Diel dissolved oxygen (DO) data were used to characterize seasonal, inter-annual, and longitudinal variation in production and respiration for the James River Estuary. Two computational methods (Bayesian and bookkeeping) were applied to these data to determine whether inferences regarding DO metabolism are sensitive to methodology. Net metabolism was sensitive to methodology as Bayesian results indicated net heterotrophy (production < respiration) while bookkeeping results indicated net autotrophy (production > respiration). Differences in net metabolism among the methods was due to low seasonal variation in respiration using the Bayesian method, whereas bookkeeping results showed a strong correlation between production and respiration. Bayesian results suggest a dependence on allochthonous organic matter (OM) whereas bookkeeping results suggest that metabolism is dependent on autochthonous OM. This study highlights the importance in considering the method used to derive metabolic estimates as it can impact the assessment of trophic status and sources of OM supporting an estuary.

Long-term warming experiments in arctic tundra have resulted in reduced moss cover and increased vascular plant cover. As mosses have a major impact on microclimatic conditions, changes in community composition can potentially alter direct and indirect drivers of productivity and decomposition, which are low in arctic ecosystems. This can potentially change the carbon balance. Therefore, it is of importance to investigate how the effects of warming on ecosystem processes depend on the identity of the moss species dominating the vegetation. Furthermore, because subarctic climate is expected to get warmer and wetter, it is essential to examine how warming effects depend on variation in precipitation as well. Thus, Gross Primary Production (GPP) and Ecosystem Respiration (Reco) fluxes, moss growth, and decomposition rate, were measured in plot pairs along a natural precipitation gradient in subarctic tundra Sweden. Each pair was dominated by one of three common moss species (Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi and Sphagnum spp.), and were subjected to moss removal and Open Top Chamber (OTC) warming treatment combinations. Moss growth measurements were taken as a measure of productivity and Tea Bag Index was used as a measure of decomposition rate. Warming effects on GPP depended on both species and precipitation; Hylocomium and Sphagnum had highest productivity in warmed high-precipitation plots, whereas the effect was negative in all cases for Pleurozium. No significant interactions were found for the other response variables, but there was a positive effect of warming on Reco across all treatments, as well as a negative effect on decomposition. Warming induced increases in GPP and respiration, and decrease in decomposition rate, could imply that the increase in CO2 emissions from arctic ecosystems will be smaller than predicted, as the sequestration of CO2 in that case would exceed what is being emitted. Still, it is a complex matter and therefore crucial to further investigate the role of moss species in relation to warming effects on ecosystem processes.

The cold season in the Arctic extends over eight to nine months during which ecosystem gas exchange and water balance of arctic plants have been largely unexplored. The overall objective of this thesis was to examine two critical gaps in our knowledge about tundra cold season processes – ecosystem respiration at very low temperatures and water uptake during the winter-spring transition. I determined the temperature response of ecosystem respiration of tundra monoliths down to temperatures as low as can be expected under snow-covered conditions (-15 °C). Temperature responses fit the Arrhenius function well with Q10 values over the range of -15 to 15 °C varying from 6.1 to 4.8. I used deuterium-enriched water (2H2O) as a tracer to evaluate water uptake of evergreen plants at snowmelt when soils are largely frozen. The results revealed that evergreen plants take up water under snow cover, possibly via roots but undoubtedly by foliar uptake.

Terrestrial arctic ecosystems store large amounts of carbon (C). With global warming, this C might be released into the atmosphere as CO2 by stimulation of soil microbial degradation. At the same time, CO2 uptake in plants is enhanced, which might, in parts, offset CO2 losses. Yet, the future balance of these two contrasting feedbacks remain uncertain. This study aimed to better understand changes of input and output CO2 fluxes in an arctic tussock tundra ecosystem in response to global warming, with a special focus on the contrast between two sub-ecosystem habitats, the tussocks and the space between tussocks.  An experimental setup was used, where snow fences simulated winter warming by increasing snow depth, and open top chambers simulated summer warming. Daytime ecosystem respiration (ER), reflecting the outward CO2 flux, gross ecosystem production (GEP), reflecting the inward CO2 flux, and net ecosystem exchange (NEE), reflecting the net balance of both, were measured in the summer 2019 in the tussock and the intertussock habitat. In the tussock, both ER and GEP were as twice as high compared to the intertussock and increased with summer warming in a similar magnitude, resulting in an unchanged NEE. Fluxes in the intertussock were not altered with summer warming. Winter warming had no significant effects on ER and GEP in neither of the habitats. However, winter warming increased NEE and green biomass in the intertussock, indicating that in this habitat, plants benefit from warmer winter soil temperatures. Interaction effects of winter and summer warming underline the role of ecological processes outside the summer season, which are to date poorly understood. Contrasting responses of the two sub-ecosystem habitats highlight the challenges in predicting future C balances that are caused by small-scale spatial and temporal heterogeneity of C dynamics.

Böden sind Quelle und Senke für klimarelevante Spurengase (CO2, CH4 und N2O). Die freigesetzten Mengen sind mit denen aus Verbrennung fossiler Rohstoffe vergleichbar und können diese übersteigen, sodass Böden das Klima beeinflussen. Die wichtigsten Einflussgrößen der Bodenentgasung sind Vegetation, Bodenbearbeitung, Bodenfeuchte und Bodentemperatur. In dieser Arbeit wurden CO2-Flüsse für Acker-, Grünland- und Waldböden in Sachsen ganzjährig erfasst und eine Regionalisierung für die Landesfläche durchgeführt. Die Methodik umfasste flächendeckende Kurzeitfeldmessungen, punktuelle Langzeitfeldmessungen sowie gezielte Laborversuche. Zur Realisierung wurden robuste, transportable und präzise Kammersysteme zur manuellen und automatisierten Messung der Bodenentgasung im Freiland und Labor entwickelt. Für die Berechnung der Ökosystematmung aus den Messwerten konnte eine empirische Formel erstellt werden. Aus den Analyseergebnissen wurde raumzeitlich strukturiertes Kartenmaterial für die Ökosystematmung im Freistaat Sachsen in den verschiedenen Ökosystemen erstellt.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The net exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ecosystem (NEE), represent the balance of the ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross primary production (GPP), which are directly related to temperature and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) respectively. Studies related to the exchange of CO2 between ecosystems and atmosphere has been conducted in different ecosystems, with the objective of finding the contribution of different ecosystems to the atmospheric CO2. For this it is important to have a continuous data series. However, these series may fail causing gaps in time series data. Here, were studied gapfilling techniques( multiple linear regression , nonlinear regressions , Look-up Tables, Mean diurnal variation and Neural networks) and the technique of non-linear regressions excel the other, it is indicated to fill the gaps when available variables weather temperature and radiation, not available when these forcings , advise the use of Mean Diurnal variation . Three years of CO2 fluxes over irrigated rice were used to compare the techniques: two years at the Cachoeira do Sul site and one year at Paraiso do Sul site, both located at Rio Grande do Sul. As a result of gapfilling by nonlinear regression, NEE was estimated to be -92 ± 80gC / m² (2010/2011) and 429 ± 188gC / m² (2011/2012), for Cachoeira do Sul and -43 ± 72gC / m² (2003/2004), for Paraíso do Sul. / As trocas líquidas de CO2 entre a atmosfera e o ecossistema (NEE) representam o balanço entre a respiração do ecossistema (Reco) e a produção primaria bruta (GPP), que estão diretamente relacionados à temperatura e a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR), respectivamente. Estudos relacionados às trocas de CO2 entre ecossistemas e a atmosfera têm sido realizados em diferentes sítios experimentais com o objetivo de conhecer quanto cada ecossistema contribui para o CO2 atmosférico. Para tanto, é importante ter uma série de dados contínuos. Conquanto, estas séries podem apresentar falhas, gerando lacunas nas séries temporais dos dados, que devem ser preenchidas. Neste trabalho, foram estudas técnicas de preenchimento de dados (Regressões lineares múltiplas, Regressões não lineares, Look-up Tables, Mean diurnal variation), Redes neurais para estimativa do NEE anual sobre culturas de arroz irrigado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram utilizados três anos de dados de NEE coletados em dois anos para o sítio de Cachoeira do Sul e um ano para Paraíso do Sul. As diferentes técnicas foram avaliadas através da incerteza e do calculo do erro na estimativa do NEE para lacunas artificiais de cada técnica. A técnica de regressões não lineares mostrou-se mais adequada, sendo indicada para o preenchimento das falhas quando disponíveis as variáveis meteorológicas de temperatura e radiação. Quando não disponíveis, o uso da Mean diurnal variation é aconselhada. Como resultado do preenchimento de dados por meio da técnica de Regressão não linear, foram estimados os seguintes valores acumulados de carbono: -92 ± 80gC / m² (2010/2011) e 429 ± 188gC / m² (2011/2012), para Cachoeira do Sul e -43 ± 72gC / m² (2003/2004), para Paraíso do Sul.

Nesta tese investigou-se os padrões microclimáticos, de fluxos de energia e CO2 em uma floresta em planície de inundação da Ilha do Bananal, com ênfase nos efeitos da inundação sazonal nas variáveis atmosféricas e na produtividade do ecossistema, além de estimativas de fluxos aquáticos evasivos de CO2 e CH4. Para tanto, foram utilizadas técnicas micrometeorológicas de vórtices turbulentos, estimativas de armazenamento vertical de CO2 e dados medidos em uma torre micrometeorológica no período de 2004 a 2014, além de campanhas específicas para medidas de fluxos evasivos. Embora existam ciclos sazonais bem definidos de precipitação, temperatura do ar e umidade na região, controlados pela oferta radiativa, esta não explica diretamente as variações na evapotranspiração quando se busca explicá-la pelo aumento da disponibilidade energética. O particionamento da energia disponível aponta para um domínio do calor latente em comparação ao sensível durante períodos de decaimento do saldo de radiação, configurando um padrão peculiar não reportado na literatura. Os dados de temperatura do ar, precipitação pluviométrica, fluxos turbulentos de CO2 e fluxos energéticos (LE e H) mostraram uma possível influência das secas que ocorreram no lado oeste da região, também neste sítio experimental do leste. Os anos de 2005 e 2010 foram mais quentes, pouco chuvosos e mais secos que os demais anos da série de dados, e em 2010 ocorreu a menor produtividade líquida da estação seca. A inundação mostrou ter um papel importante nos fluxos de CO2, fazendo com que a produtividade bruta, a respiração do ecossistema e a produtividade líquida diminuam, somando-se os efeitos esperados pelo controle radiativo. A produtividade líquida respondeu aos efeitos da inundação semanas antes desta iniciar na torre, persistindo seus efeitos até algumas semanas depois, com a diminuição da produtividade. Já a respiração do ecossistema e a produtividade primária bruta mostraram ser mais sensíveis ao início da estação seca, com uma interrupção no declínio atribuído à inundação, provavelmente devido ao favorecimento da decomposição de matéria orgânica suspensa na água. Os resultados dos fluxos de carbono sugerem uma alta assimilação de CO2 pela floresta, o que requer corroboração através de medidas biométricas, não sendo, contudo, descartada a confiabilidade dos resultados. Os resultados da campanha para medidas de fluxos evasivos mostraram que o rio é uma fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera, e tanto o rio quanto a superfície vegetada atuam como fonte de CH4 para a atmosfera, com maior contribuição da superfície vegetada. As concentrações de metano e carbono na água foram superiores ás amostragens da atmosfera, o que já era esperado conforme os estudos existentes na literatura. / This thesis investigated the microclimate, CO2 and energy fluxes patterns at a forest in floodplain of Bananal Island, with emphasis on the seasonal flooding effects in atmospheric variables and ecosystem productivity, as well as estimates of evasive water CO2 and CH4 fluxes. To carry it out, micrometeorological eddy covariance technique was associated, vertical storage CO2 estimates and measured data in a micrometeorological tower from 2004 to 2014, as well as specific campaigns for evasive fluxes measures. Although there are welldefined seasonal cycles of precipitation, air temperature and humidity in the area controlled by the radiative offer, it does not directly explain the variations in evapotranspiration when seeking for explain it by the increase in energy availability. Partitioning of the available energy points to a latent heat flux domain compared to sensible heat flux during net radiation decay periods, showing a peculiar pattern not reported in the literature. The data air temperature, rainfall, eddy CO2 and energy fluxes (LE and H) showed a possible influence of droughts that occurred on the west side of the region, in this experimental site from the east. The years 2005 and 2010 were warmer, little rainy and drier than the other years of the data series, and in 2010 had the lowest net productivity of the dry season. The flood was shown to have an important role in CO2 streams, causing the gross productivity, ecosystem respiration and the net productivity decrease, adding to the effects expected by the radiative control. The net productivity responded to the effects of flooding weeks before this start in the tower, continuing its effects until a few weeks later, with decreasing productivity. Already ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity proved to be more sensitive to early dry season, with an interruption in the decline attributed to flooding, probably due to favoring the decomposition of organic matter suspended in the water. The results of the carbon fluxes suggest a high CO2 assimilation by forest, which requires corroboration through biometric measurements and are not, however, ruled out the reliability of the results. The results of the campaign to evasive flux measurements showed that the river is a CO2 source to the atmosphere, and both the river and the vegetated surface act as a CH4 source to the atmosphere, with a greater contribution of the vegetated surface. Methane and carbon concentrations in the water were higher ace sampling the atmosphere, which was expected as existing studies in the literature.

Nesta tese investigou-se os padrões microclimáticos, de fluxos de energia e CO2 em uma floresta em planície de inundação da Ilha do Bananal, com ênfase nos efeitos da inundação sazonal nas variáveis atmosféricas e na produtividade do ecossistema, além de estimativas de fluxos aquáticos evasivos de CO2 e CH4. Para tanto, foram utilizadas técnicas micrometeorológicas de vórtices turbulentos, estimativas de armazenamento vertical de CO2 e dados medidos em uma torre micrometeorológica no período de 2004 a 2014, além de campanhas específicas para medidas de fluxos evasivos. Embora existam ciclos sazonais bem definidos de precipitação, temperatura do ar e umidade na região, controlados pela oferta radiativa, esta não explica diretamente as variações na evapotranspiração quando se busca explicá-la pelo aumento da disponibilidade energética. O particionamento da energia disponível aponta para um domínio do calor latente em comparação ao sensível durante períodos de decaimento do saldo de radiação, configurando um padrão peculiar não reportado na literatura. Os dados de temperatura do ar, precipitação pluviométrica, fluxos turbulentos de CO2 e fluxos energéticos (LE e H) mostraram uma possível influência das secas que ocorreram no lado oeste da região, também neste sítio experimental do leste. Os anos de 2005 e 2010 foram mais quentes, pouco chuvosos e mais secos que os demais anos da série de dados, e em 2010 ocorreu a menor produtividade líquida da estação seca. A inundação mostrou ter um papel importante nos fluxos de CO2, fazendo com que a produtividade bruta, a respiração do ecossistema e a produtividade líquida diminuam, somando-se os efeitos esperados pelo controle radiativo. A produtividade líquida respondeu aos efeitos da inundação semanas antes desta iniciar na torre, persistindo seus efeitos até algumas semanas depois, com a diminuição da produtividade. Já a respiração do ecossistema e a produtividade primária bruta mostraram ser mais sensíveis ao início da estação seca, com uma interrupção no declínio atribuído à inundação, provavelmente devido ao favorecimento da decomposição de matéria orgânica suspensa na água. Os resultados dos fluxos de carbono sugerem uma alta assimilação de CO2 pela floresta, o que requer corroboração através de medidas biométricas, não sendo, contudo, descartada a confiabilidade dos resultados. Os resultados da campanha para medidas de fluxos evasivos mostraram que o rio é uma fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera, e tanto o rio quanto a superfície vegetada atuam como fonte de CH4 para a atmosfera, com maior contribuição da superfície vegetada. As concentrações de metano e carbono na água foram superiores ás amostragens da atmosfera, o que já era esperado conforme os estudos existentes na literatura. / This thesis investigated the microclimate, CO2 and energy fluxes patterns at a forest in floodplain of Bananal Island, with emphasis on the seasonal flooding effects in atmospheric variables and ecosystem productivity, as well as estimates of evasive water CO2 and CH4 fluxes. To carry it out, micrometeorological eddy covariance technique was associated, vertical storage CO2 estimates and measured data in a micrometeorological tower from 2004 to 2014, as well as specific campaigns for evasive fluxes measures. Although there are welldefined seasonal cycles of precipitation, air temperature and humidity in the area controlled by the radiative offer, it does not directly explain the variations in evapotranspiration when seeking for explain it by the increase in energy availability. Partitioning of the available energy points to a latent heat flux domain compared to sensible heat flux during net radiation decay periods, showing a peculiar pattern not reported in the literature. The data air temperature, rainfall, eddy CO2 and energy fluxes (LE and H) showed a possible influence of droughts that occurred on the west side of the region, in this experimental site from the east. The years 2005 and 2010 were warmer, little rainy and drier than the other years of the data series, and in 2010 had the lowest net productivity of the dry season. The flood was shown to have an important role in CO2 streams, causing the gross productivity, ecosystem respiration and the net productivity decrease, adding to the effects expected by the radiative control. The net productivity responded to the effects of flooding weeks before this start in the tower, continuing its effects until a few weeks later, with decreasing productivity. Already ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity proved to be more sensitive to early dry season, with an interruption in the decline attributed to flooding, probably due to favoring the decomposition of organic matter suspended in the water. The results of the carbon fluxes suggest a high CO2 assimilation by forest, which requires corroboration through biometric measurements and are not, however, ruled out the reliability of the results. The results of the campaign to evasive flux measurements showed that the river is a CO2 source to the atmosphere, and both the river and the vegetated surface act as a CH4 source to the atmosphere, with a greater contribution of the vegetated surface. Methane and carbon concentrations in the water were higher ace sampling the atmosphere, which was expected as existing studies in the literature.

This thesis investigates the abiotic control of carbon (C) and water vapour fluxes (FCO₂ and E, respectively) in a New Zealand Pinus radiata D. Don plantation and a nearby clearcut. It concentrates on the limitation of these fluxes imposed by growing season soil water deficit. This results from low precipitation (658 mm a⁻¹) in combination with a limited root zone water storage capacity of the very stony soil (> 30% by volume). The thesis analyses results from seven eddy covariance flux measurement campaigns between November 1994 and March 1996. The study site was located in Balmoral Forest, 100 km north-west of Christchurch (42° 52' S, 172° 45' E), in a (in November 1994) 8-year-old stand. One set of measurements was conducted in an adjacent clearcut. Ecosystem flux measurements were accompanied by separate measurements of ground fluxes and of the associated environmental variables. Flux analysis focussed on the underlying processes of assimilation (Ac), canopy stomatal conductance (Gc) and respiration (Reco), using biophysical models coupled to soil water balance and temperature subroutines. Aiming to link time inegrated net ecosystem C (NEP) to tree growth, sequestration in tree biomass (NPP) was quantified by regular measurements of stem diameter using allometric relationships. Average rates of FCO₂ and E were highest in spring (324 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ and 207 mol m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively) when the abiotic environment was most favourable for Gc and Ac. During summer, fluxes were impeded by the depletion of available soil water (θ) and the co-occurrence of high air saturation deficit (D) and temperature (T) and were equal or smaller than during winter (FCO₂ = 46 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in summer and 115 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹ in winter; E = 57 and 47 mol m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively). With increasingly dry soil, fluxes and their associated ratios became predominantly regulated by D rather than quantum irradiance, and on particularly hot days the ecosystem was a net C source. Interannually, forest C and water fluxes increased strongly with rainfall, and the simultaneously reduced D and T. For two succeeding years, the second having 3 % more rain, modelled NEP was 515 and 716 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, Ac 1690 and 1841 g C m⁻² a⁻¹ and Reco 1175 and 1125 g C m⁻² a⁻¹. NEP / E increased in wetter (and cooler) years (1.3 and 1.5 g kg⁻¹), reflecting a relatively larger gain in NEP. Responding mainly to increased rainfall during commonly dry parts of the year (ie summer), and reflecting the otherwise benign maritime climate of New Zealand, NEP during the winter months could exceed NEP during the middle of the notional tree growing season. Annual Ac, NEP, and NPP were strongly linearly related. This relation did not hold during bi-weekly periods when the processes of intermediate C storage were influential. Separate knowledge of tree growth and C fluxes allowed quantification of autotrophic, and heterotrophic respiration (Rhet≈ 0.4 NEP), as well as fine-root turnover (≈0.2 NEP). The ratio of NEP and stem volume growth was conservative (0.24 t C m⁻³) and allows a direct connection to be made between ecosystem carbon fluxes and forest yield tables. In the absence of living roots, the clearcut flux measurements demonstrated the expected limitation of Rhet by soil temperature (Ts) and θ. However, an additional 'pumping effect' was discovered at the open site whereby turbulence increased CO₂ efflux considerably when the soil surface was wet. Accounting for the combined effects of Ts, θ and turbulence, annual Rhet at the clear-cut site (loss to the atmosphere) was »50 % of NEP (C sequestered from the atmosphere) in the nearby forest. Clearly, there is an important contribution of C fluxes during early stages of ecosystem development to the total C sequestered over the lifetime of a plantation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) were investigated in two sites of irrigated rice in southern Brazil, using the eddy covariance technique over 385 days of analysis at the site of Paraiso do Sul and 683 days in site Cachoeira do Sul also used the model of filling the gaps in order to estimate the net ecosystem exchange CO2 -C (NEE). Throughout the growing season, rice fields, both for the site of Paraiso do Sul to the site of Cachoeira do Sul, acted as carbon sinks (C). During fallow periods, these fields were the source of C. The NEE accumulated at the site of Cachoeira do Sul was similar in both cycles and practically equal to the estimated site of Paraiso do Sul. The GPP accumulated during the crop cycle 2010-2011, the rice field of Cachoeira do Sul, was less than 12% of the 2011-2012 cycle and higher than 15% of the site of Paraiso do Sul. The Re accumulated was similar at the site of Paraíso do Sul in the 2010-2011 cycle Cachoeira do Sul, but less than the 2011- 2012 cycle. The values of NEE, GPP and R e for the site of Paraíso do Sul were - 270.53 gCm2 , -821.19gCm2 and 527.59gCm2 , respectively. To the site of Cachoeira do Sul, were -282,53 gCm2 , -933,40gCm2 and 597,05gCm2 for NEE, GPP and Re , respectively, in the 2010-2011 cycle. For the 2011-2012 cycle in the rice field of Cachoeira do Sul, the values of NEE, GPP and Re were -279,69gCm2 , - 1062,64gCm2 and 716,58gCm2 , respectively. The total C accumulated over the period analyzed for the site of Paraíso do Sul was -45,90gCm2 , considering this area of rice cultivation, as a sink for C. While the growing area of Cachoeira do Sul was considered a source of C (19,94 gCm2 ). Showing by this that long periods of fallow contribute significantly to the accumulated fluxes due to constant presence of vegetation. The contribution of this work will assist in the investigation of CO2 in these ecosystems. / Os fluxos turbulentos de dióxido de carbono (CO2 ) foram investigados em dois sítios de cultura de arroz irrigado no Sul do Brasil, utilizando a técnica de covariância de vórtices ao longo de 385 dias de análise no sítio de Paraíso do Sul e de 683 dias, no sítio de Cachoeira do Sul. Além disso, utilizou-se o modelo de preenchimento das lacunas com o objetivo de estimar a troca líquida de C-CO2 no ecossistema (NEE). Ao longo do período de cultivo, os campos de arroz, tanto para o sítio de Paraíso do Sul quanto para o sítio de Cachoeira do Sul, atuaram como sumidouros de carbono (C). Durante os períodos de pousio, esses campos foram fontes de C. O NEE acumulado, no sítio de Cachoeira do Sul foi semelhante em ambos os ciclos e praticamente igual ao estimado no sítio de Paraíso do Sul. A GPP acumulada durante o ciclo de cultivo de 2010-2011, no campo de arroz de Cachoeira do Sul, foi inferior a 12% do ciclo de 2011-2012 e superior em 15% a do sítio de Paraíso do Sul. A Re acumulada foi semelhante no sítio de Paraíso do Sul e no ciclo de 2010- 2011 de Cachoeira do Sul, mas inferior a do ciclo de 2011-2012. Os valores de NEE, GPP e Re para o sítio de Paraíso do Sul foram de -270,53 gCm2 , -821,19gCm2 e 527,59gCm2 , respectivamente. Para o sítio de Cachoeira do Sul, foram de - 282,53gCm2 , -933,40gCm2 e 597,05gCm2 para NEE, GPP e Re , respectivamente, no ciclo de 2010-2011. Para o ciclo de 2011-2012, no campo de arroz de Cachoeira do Sul, os valores de NEE, GPP e Re foram de -279,69gCm2 , - 1062,640gCm2 e 716,58gCm2 , respectivamente. O total de C acumulado ao longo do período analisado para o sítio de Paraíso do Sul foi de -45,90gCm2 , considerando esta área de cultivo de arroz, como um sumidouro de C. Enquanto que a área de cultivo de Cachoeira do Sul foi considerada fonte de C (19,94 gCm2 ). Mostrando com isso, que períodos longos de pousio contribuem consideravelmente para os fluxos acumulados devido a permanência constante de vegetação. A contribuição deste trabalho auxiliará na investigação das emissões de CO2 nesses ecossistemas.