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Although rural areas share certain common characteristic's, individual districts and their communities exhibit many important differences. This study provides a detailed analysis of economic and social change in the nineteenth century in a specific rural upland area in the north Yorkshire Pennines. It is intended both to add to r the limited body of detailed knowledge which already exists in respect of rural, and specifically upland rural, areas and to test generalizations concerning the economic and social structure of such areas against the individual experience of Wensleydale and Swaledale. The major industries of the two dales in the nineteenth century, agriculture, mining, and textiles, formed the basis of the economy of many upland areas. The development and relative importance of these industries within Wensleydale and Swaledale is closely examined and compared with other areas in order to identify the uniqueness or otherwise of the extent and direction of change within the dales. The influence of local and non-local factors on the demise of two of these industries in the nineteenth century and on the structural changes in the third is also studied. The survival of upland areas in an increasingly industrialized and competitive society was constrained by inaccessibility. The extent to which road and rail transport assisted the two dales to overcome the problems of isolation is, therefore, examined. Although the present work is an economic and social study, it concerns itself primarily with economic change since a healthy economy was essential for the maintenance of a viable local community. The social condition of the community is studied in the context of its response to the rapidly changing economy in the nineteenth century. In particular, a detailed analysis is undertaken of the extent to which population growth and decline, and attendant migration, affected the well-being of the local community.

La gestion du commerce ambulant est un défi dans les pays en développement en général et au Vietnam en particulier. Grâce à la combinaison entre la méthode qualitative et celle quantitative, cette recherche a montré que l’urbanisation et les insuffisances des activités agricoles ont poussé les paysans à entrer dans le commerce ambulant pour s’assurer une vie correcte. Les habitudes quotidiennes, notamment de consommation, des citadins contribuent aussi à renforcer le besoin de commerce ambulant. De plus, la recherche a également montré que le commerce ambulant est un type de commerce ancien, qui existait dès la période féodale et se maintient dans le temps présent. Actuellement, le nombre de marchands ambulants est nombreux et leurs profils sont très variés selon que le critère de caractérisation choisi est le modèle de migration, les sortes de marchandises impliquées, la façon de travailler, etc. Comparé au reste du secteur informel, le commerce ambulant a des caractéristiques notables : la plupart des marchands ambulants sont des femmes, le niveau d’activité est peu élevé et assure la survie, la participation à ce commerce est donc une contrainte plutôt qu’un choix. Le commerce ambulant est une activité commerciale à laquelle ont part toutes les couches de la société (c’est une économie populaire), cependant les autorités publiques ne lui rendent pas pleinement justice. C’est pourquoi les marchands ambulants sont en position de faiblesse dans le cadre de l’« économie de trottoir », ils sont placés devant la nécessité d’utiliser sans cesse des « tactiques » et d’exploiter les interstices socio-spatiaux pour exercer leurs activités. / The management of street vendors is a challenge in the developing world in general and Vietnam in particular. Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods, it has been possible to show that the process of urbanization and the decay of earnings from agriculture are the reasons why farmers participate in street trade: to escape from poverty. The urban habits of living and of spending are also responsible for the demand for street vendors. Besides, the study also points out that street trade is a long-standing commercial business that has always been there from the feudal period on to the present day. There are a considerably high number of street vendors in Hanoi and their portraits are diverse depending on the criteria chosen to evaluate them: migration patterns, types of goods, mode of operation, etc. Compared to the rest of the informal sector, street trade stands out inasmuch as most of the vendors are women, their activity goes on a small scale and aims at keeping oneself out of need, so the embarking on this kind of trade results more from coercion than choice. Everyone in the population becomes involved in street hawking at one time or another (it is a popular economy), however this branch of activity is being unfairly treated by the government. This is why street vendors can be considered as less advantaged people in the "sidewalk economy". They always have to use "tactics" and find loopholes in the social space to operate / Quản lý hoạt động buôn bán rong (hàng rong) đang là một thách thức trong những nướcđang phát triển nói chung và Việt Nam nói riêng. Nghiên cứu xã hội học này có mục đích cải thiệnnhững nhận thức về hàng rong, để từ đó áp dụng những chính sách phù hợp. Nghiên cứu được tiếnhành trong phạm vi thủ đô Hà Nội, xoay quanh câu hỏi : những yếu tố nào tác động khiến các cánhân tham gia và duy trì hoạt động buôn bán rong ở đô thị hiện nay?Thông qua việc kết hợp phương pháp nghiên cứu định tính và định lượng, nghiên cứu đãchỉ ra rằng quá trình đô thị hóa và những hạn chế trong hoạt động sản xuất nông nghiệp đã khiếnngười nông dân phải tham gia hoạt động buôn bán rong để đảm bảo cuộc sống. Những thói quensinh hoạt, tiêu dùng của người dân thủ đô cũng góp phần thúc đẩy những nhu cầu về hàng rong.Bên cạnh đó, nghiên cứu cũng chỉ ra rằng hàng rong là một hình thức thương mại lâu đời, nó tồn tạiliên tục từ giai đoạn phong kiến đến nay. Số lượng người bán hàng rong ở Hà Nội hiện nay đôngđảo và chân dung của họ thì rất đa dạng nếu xem xét đến các yếu tố như mô hình di cư, chủng loạihàng hóa, phương thức hoạt động, v.v. So với phần còn lại của khu vực phi chính thức, hàng rongcó những đặc trưng nổi bật như: đa phần người bán hàng rong là phụ nữ, quy mô hoạt động nhỏ cótính chất mưu sinh, vì thế sự tham gia vào hoạt động này mang tính chất ép buộc hơn là sự lựachọn. Hàng rong là hoạt động kinh tế cho tất cả mọi người (một nền kinh tế đại chúng) tuy nhiênnó còn đang bị đối xử thiếu công bằng từ phía chính quyền. Vì vậy, những người bán hàng rongnhư những người yếu thế trong nền “kinh tế vỉa hè”, họ luôn phải sử dụng những “mưu mẹo” vàtận dụng những kẽ hở trong không gian-xã hội để hoạt động.

Cette thèse transdisciplinaire en économie et science politique étudie les divers aspects de la doctrine de la gouvernance dans les agendas des institutions et organisations internationales (OIs) en adoptant les outils de l’Economie Politique Internationale. La première partie mobilise deux chapitres pour analyser la doctrine de la gouvernance dans sa genèse, conceptualisation, diffusion et appropriation dans la communauté du développement international. Le chapitre 1 montre que les approches contemporaines de la gouvernance rompent avec les approches traditionnelles sur la légitimité politique et l’efficience économique en prenant en compte l’hybridité, l’hétérogénéité et la multiplicité des acteurs et des centres de décisions. Le chapitre 2 apporte sa contribution au débat sur la diffusion des idées et normes dans la sphère des politiques de développement en prenant l’exemple de la Banque Mondiale à travers son agenda sur les normes de gouvernance. Ce chapitre montre que la Banque Mondiale a eu différents comportements vis-À-Vis de la doctrine de la gouvernance, en évoluant d’une approche économique vers une approche sociopolitique dans une optique néolibérale.Ce chapitre montre que la combinaison du pouvoir d’influence et d’injonction de la Banque Mondiale lui a permis d’utiliser ses indicateurs de gouvernance comme un moyen d’influence de sa politique d ’aide au développement de même que celles des autres principaux donneurs. A travers deux chapitres, la seconde partie effectue une investigation dans les dimensions sociales et environnementales de la gouvernance dans une perspective de développement durable dans les pays en développement. Ainsi, le chapitre 3 examine les politiques de gouvernance sociale des OIs et vise à saisir les effets de l’aide multilatérale sur les inégalités de revenu et la protection sociale dans les pays en développement. Il montre que cette aide a des effets bénéfiques uniquement dans les pays ayant une bonne qualité institutionnelle. Enfin le chapitre 4 propose un modèle de principal-Agent illustrant des interactions d’économie politique entre l’offre et la demande de bonne gouvernance dans le cas du civisme environnemental, de la corruption et de la déforestation dans les pays en développement. Il trouve que l’aide multilatérale destinée au secteur forestier est plus efficace dans la réduction de la déforestation dans les pays ayant à la fois un meilleur civisme environnemental et un état de droit. / This interdisciplinary thesis in economics and political science analyzes the multidimensional aspects of the governance doctrine in the agendas of multilateral and International Organizations (IOs) by adopting the framework of International Political Economy (IPE). The first part uses two chapters to analyze the doctrine of governance in its genesis, conceptualization, diffusion and appropriation in the international development community. Chapter 1 found that current approaches of governance break with traditional approaches of political legitimacy and economic efficiency by taking into account the hybridity, heterogeneity and multiplicity of stakeholders in decision-Making. Chapter 2 brings its contribution to the debate on ideas and norms diffusion in development policies scene by taking the example of the world Bank and its agenda on governance norms. We show that the World Bank has developed different behaviors vis- à-Vis the governance doctrine, moving from economic to political and social approaches through a neoliberal framework. The World Bank’s smart power, based on its governance indicators, has been found to exert some notable influences on its foreign development assistance policies as well as those of the other key aid actors. Through two chapters, the second part investigates about social and environmental dimensions of governance in a perspective of sustainable development in developing countries. Chapter 3 studies the behaviors of IOs in terms ofsocial governance. Its empirical investigations, on the effects of multilateral aid on income inequalities and social protection in developing countries, show that aid has beneficial effects only in recipient countries presenting good governance policies. Ultimately, chapter 4 proposes a principal-Agent model highlighting some political economy interactions between supply and demand sides for good governance in the case of environmental compliance, corruption and deforestation in developing countries. This chapter shows empirically that multilateral aid, to the forestry sector, is more effective in reducing deforestation in countries presenting both a better environmental compliance and rule of law.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The present empirical study is to implement an interregional input-output model to the Korean regional economies of 1958. In the model, the Korean economy is divided into three regions: Region I consists of Seoul City, Kyonggi-Do, Kangwon-Do and Chungchong-Pudko Provinces; Region II, Chungchong-Namdo, Cholla-Namdo, Cholla-Pudko Province and Cheju Island; Region III, Kyongsang-Pudko and Kyongsang-Nando provinces. Each regional economy is desegregated into twenty industries or sectors following the same sectoral classification made on the 1958 I-0 national table. The structural framework of the Korean interregional model is comprised of two sets of matrices: one being the I-0 production coefficient matrix; the other, the supply coefficient matrix. Since the information regarding the difference in regional production technique is not available, the 1958 Korean I-0 national table is applied for the production coefficients, assuming the same technical coefficients for all three Regions in Korea. The supply coefficient matrix is derived from such statistical data as, The Census of Mining and Manufacturing (1958), various Governmental Reports, etc., to show the supply pattern of the interregional economy. Upon determination of these two structural matrices, a new matrix, the Korean interregional coefficients matrix, is obtained [TRUNCATED]

This thesis examines the problems posed by Japan???s recent macroeconomic experience for conventional monetary policy theory and practice. Japan???s experience with deflation and the zero lower bound for nominal official interest rates is placed in the context of neo-Wicksellian and monetarist interpretations of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. The neo-Wicksellian approach to the zero bound problem is shown to suffer significant limitations in view of Japan???s experience, while a monetarist interpretation of the transmission mechanism is shown to be more robust. The thesis considers the role of the official interest rate and the money base in vector autoregression models of the Japanese economy, finding that the economy became less amenable to effective stabilisation by monetary policy from the early 1990s onwards. A new approach to estimating a neo-Wicksellian monetary policy rule for the Bank of Japan is proposed and the robustness of the parameters of this rule determined. The thesis motivates a role for the money base in the determination of real output and inflation. A policy rule in the growth rate of the nominal money base is estimated and the stability of its parameters with respect to a hypothesised structural break and changes in the governorship of the Bank of Japan is considered. Aggregate demand and supply specifications for the Japanese economy are estimated that show a distinct role for the money base that is independent of the official interest rate. These specifications are extended to develop a model of the Japanese economy. The model is distinctive in incorporating both neo-Wicksellian and monetarist views of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. The macroeconomic stabilisation properties of various interest rate and money base growth rules are compared in the context of the model, using stochastic simulation methods. In particular, a policy rule in the growth rate of the nominal money base with the nominal official interest rate set to zero is simulated and shown to have macroeconomic stabilisation properties that compare favourably to conventional interest rate rules. The thesis concludes that the neglect of money in contemporary monetary policy theory and practice is mistaken in view of Japan???s recent macroeconomic experience.

This dissertation studies three important questions in international political economy: The long run consequences of social divisions created by historical colonialism, the importance of trade shocks in shifting political power balances and shaping institutional development and the influence that major political powers have over the decisions of smaller nations. I study these three questions empirically in four papers that span three distinct regions and time periods. The first paper asks whether the large differences in economic development across Native American reservations today can be explained by social divisions that were created more than 150 years ago when the US government forcibly integrated distinct Native American bands into shared reservations, condemning them to a system of shared governance that was not consistent with their political traditions and tribal identities. The second and third papers study the effect of the first globalization on the political and economic equilibrium in seventeen 19th century British Caribbean plantation colonies. I use this set of highly comparable but in precise ways distinct islands as a laboratory to study the effect of globalization on the long run development of representative institutions and on the coerciveness of labour markets at the time. The first of two papers provides insights into the working of colonial institutions and traces the mechanisms through which the planter elite managed to maintain a monopoly over policy making and retard long run development. The second paper highlights the importance that exogenous output price changes had for the willingness of planter elites to engage in costly coercion that distorted labour markets in their favour. In the final paper I test whether major aid donors use foreign aid to buy the votes of developing countries. Taking advantage of a unique long-running dispute between major donors in the International Whaling Commission, I am able to address the three major empirical challenges in answering this question: that aid moves much slower than voting behaviour, that alliances constantly change with issues and that most international organizations vote frequently and on a range of issues while data on aid disbursals is available only in yearly aggregates.

Previous reports have demonstrated that running economy (RE), a measure of efficiency of locomotion, is superior in adults than in children; however, it is unclear how these differences come to be. Purpose: To identify the effect of maturity status, physical activity and various other anatomical and physiological factors on RE development in boys aged 8 to 16 years. Methods: Data were collected as part of the Saskatchewan Growth and Development Study (SGDS; 1964-1973). Using a pure longitudinal study design, anthropometric, maturity, physiological characteristics (treadmill run) and physical activity were assessed annually for nine consecutive years. Two-hundred and two eight year-old males were measured in 1965; by 1973, complete longitudinal data were available for 63 participants. During the treadmill run, a measure of submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2) was recorded, an index of RE. Four approaches of normalizing VO2 to body size were investigated. Maturity status was determined based upon chronological age at peak height velocity (PHV). Physical activity was assessed by two teacher ratings and two questionnaires. Results: Normalizing VO2 to body surface area was found to be the most appropriate body size adjustment. Submaximal VO2 (ml/m^2/min) at 9.6 km/h decreased with increasing chronological age (p<0.05). At common chronological age bands, late-maturing boys demonstrated superior RE than early-maturing boys from ages 10-14 years (p<0.05); average-maturing boys were also found to be more efficient than early-maturers at 12 and 13 years of age (p<0.05). Physical activity was not found to have any significant effect on the development of RE (p>0.05). A series of age-specific regression analyses identified body surface area and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) as variables which account for a significant portion of the variance in absolute VO2 (0.619<R^2<0.903); RER was not significant (p>0.05) at all chronological ages. Conclusion: Determining an appropriate approach for normalizing VO2 values is essential to allow for reliable investigation into factors other than size that affect RE. Maturity status was found to significantly affect RE development; however, only during the circumpubertal years. No effect of physical activity was found on RE development in boys 8-16 years. The relative influence of maturity status and RER are variable across different ages.

This dissertation studies three important questions in international political economy: The long run consequences of social divisions created by historical colonialism, the importance of trade shocks in shifting political power balances and shaping institutional development and the influence that major political powers have over the decisions of smaller nations. I study these three questions empirically in four papers that span three distinct regions and time periods. The first paper asks whether the large differences in economic development across Native American reservations today can be explained by social divisions that were created more than 150 years ago when the US government forcibly integrated distinct Native American bands into shared reservations, condemning them to a system of shared governance that was not consistent with their political traditions and tribal identities. The second and third papers study the effect of the first globalization on the political and economic equilibrium in seventeen 19th century British Caribbean plantation colonies. I use this set of highly comparable but in precise ways distinct islands as a laboratory to study the effect of globalization on the long run development of representative institutions and on the coerciveness of labour markets at the time. The first of two papers provides insights into the working of colonial institutions and traces the mechanisms through which the planter elite managed to maintain a monopoly over policy making and retard long run development. The second paper highlights the importance that exogenous output price changes had for the willingness of planter elites to engage in costly coercion that distorted labour markets in their favour. In the final paper I test whether major aid donors use foreign aid to buy the votes of developing countries. Taking advantage of a unique long-running dispute between major donors in the International Whaling Commission, I am able to address the three major empirical challenges in answering this question: that aid moves much slower than voting behaviour, that alliances constantly change with issues and that most international organizations vote frequently and on a range of issues while data on aid disbursals is available only in yearly aggregates.