The article presents results of an exploratory study with groups of music teacher students from different countries, Estonia, Germany, Netherland, Portugal and Sweden. The groups watched three german music lessons on multi-angle-DVDs with english subtitles, chose one, which they felt most familiar with, and marked significant similarities and differences to lessons, which they new from their own experience. Presentations of the country-groups and plenum-discussions about them were documented, analyzed and interpreted. The available study brings up hypothesis about (a) categories to describe music in the classroom, (b) about cultures as different contents of music education of five European countries and (c) hypothesis about interferences between musical and pedagogical cultures in music classrooms generally. / Der Aufsatz stellt die Ergebnisse einer explorativen Studie mit Gruppen von Lehramt-Musik-Studierenden aus Deutschland, Estland, Niederlande, Portugal und Schweden dar. Die Gruppen sahen drei deutsche Musikstunden auf Multi-Angle-DVDs mit englischen Untertiteln, wählten eine aus, die ihnen am vertrautesten erschien, und markierten signifikante Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zu Musikstunden, die sie aus eigener Erfahrung kannten. Präsentationen der nach Ländern zusammengesetzten Gruppen sowie die Plenumsdiskussionen dazu wurden dokumentiert, analysiert und interpretiert. Die vorliegende Studie generiert Hypothesen zu (a) Kategorien zur Beschreibung von Musikunterricht in der Praxis des Klassenzimmers, zu (b) Kulturen als verschiedene Inhalte des Musikunterrichts aus fünf europäischen Ländern und (c) eine Hypothese zu Interferenzen zwischen pädagogischen und musikalischen Kulturen im Musikunterricht im Allgemeinen.

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In his Southern Harmony collection, William Duckworth extracts existing material from shape-note hymns found in William Walker's 1835 publication A Southern Harmony and Musical Companion. He then applies minimalist and postminimalist processes to this material to create innovation choral compositions. This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the methods used to construct all twenty works in Duckworth's collection by tracing the extracted source material through the fabric of the new compositions. This study provides substantial evidence of Duckworth's place as a pioneer of the postminimalist genre. It also provides a discussion on the vocal implications of utilizing shape-note hymns as source material as traditional performances of the genre are typically associated with a unique vocal style.

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The purpose of this study was to determine how pitch and rhythm aspects of melodic memory are affected by aural distractions when melodic stimuli are presented both visually and aurally, as compared to aurally only. The rationale for this research is centered on the need for improved melodic memory skills of students taking melodic dictation, and the possibility that temporary visual imagery storage of target melodies might enhance those skills. The participants in this study were undergraduate and graduate music majors (n=41) at a large northeastern university. All participants had successfully completed the first two semesters of college-level music theory, and none had perfect pitch. Participants progressed through two self-contained experimental tests at the computer. Identical target melodies were presented: 1) aurally only on one test; and 2) aurally, with visual presentation of the matching notation, on the other test. After the target melody, a distraction melody sounded, during which time participants were to maintain the original target melody in memory. Participants then chose which of two aural options matched the original target, with a third choice of "neither." The incorrect answer choice in each item contained either a pitch or rhythm discrepancy. The 2x2 factorial design of this experiment was based on independent variables of test presentation format and answer discrepancy type. The dependent variable was experimental test scores. Each participant took both parts of both tests, yielding 164 total observations. Additional data were collected for exploratory analysis: the order in which each participant took the tests, the major instrument of each participant, and the educational status of each participant (undergraduate or graduate). Results of a 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on either test format or answer discrepancy type, and no interaction between the factors. The exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on test order, major instrument, or student status. Results suggest that visual reinforcement of melodies does not affect aural memory for those melodies, in terms of either pitch or rhythm. Suggestions for further research include an aural-visual melodic memory test paired with a learning modalities survey, a longitudinal study of visual imagery applied to aural skills study, and a detailed survey of strategies used by successful and unsuccessful dictation students. / Music Education / Accompanied by two .wmv files: 1) Audio-OnlyTest.wmv. 2) Audio-VisualTest.wmv.

The purpose of the study was to examine factors such as the number of years lived in the U.S., English proficiency, neuroticism, openness, and music therapy student academic stress (MTSAS) that predict acculturative stress among international music therapy students studying in the U.S. An on-line survey was conducted with a U.S. sample of international music therapy students. Among the 134 participants who originally came from 25 countries returned the survey, 97 with complete data (88 women and 9 men; 38 undergraduate and 59 graduate students) were included in the main analyses. Results showed this sample had a substantially higher mean on acculturative stress (M = 83.04) than the normative mean (M = 66.32) reported by Sandhu and Asrabadi (1994). In addition, 13 participants' (12.89%) scores were within the "high risk" category, indicating the need for psychological intervention. Asian students were found to have experienced a higher level of acculturative stress than their European counterparts. There were no significant differences found between undergraduate and graduate students relating to levels of acculturative stress. Correlational analyses indicated that acculturative stress had significant correlations with level of English proficiency, neuroticism, and MTSAS. There were no significant findings regarding years lived in the U.S., openness, and level of acculturative stress. Regression analyses revealed that (a) the entire set of 5 aforementioned predictors accounted for 41% of variance in acculturative stress, which is considered a large effect size, and (b) among these predictors, English proficiency, neuroticism, and MTSAS appeared to be the most powerful predictors of acculturative stress. In addition, making presentations, taking exams, and participating in class discussion were found to be the most stressful classroom activities. Implications for music therapy and future research directions are discussed. / Music Therapy