacional começou a ser formulado intencionando diferenciar a ajuda prestada pelos doadores do eixo Norte-Sul da prestada pelos países do hemisfério Sul. As condições econômicas e políticas dos chamados países emergentes favoreceu a operacionalização da cooperação Sul-Sul, principalmente na primeira década deste século. Nesse contexto, o governo brasileiro, a partir do governo Lula da Silva, intensificou sua atuação como prestador de ajuda, principalmente junto a países sul-americanos e africanos, como Moçambique. Os países africanos passaram a ser importantes destinatários da cooperação técnica brasileira sob o discurso da solidariedade internacional e da necessidade de compensação de uma dívida histórica. Ao mesmo tempo, a intensificação das relações econômicas no eixo Sul, por meio da internacionalização de empresas brasileiras promovida por instituições como o BNDES, leva a supor que a pauta da cooperação não está desconectada dessas relações. Assim, se esse discurso brasileiro propaga a desvinculação a interesses econômicos, é imperioso refletir sobre as limitações ao discurso da ajuda desinteressada. Nesse sentido, a conexão entre Brasil e Moçambique é exemplar para compreender o sentido da cooperação técnica brasileira no continente africano, considerando que, de uma trajetória histórica caracterizada por momentos de aproximação e afastamento, o ímpeto da diplomacia do governo Lula da Silva colocou a relação com o país africano em destaque. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa objetivou compreender as interfaces entre a cooperação técnica brasileira para o desenvolvimento internacional e os negócios brasileiros em Moçambique, no período do governo Lula da Silva, analisando, para tanto, a mudança quantitativa e qualitativa da ação cooperativa no período e sua participação no universo moçambicano da ajuda externa. Para tanto, buscamos analisar o universo da cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento em Moçambique e qualificar a presença brasileira, analisando em especial dois projetos – o projeto de instalação de uma fábrica de medicamentos antirretrovirais e o ProSavana -, paradigmáticos para compreender as coerências e contradições do discurso da cooperação brasileira. / Since the last decades of the twentieth century, a new discourse for international cooperation began to be formulated intending differentiate the aid provided by donors North-South axis provided by the countries of the South. The economic and political conditions of the so-called emerging countries favored operationalization of South-South cooperation, especially in the first decade of this century. In this context, the Brazilian government, from the Lula da Silva government has strengthened its role as aid provider, mainly along the South American and African countries such as Mozambique. African countries have become important recipients of Brazilian technical cooperation under the discourse of international solidarity and the need for compensation of a historic debt. At the same time, the intensification of economic relations in the South axis through the internationalization of Brazilian companies promoted by institutions such as the BNDES, it is suspected that the agenda of cooperation is not disconnected these relationships. Thus, if the Brazilian discourse propagates untying the economic interests, it is imperative to reflect on the limitations to the discourse of selfless aid. In this sense, the connection between Brazil and Mozambique is an example to understand the meaning of Brazilian technical cooperation in Africa, whereas a historical trajectory characterized by moments of closeness and remoteness, the momentum of the Lula government's diplomacy put the relationship with the African country highlighted. Thus, this research aimed to understand the interfaces between the Brazilian technical cooperation for international development and Brazilian business in Mozambique, in the government period Lula da Silva, analyzing, for both the quantitative and qualitative change cooperative action in the period and their participation in the Mozambican universe of external aid. For this, we analyze the world of international development cooperation in Mozambique and qualify the Brazilian presence, in particular examining two projects - the project to install a factory of antiretroviral drugs and the ProSavana - paradigmatic to understand the coherence and contradictions of discourse of Brazilian cooperation.

Section 217 of the Constitution of South Africa regulates the procurement of goods and or services by any organ of state. Similarly, this section mandates state-owned institutions to adhere to a procurement system that promotes groups that were previously disadvantaged by past colonial and apartheid regimes. In this dissertation I argue that due to South Africa’s oppressive culture, the law has been ineffective in promoting the socio economic interests of black women due to race, gender and class subjugation. Firstly, central to my argument is the judiciary’s traditional role that is still steeped in an interpretative process of the law that is detrimental to the transformative spirit of the Constitution. In identifying the South African judiciary system as positivistic in nature I will critically analyse the Sonke Gender Justice Network v Malema hate speech court case. I posit that the Equality Court’s decision was mainly result based and as a result fell short of addressing the core issues affecting black women on the basis of race, gender and class which mirror the substantial part of the South African socio economic structure. Secondly, in support of my argument, I criticise a legislative framework that perpetuates socio economic disparities at the expense of a group in society it claims to protect. Whilst I will rely on American Legal Realism and Critical Legal Studies in support of my arguments, my main theoretical approach will be based on Critical Race Feminism. Lastly, intersectionality will be used in contextualising the interrelationships of race, gender and class as they impact on black women’s material circumstances in the regulatory legislative public procurement process. When the Constitution came into effect in 1994 South Africa became an egalitarian state. Nevertheless, the country is struggling with the prevalence of unemployment, poverty, HIV/Aids, skills shortages, male violence including rape, to name just a few. These social ills pose a threat to a Constitution that extolls values like dignity, freedom and equality for all. It so happens also that the majority of the people confronted by these socio economic challenges are black women. The tender process faces numerous challenges and by identifying the South African culture as oppressive supported by a legal process that stifles transformation, this study expounds the experiences of black women by engaging in a contextual analysis of the courts and legislation. This consciousness raising exercise is not meant to portray black women as victims or invoking “special treatment” in the legal realm. It resonates with Steve Biko’s theme of black consciousness, being aware of the marginalisation and addressing it. Black consciousness represents an emancipatory state and optimistic outlook. Consciousness raising situates the oppression of black women in any form as a site for struggle, a struggle for social and individual change. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Jurisprudence / unrestricted

Chinese economic expansion in Africa is a widely discussed topic, but less academic attention is being paid to the role China plays in African security. Since the late 1990s Chinese activity in Africa had been growing rapidly. Beijing's interests are predominantly economic, mostly represented by market seeking and foreign direct investments, and political, generally perceived as a mutual support in international organizations. The thesis focuses on the traditional principle of non-interference in how Chinese policy towards African security has been evolving together with growing Chinese interests on the continent. The People's Republic of China influences African security matters in four areas: diplomatic involvement, arms deals, support and financing, and military cooperation. By analyzing those areas with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, concrete cases have been identified, when China interfered in internal affairs of particular states, thus altering its policy of non- interference towards more pragmatic and case by case based approach.

Analisa o impacto da convergência tecnológica na atual classificação do setor de comunicação do GATS e, em que medida tal impacto altera os compromissos assumidos pelos Membros da OMC nos serviços de telecomunicação e audiovisual, e em particular no que respeita ao conteúdo audiovisual. Ademais, investiga os interesses brasileiros na questão diante das iniciativas governamentais para a regulação do conteúdo audiovisual. Com base na experiência profissional da autora na OMC e no setor de comunicação no Brasil, da leitura de doutrina nacional e estrangeira sobre o tema proposto e de conversas com negociadores brasileiros na OMC, o trabalho verifica primeiramente a estrutura básica do GATS, seu histórico de negociações, indicando as motivações para a inclusão no Acordo do setor de comunicação, bem como sua arquitetura organizacional que é fundamental para a flexibilidade conferida aos Membros. Trata, ainda, do controle pela OMC na aplicação das obrigações concernentes ao GATS. Posteriormente, discute o tratamento dado ao setor de comunicação e, em particular, aos subsetores de telecomunicação e audiovisual, bem como suas diferenças e inter-relações, verificando exemplos práticos do impacto da convergência, bem como da internet. Na sequência, aborda dispositivos do GATS que preservam a capacidade dos Membros de eleger políticas regulatórias, examinando o artigo VI(4), pois garante um equilíbrio entre a premissa de liberalização comercial da OMC e o direito à preservação da capacidade regulatória dos Membros. Verifica, também, o conceito de regulamentação doméstica no GATS e nos direitos brasileiro e comparado, vislumbrando o alcance da regulação de conteúdo audiovisual no Acordo, e se, dada a natureza especial que a ele se atribui, deve ou não ser tratado de modo especial. Para tanto, analisa a distinção entre os enfoques cultural e econômico protagonizados, respectivamente, por União Europeia e Estados Unidos, e a influência da Convenção da UNESCO sobre a Proteção e Promoção da Diversidade das Expressões Culturais nos compromissos em audiovisual, mesmo sem ser parte integrante do GATS. Mostra, também, o atual cenário sobre conteúdo audiovisual no GATS, examinando os marcos regulatórios norte-americano e europeu, inclusive no tocante às cotas de conteúdo nacional, bem como a influência desses marcos nas negociações, inclusive no âmbito de propostas apresentadas na Rodada Doha. Verifica, ainda, que há poucos compromissos e muitas isenções à cláusula de nação mais favorecida inseridas nas Listas Nacionais, o que leva ao exame da Lista brasileira para o setor de comunicação. Examina, na sequência, as decisões do Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC que poderão ser utilizadas em futuras controvérsias sobre o setor. Por fim, trata do marco regulatório sobre conteúdo audiovisual no direito brasileiro, observando os efeitos da convergência, além de estudar se a legislação atual comporta as mudanças por ela provocadas. Para tanto, analisa a atuação das agências reguladoras e Ministérios que disciplinam o setor da comunicação face às garantias constitucionais da liberdade de expressão e acesso à informação para entender a relação entre conteúdo e regulação e verificar quais situações justificam a regulação. No contexto, verifica a iniciativa brasileira quanto à criação de cotas de conteúdo nacional. / This thesis analyses the impact of technological convergence at the current classification of the communications sector at the GATS and to which extent it changes the commitments made by the WTO Members at the telecommunications and audiovisual services, in particular regarding audiovisual content. In addition, it examines the Brazilian interests regarding governmental initiatives for audiovisual content regulation. Based on the professional experience of the author at the WTO and the communications sector in Brazil, a considerable amount of foreign and Brazilian literature about the proposed subject and conversations with Brazilian negotiators at the WTO, the thesis firstly analyses the basic structure of the GATS, contextualizes its negotiations, pointing out the motivations to include the communications sector and verifies its organizational architecture, which is fundamental to preserve the flexibility granted to WTO Members. Secondly, it discusses the treatment given to the communications sector, mainly to the subsectors of telecommunications and audiovisual, as well as the differences and correlations among those subsectors. It also verifies practical examples of the impact of technological convergence and the internet at the sector. Thirdly, it addresses GATS provisions preserving Members capacity to choose regulatory policies. The work analyses article VI (4) which guarantees the balance between WTO commercial liberalization and the right to preserve Members regulatory capacity. Also, it addresses the domestic regulation concept at the GATS and at Brazilian and foreign laws in order to understand the extent of audiovisual content regulation at the referred agreement and whether audiovisual content should be treated in a special way. In this sense, it studies the distinction between cultural and economic approaches defended respectively by the European Union and the USA and the influence of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions on the commitments made for audiovisual services, even without being part of the GATS. Fourthly, it shows the current GATS scenario on audiovisual content by examining the European and the US legal frameworks, including content quotas, and the influence of said frameworks at the negotiations, including as per the Members proposals submitted at the Doha Round. It also verifies that there are few commitments and many exemptions to the MNF clause listed in the National Schedules of specific commitments, therein included the Brazilian schedule for the communications sector. The thesis also discusses certain decisions of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body which could be used in future disputes related to the sector. Finally, it addresses the Brazilian legal framework on audiovisual content, identifying the effects of convergence, and examines whether the current legal framework supports the changes caused by convergence. In this sense, the work analyses the role of regulatory agencies and ministries ruling on the communications sector in Brazil vis à vis the constitutional guarantees of freedom of expression and access to information so as to understand the relation between content and regulation and to verify which situations justify content regulation. In this context, it verifies the Brazilian content quotas initiative.

Analisa o impacto da convergência tecnológica na atual classificação do setor de comunicação do GATS e, em que medida tal impacto altera os compromissos assumidos pelos Membros da OMC nos serviços de telecomunicação e audiovisual, e em particular no que respeita ao conteúdo audiovisual. Ademais, investiga os interesses brasileiros na questão diante das iniciativas governamentais para a regulação do conteúdo audiovisual. Com base na experiência profissional da autora na OMC e no setor de comunicação no Brasil, da leitura de doutrina nacional e estrangeira sobre o tema proposto e de conversas com negociadores brasileiros na OMC, o trabalho verifica primeiramente a estrutura básica do GATS, seu histórico de negociações, indicando as motivações para a inclusão no Acordo do setor de comunicação, bem como sua arquitetura organizacional que é fundamental para a flexibilidade conferida aos Membros. Trata, ainda, do controle pela OMC na aplicação das obrigações concernentes ao GATS. Posteriormente, discute o tratamento dado ao setor de comunicação e, em particular, aos subsetores de telecomunicação e audiovisual, bem como suas diferenças e inter-relações, verificando exemplos práticos do impacto da convergência, bem como da internet. Na sequência, aborda dispositivos do GATS que preservam a capacidade dos Membros de eleger políticas regulatórias, examinando o artigo VI(4), pois garante um equilíbrio entre a premissa de liberalização comercial da OMC e o direito à preservação da capacidade regulatória dos Membros. Verifica, também, o conceito de regulamentação doméstica no GATS e nos direitos brasileiro e comparado, vislumbrando o alcance da regulação de conteúdo audiovisual no Acordo, e se, dada a natureza especial que a ele se atribui, deve ou não ser tratado de modo especial. Para tanto, analisa a distinção entre os enfoques cultural e econômico protagonizados, respectivamente, por União Europeia e Estados Unidos, e a influência da Convenção da UNESCO sobre a Proteção e Promoção da Diversidade das Expressões Culturais nos compromissos em audiovisual, mesmo sem ser parte integrante do GATS. Mostra, também, o atual cenário sobre conteúdo audiovisual no GATS, examinando os marcos regulatórios norte-americano e europeu, inclusive no tocante às cotas de conteúdo nacional, bem como a influência desses marcos nas negociações, inclusive no âmbito de propostas apresentadas na Rodada Doha. Verifica, ainda, que há poucos compromissos e muitas isenções à cláusula de nação mais favorecida inseridas nas Listas Nacionais, o que leva ao exame da Lista brasileira para o setor de comunicação. Examina, na sequência, as decisões do Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC que poderão ser utilizadas em futuras controvérsias sobre o setor. Por fim, trata do marco regulatório sobre conteúdo audiovisual no direito brasileiro, observando os efeitos da convergência, além de estudar se a legislação atual comporta as mudanças por ela provocadas. Para tanto, analisa a atuação das agências reguladoras e Ministérios que disciplinam o setor da comunicação face às garantias constitucionais da liberdade de expressão e acesso à informação para entender a relação entre conteúdo e regulação e verificar quais situações justificam a regulação. No contexto, verifica a iniciativa brasileira quanto à criação de cotas de conteúdo nacional. / This thesis analyses the impact of technological convergence at the current classification of the communications sector at the GATS and to which extent it changes the commitments made by the WTO Members at the telecommunications and audiovisual services, in particular regarding audiovisual content. In addition, it examines the Brazilian interests regarding governmental initiatives for audiovisual content regulation. Based on the professional experience of the author at the WTO and the communications sector in Brazil, a considerable amount of foreign and Brazilian literature about the proposed subject and conversations with Brazilian negotiators at the WTO, the thesis firstly analyses the basic structure of the GATS, contextualizes its negotiations, pointing out the motivations to include the communications sector and verifies its organizational architecture, which is fundamental to preserve the flexibility granted to WTO Members. Secondly, it discusses the treatment given to the communications sector, mainly to the subsectors of telecommunications and audiovisual, as well as the differences and correlations among those subsectors. It also verifies practical examples of the impact of technological convergence and the internet at the sector. Thirdly, it addresses GATS provisions preserving Members capacity to choose regulatory policies. The work analyses article VI (4) which guarantees the balance between WTO commercial liberalization and the right to preserve Members regulatory capacity. Also, it addresses the domestic regulation concept at the GATS and at Brazilian and foreign laws in order to understand the extent of audiovisual content regulation at the referred agreement and whether audiovisual content should be treated in a special way. In this sense, it studies the distinction between cultural and economic approaches defended respectively by the European Union and the USA and the influence of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions on the commitments made for audiovisual services, even without being part of the GATS. Fourthly, it shows the current GATS scenario on audiovisual content by examining the European and the US legal frameworks, including content quotas, and the influence of said frameworks at the negotiations, including as per the Members proposals submitted at the Doha Round. It also verifies that there are few commitments and many exemptions to the MNF clause listed in the National Schedules of specific commitments, therein included the Brazilian schedule for the communications sector. The thesis also discusses certain decisions of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body which could be used in future disputes related to the sector. Finally, it addresses the Brazilian legal framework on audiovisual content, identifying the effects of convergence, and examines whether the current legal framework supports the changes caused by convergence. In this sense, the work analyses the role of regulatory agencies and ministries ruling on the communications sector in Brazil vis à vis the constitutional guarantees of freedom of expression and access to information so as to understand the relation between content and regulation and to verify which situations justify content regulation. In this context, it verifies the Brazilian content quotas initiative.

O presente trabalho investiga a influência do sistema internacional e de seus principais componentes no processo de construção e desconstrução da República Federativa Socialista da Iugoslávia. A partir da consideração dos conceitos de Charles Tilly sobre guerra e dominação, busca-se trazer a política e as relações internacionais para o centro da discussão sobre a questão iugoslava, a qual é comumente tratada apenas na perspectiva étnica. Assim, os principais fatos da trajetória iugoslava são pincelados à luz das estratégias político-econômicas dos grandes poderes mundiais em relação ao território balcânico. Para isso, analisa-se a criação e a dissolução da Iugoslávia pela ótica da teoria dos sistemas-mundo de Immanuel Wallerstein, para mostrar que a posição que este país ocupou no sistema mundial contemporâneo foi determinada pelos interesses estratégicos das grandes potências, que exerceram a dominação da região em termos políticos e econômicos. O propósito é mostrar que os principais pólos de poder do sistema-mundo da época incentivaram a criação do Estado iugoslavo em razão de interesses específicos, e instrumentalizaram o conflito étnico quando estes interesses já não mais existiam, com o fim da Guerra Fria e a queda do comunismo. / This study investigates the influence of the international system and its major components in the construction and dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Considering Charles Tilly’s concepts on war and domination, we try to bring politics and international relations to the center of the discussion on Yugoslavia, which is often treated solely from the ethnicity perspective. Thus, the main facts of Yugoslav history are brushed in light of the political-economic strategies of the great powers over the Balkans. We analyze the creation and dissolution of Yugoslavia from the perspective of Immanuel Wallerstein's worldsystems theory, in order to show that the position occupied by this country in the contemporary world system was determined by strategic interests of great powers which have dominated the region politically and economically. The purpose is to show that the major powers encouraged the establishment of the Yugoslav state due to their interests, and when these interests no longer existed, they instrumentalized the ethnic conflict in the end of the Cold War and the fall of communism.