Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Educational Leadership, 2007. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100).

No Brasil, a partir dos anos de 1990, na esteira de conferências internacionais que visaram à proposição da universalização da educação básica nos países em desenvolvimento, acentua-se o debate sobre \"educação para todos\". Nesse período, foram desenvolvidas políticas na área da educação especial pautadas na perspectiva da educação inclusiva. Em 2003, o Ministério da Educação, por meio da então Secretaria de Educação Especial, lança o Programa Educação inclusiva: direito à diversidade com o fito de transformar os sistemas educacionais em \"sistemas educacionais inclusivos\". Buscando compreender como essas políticas são gestadas e implementadas, a presente pesquisa trouxe como objeto de estudo as políticas de educação especial no município de Feira de Santana-BA, sob a influência do referido programa, no período de 2003-2010, com o objetivo de analisar as suas implicações no âmbito da gestão das políticas de educação especial neste município. A investigação pautou-se na abordagem qualitativa, norteada pela perspectiva de análise de políticas públicas. Para coleta de dados foram utilizadas a entrevista semiestruturada e a análise documental. A aplicação das entrevistas ocorreu também na Secretaria de Educação Especial, a fim de apreender as questões referentes à formulação da proposta. Participaram da pesquisa três representantes da esfera municipal e três representantes da esfera federal. Os dados foram analisados através de dois eixos principais: 1) A proposição da política - princípios e diretrizes; e 2) O município como espaço de implementação da política, à luz do referencial produzido por: Höfling (2001), Arretche (2001, 2003), Bueno (2007, 2008), Arelaro (2003), Shiroma; Moraes; Evangelista (2007), Oliveira (2007), Frigotto (2011), Garcia (2004, 2008, 2010), Jannuzzi (2004), Mazzotta (1982, 1996), Prieto (2002, 2006, 2009). Os dados achados indicam que uma dada política percorre um longo caminho entre o momento inicial - formulação - até a sua execução - implementação -, e nesse percurso são agregados diferentes elementos que vão interferir no seu andamento. Na análise da política em tela constatou-se que estabelecer o município como protagonista da política ratifica uma postura de desconcentração baseada na relação controle central/execução local, pois transfere para essa esfera a responsabilidade pela implementação sem transferir-lhe autonomia quanto às decisões. A constituição como polo provoca no município um envolvimento que o leva a incorporar os princípios e propostas do âmbito nacional à sua política local. Com este trabalho, acredita-se que contribuições importantes foram trazidas à análise de políticas que se referem à educação especial, favorecendo discussões na área e no planejamento dessas políticas. / In Brazil, since 1990, following international conferences aimed at the proposition of universal basic education in developing countries the debate about \"education for all\" is highlighted; in this period, policies were developed in the field of special education guided the perspective of inclusive education. In 2003, the Ministry of Education, through the Secretary of Special Education of that period, launched the Inclusive Education Program: the right to diversity with the aim to transform education systems in \"inclusive educational systems.\" Trying to understand how these policies are managed and implemented, this research had as object of study the special education policies in the municipality of Feira de Santana-BA, over the period 2003-2010 under the influence of the program in order to analyze its implications in the management of special education policies in the city. The research was based on a qualitative approach, guided by the perspective of public policy analysis. For data collection semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis were used. The application of the interviews also occurred in the Department of Special Education, in order to apprehend the issues about the proposal formulation. Three municipal representatives and three representatives from the federal level took part in this study. Data were analyzed using two main principles: 1) The proposition of politics - principles and guidelines, and 2) The city as a space for policy implementation, in the light of productions by: Höfling (2001), Arretche (2001, 2003), Bueno (2007, 2008), Arelaro (2003), Shiroma; Moraes; Evangelista (2007), Oliveira (2007), Frigotto (2011), Garcia (2004, 2008, 2010), Jannuzzi (2004), Mazzotta (1982, 1996), Prieto (2002, 2006, 2009). The data findings indicate that a given policy goes a long way from the initial moment - formulation - to its execution - implementation, and different elements that will interfere with its progress are aggregated along the way. The analysis of the politics studied showed that establishing the city as a protagonist of its policy ratifies a stance based on central control/local enforcement, because it transfers to that level the responsibility for implementation without transferring autonomy over decisions. The constitution as a pole in the city causes an involvement which led it to incorporate the principles and proposals from the national to local policy. With this work, it is believed that important contributions have been brought to the analysis of policies that relate to special education, promoting discussions on the area and on planning these policies.

No Brasil, a partir dos anos de 1990, na esteira de conferências internacionais que visaram à proposição da universalização da educação básica nos países em desenvolvimento, acentua-se o debate sobre \"educação para todos\". Nesse período, foram desenvolvidas políticas na área da educação especial pautadas na perspectiva da educação inclusiva. Em 2003, o Ministério da Educação, por meio da então Secretaria de Educação Especial, lança o Programa Educação inclusiva: direito à diversidade com o fito de transformar os sistemas educacionais em \"sistemas educacionais inclusivos\". Buscando compreender como essas políticas são gestadas e implementadas, a presente pesquisa trouxe como objeto de estudo as políticas de educação especial no município de Feira de Santana-BA, sob a influência do referido programa, no período de 2003-2010, com o objetivo de analisar as suas implicações no âmbito da gestão das políticas de educação especial neste município. A investigação pautou-se na abordagem qualitativa, norteada pela perspectiva de análise de políticas públicas. Para coleta de dados foram utilizadas a entrevista semiestruturada e a análise documental. A aplicação das entrevistas ocorreu também na Secretaria de Educação Especial, a fim de apreender as questões referentes à formulação da proposta. Participaram da pesquisa três representantes da esfera municipal e três representantes da esfera federal. Os dados foram analisados através de dois eixos principais: 1) A proposição da política - princípios e diretrizes; e 2) O município como espaço de implementação da política, à luz do referencial produzido por: Höfling (2001), Arretche (2001, 2003), Bueno (2007, 2008), Arelaro (2003), Shiroma; Moraes; Evangelista (2007), Oliveira (2007), Frigotto (2011), Garcia (2004, 2008, 2010), Jannuzzi (2004), Mazzotta (1982, 1996), Prieto (2002, 2006, 2009). Os dados achados indicam que uma dada política percorre um longo caminho entre o momento inicial - formulação - até a sua execução - implementação -, e nesse percurso são agregados diferentes elementos que vão interferir no seu andamento. Na análise da política em tela constatou-se que estabelecer o município como protagonista da política ratifica uma postura de desconcentração baseada na relação controle central/execução local, pois transfere para essa esfera a responsabilidade pela implementação sem transferir-lhe autonomia quanto às decisões. A constituição como polo provoca no município um envolvimento que o leva a incorporar os princípios e propostas do âmbito nacional à sua política local. Com este trabalho, acredita-se que contribuições importantes foram trazidas à análise de políticas que se referem à educação especial, favorecendo discussões na área e no planejamento dessas políticas. / In Brazil, since 1990, following international conferences aimed at the proposition of universal basic education in developing countries the debate about \"education for all\" is highlighted; in this period, policies were developed in the field of special education guided the perspective of inclusive education. In 2003, the Ministry of Education, through the Secretary of Special Education of that period, launched the Inclusive Education Program: the right to diversity with the aim to transform education systems in \"inclusive educational systems.\" Trying to understand how these policies are managed and implemented, this research had as object of study the special education policies in the municipality of Feira de Santana-BA, over the period 2003-2010 under the influence of the program in order to analyze its implications in the management of special education policies in the city. The research was based on a qualitative approach, guided by the perspective of public policy analysis. For data collection semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis were used. The application of the interviews also occurred in the Department of Special Education, in order to apprehend the issues about the proposal formulation. Three municipal representatives and three representatives from the federal level took part in this study. Data were analyzed using two main principles: 1) The proposition of politics - principles and guidelines, and 2) The city as a space for policy implementation, in the light of productions by: Höfling (2001), Arretche (2001, 2003), Bueno (2007, 2008), Arelaro (2003), Shiroma; Moraes; Evangelista (2007), Oliveira (2007), Frigotto (2011), Garcia (2004, 2008, 2010), Jannuzzi (2004), Mazzotta (1982, 1996), Prieto (2002, 2006, 2009). The data findings indicate that a given policy goes a long way from the initial moment - formulation - to its execution - implementation, and different elements that will interfere with its progress are aggregated along the way. The analysis of the politics studied showed that establishing the city as a protagonist of its policy ratifies a stance based on central control/local enforcement, because it transfers to that level the responsibility for implementation without transferring autonomy over decisions. The constitution as a pole in the city causes an involvement which led it to incorporate the principles and proposals from the national to local policy. With this work, it is believed that important contributions have been brought to the analysis of policies that relate to special education, promoting discussions on the area and on planning these policies.

<p>The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the latest human rights treaty at the UN level. The process leading to the adoption called attention to the plight of persons with disabilities, and redefined approaches to issues of disability. Fundamentally, the CRPD embodies a paradigm shift in thinking about disability. It embraces the social model of disability, in terms of which disability is a function of the interaction between a person with impairment and his or her environment as opposed to an inherent limitation of functioning. The social model is, in turn, anchored in a human rights approach to disability. No doubt, the adoption of the CRPD triggered immense optimism for the realization of the rights of persons with disabilities. One of the rights recognised under the CRPD is the right to education. Article 24(1) of the CRPD recognises the right of persons with disabilities to education and sets out the aims of such education. Article 24(2) sets out a number of principles to guide the implementation of the right. These include: non-exclusion from the general education system including non-exclusion of children with disabilities from free and compulsory primary education / access to inclusive quality and free primary education on an equal basis with other children in the communities in which children with disabilities live / reasonable accommodation of a student&rsquo / s needs / provision of support necessary to facilitate effective education / and provision of individualised support measures in environments that maximise academic and social development of the students with disabilities. It is generally accepted that the right to education is one of the most essential rights, particularly in light of its empowerment function that helps to facilitate the exercise of other rights. The primary level of education has particularly attained global recognition and priority in resource allocation and implementation. Primary education contributes significantly to the maximum development of the full human potential of children. There are therefore differentiated obligations for the right to primary education in international human rights. Nevertheless, there are still significant barriers to access to primary education, particularly in the African region. While children with disabilities have been excluded from education for a long time the world over, their exclusion in the African context is particularly endemic. The core purpose of this thesis is to determine how article 24(2) of the CRPD affects or is likely to affect primary education of children with disabilities, particularly in the context of developing countries. The focus of the enquiry is mainly the law and policy in this regard. The subject spans three main spheres of rights: children&rsquo / s rights, socioeconomic rights (particularly the right to education), and finally disability rights. Children&rsquo / s rights, especially since the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), are generally accepted. The right to education also has a long standing history, and whereas debate regarding the appropriate approaches to its implementation still abides, there is apparent normative and jurisprudential consensus on some aspects thereof, particularly at the primary education level. It is essential to determine the relational framework of these spheres with the disability rights established under the CRPD. The thesis finds that the CRPD does in fact redefine the parameters of the right to education as previously understood in international human rights instruments. Particularly, the expanded aims of education under article 24 call for education systems that recognise non-academic learning, such as the development of the talents or creativity of the learner. This provision is particularly significant to the child with disabilities. Also, while not establishing an entirely new right, the principles under article 24(2) establish actionable sub-entitlements that enhance the justiciability right to education for children with disabilities. However, it is apparent from the comparative studies that it is the implementation of these provisions that presents the greatest challenge for the realisation of primary education for children with disabilities. This suggests that whereas norm creation as under the CRPD may have the value of triggering and sustaining discourse on appropriate responses in the context of the education of children with disabilities, it is the translation of these norms into practical action points that is the determining factor for realization of the right.</p>

<p>The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the latest human rights treaty at the UN level. The process leading to the adoption called attention to the plight of persons with disabilities, and redefined approaches to issues of disability. Fundamentally, the CRPD embodies a paradigm shift in thinking about disability. It embraces the social model of disability, in terms of which disability is a function of the interaction between a person with impairment and his or her environment as opposed to an inherent limitation of functioning. The social model is, in turn, anchored in a human rights approach to disability. No doubt, the adoption of the CRPD triggered immense optimism for the realization of the rights of persons with disabilities. One of the rights recognised under the CRPD is the right to education. Article 24(1) of the CRPD recognises the right of persons with disabilities to education and sets out the aims of such education. Article 24(2) sets out a number of principles to guide the implementation of the right. These include: non-exclusion from the general education system including non-exclusion of children with disabilities from free and compulsory primary education / access to inclusive quality and free primary education on an equal basis with other children in the communities in which children with disabilities live / reasonable accommodation of a student&rsquo / s needs / provision of support necessary to facilitate effective education / and provision of individualised support measures in environments that maximise academic and social development of the students with disabilities. It is generally accepted that the right to education is one of the most essential rights, particularly in light of its empowerment function that helps to facilitate the exercise of other rights. The primary level of education has particularly attained global recognition and priority in resource allocation and implementation. Primary education contributes significantly to the maximum development of the full human potential of children. There are therefore differentiated obligations for the right to primary education in international human rights. Nevertheless, there are still significant barriers to access to primary education, particularly in the African region. While children with disabilities have been excluded from education for a long time the world over, their exclusion in the African context is particularly endemic. The core purpose of this thesis is to determine how article 24(2) of the CRPD affects or is likely to affect primary education of children with disabilities, particularly in the context of developing countries. The focus of the enquiry is mainly the law and policy in this regard. The subject spans three main spheres of rights: children&rsquo / s rights, socioeconomic rights (particularly the right to education), and finally disability rights. Children&rsquo / s rights, especially since the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), are generally accepted. The right to education also has a long standing history, and whereas debate regarding the appropriate approaches to its implementation still abides, there is apparent normative and jurisprudential consensus on some aspects thereof, particularly at the primary education level. It is essential to determine the relational framework of these spheres with the disability rights established under the CRPD. The thesis finds that the CRPD does in fact redefine the parameters of the right to education as previously understood in international human rights instruments. Particularly, the expanded aims of education under article 24 call for education systems that recognise non-academic learning, such as the development of the talents or creativity of the learner. This provision is particularly significant to the child with disabilities. Also, while not establishing an entirely new right, the principles under article 24(2) establish actionable sub-entitlements that enhance the justiciability right to education for children with disabilities. However, it is apparent from the comparative studies that it is the implementation of these provisions that presents the greatest challenge for the realisation of primary education for children with disabilities. This suggests that whereas norm creation as under the CRPD may have the value of triggering and sustaining discourse on appropriate responses in the context of the education of children with disabilities, it is the translation of these norms into practical action points that is the determining factor for realization of the right.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFFAJ.pdf: 1326881 bytes, checksum: 97741e5f6f7e242fe6f77c72dc875cae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-19 / The intention of this work is to inquire if contradictions are penetrating the education of the Right in the country, to understand its process of mercantilism and technicality and to study the consequences that laborious education of the Right can generate, everything without forgetting that the combination between the society urban-industrial and the democratic State of Right, after 1988, increased the economic contradictions, social and typically capitalist politics and, therefore, increased the demands for the services named "operators of the law". It was analyzed, that, the existing relations between histories of Brazil, the Right and legal education, adopting a description-critical vision. The research presented initially gave brief considerations to the history of Brazil and its relation with the Right, discourse concerning the Portuguese magistrate of the colonial period and the graduate-jurist of XIX and XX centuries, as well as the subordination of the "operators of the law" to the interests of the hegemonic elites at each moment. It became, after that, a referring, data-collecting to all the implanted courses of the Right until the present, proceeding to an approach by geographic region and, inside of them, for an unit of the federacy, differentiating, still, the private institutions of the public. It was elaborated, at this moment, a brief case study on a public university. It was looked into, to identify the entities related with the education of the Right in the country and its legal and/or statutory attributions, also scoring the moments where such people can and/or must intervene with the creation and management of the institutions of superior education, as well as with which half are endowed with checking into these. The research continued with the study of the objectives of the education of the Right, looking to identify its real function in Brazil. History demonstrates that the State and the professionals of the Right in Brazil effectively had never been worried about the poverty, or the "forgotten", with the excluded ones, with the great mass of the population. They had always been protective of an elitist legalism that moved them away from the Brazilian historical reality, what has occurred until the present. The yearnings of the population for a life improvement, for more respect and dignity, had generated very elitist demand that attracted the private initiative for a market until then little explored and superior education. Consequence of this was the proliferation of the private superior courses in the country, also the courses of the Right. Such proliferation is imposed and must be accepted by the State and the professional organizations. To the State it only remains to check the quality of offered education. To the professional organizations its only charge is to select those that will be able to exert definitive professions. Both are hindered to restrict the opening of courses with foundations that disrespect the disposed in the Great Charter. The proliferation of the courses of the Right with certainty will increase the respect to the rights of the excluded and, therefore, it will improve the practical one of justice in the country. The opening of new courses of graduation for the Right and the subsequent increase of the possibility of more people to graduate in legal sciences, it constitutes a small step in direction to the practical one of justice in Brazil, to the reduction of the social inequalities and to the rise of the dignity for human being of the Brazilian. / Objetivou este trabalho averiguar que contradições estão permeando o ensino de Direito no país, entender seu processo de mercantilização e tecnificação e estudar as conseqüências que um massificante ensino de Direito pode gerar, tudo sem se olvidar que a combinação entre a sociedade urbano-industrial e o Estado democrático de Direito, após 1988, potencializou as contradições econômicas, sociais e políticas tipicamente capitalistas e, por conseguinte, aumentou as demandas pelos serviços dos chamados operadores da lei . Analisou-se, assim, as relações existentes entre as histórias do Brasil, do Direito e do ensino jurídico, adotando uma visão histórico-crítica. A pesquisa apresentou inicialmente breves considerações sobre a história do Brasil e sua relação com o Direito, discorrendo acerca do magistrado português do período colonial e do bacharel-jurista dos séculos XIX e XX, bem como da subordinação dos operadores da lei aos interesses das elites hegemônicas em cada momento. Fez-se, em seguida, um levantamento de dados referentes a todos os cursos de Direito implantados até os dias de hoje, procedendo a uma abordagem por região geográfica e, dentro delas, por unidade da federação, diferenciando, ainda, as instituições privadas das públicas. Elaborou-se, neste momento, um breve estudo de caso sobre uma universidade pública. Procurou-se, após, identificar as entidades relacionadas com o ensino do Direito no país e suas atribuições legais e/ou estatutárias, pontuando também os momentos em que tais pessoas podem e/ou devem interferir na criação e gestão das instituições de ensino superior, assim como de quais meios são dotados para a fiscalização destas. Prosseguiu a pesquisa com o estudo dos objetivos do ensino de Direito, procurando identificar sua real função hoje no Brasil. A história demonstra que o Estado e os profissionais do Direito no Brasil nunca estiveram efetivamente preocupados com a pobreza, com os esquecidos , com os excluídos, com a grande massa da população. Sempre foram afetos de um legalismo elitista que os afastava da realidade histórica brasileira, o que ocorre até os dias de hoje. Os anseios da população por uma melhoria de vida, por mais respeito e dignidade, geraram demanda que atraiu a iniciativa privada para um mercado até então pouco explorado e demasiadamente elitista: o ensino superior. Conseqüência disso foi a proliferação dos cursos superiores privados no país, inclusive os cursos de Direito. Tal proliferação se impõe e deve ser aceita pelo Estado e pelas organizações profissionais. Ao Estado resta apenas fiscalizar a qualidade do ensino oferecido. Às organizações profissionais incumbe somente selecionar aqueles que poderão exercer determinadas profissões. Ambos estão impedidos de restringir a abertura de cursos com fundamentos que desrespeitam o disposto na Carta Magna. A proliferação dos cursos de Direito com certeza aumentará o respeito aos direitos dos excluídos e, pois, melhorará a prática da justiça no país. A abertura de novos cursos de graduação em Direito e o conseqüente aumento da possibilidade de mais pessoas se graduarem nas ciências jurídicas se constitui num pequeno passo em direção à prática da justiça no Brasil, à diminuição das desigualdades sociais e à elevação da dignidade humana do brasileiro.

This thesis is focused on analysis of educational system during the process of integration of mental disabled pupils - especialy during basic education at primary schools in mainstreaming. Characteristics of the educational system and its opportunities, considering the specification of mental disability, is the main intention of this dissertation. Another accents are put on main problems in educational system for mentaly disabled people as well as designing the ways that lead to improvement of attainment of pupils with special needs.There are used methods of expert investigation - especially of interviews with principal actors and question-forms. Basis for this are: rights of everyone to recieve education, premise that everyone is educatable and theory of streel level-byrocracy. Detailed look is focused on terms 'integration' and 'inclusion' plus its explanation in terms of matters that is related to education of mental disabled pupils. Issue is incorporated to the wider international and juridical connection. Considering Czech Republic I joined a special characteristic of general problems in the field of professional preparation, financing and attitude. I have mentioned how good examples in foreign countries could be the true kind of inspiration that leads to improvement of actual educational statement for...

Die Studie zur demokratischen Bildung im ländlichen Raum erforscht die komplexen Herausforderungen und Potenziale politischer Bildung in ländlichen Regionen und diskutiert erste Lösungsansätze. Im Zentrum der Ergebnisse stehen die unmittelbaren Beziehungen im ländlichen Raum, die durch die gemeinsam geteilten Lebenswelten und stabile Interaktionsnetzwerke gekennzeichnet sind, aber auch durch die Konfrontation mit verengten Diskursräumen, Konformitätszwängen und Angriffen. Die Studie identifiziert sechs Spannungsfelder, die von politischen Bildner:innen im ländlichen Raum navigiert werden müssen. Dabei werden unter anderem die systemischen Herausforderungen der Finanzierung und bürokratischen Belastung aufgezeigt sowie die Notwendigkeit eines nachhaltigen und inklusiven Ansatzes herausgestellt, um politische Bildung effektiv gestalten zu können. Darüber hinaus werden Lösungsansätze diskutiert, die den Aufbau und die Pflege von Beziehungen und Netzwerken, langfristige Verankerung und Zusammenarbeit mit lokalen Akteur:innen, sowie die systematische Erfassung von Angriffen und deren Prävention thematisieren. Außerdem wird eine gezielte Förderung und Anerkennung der politischen Bildungsarbeit, sowie die Entwicklung bildungsimpliziter Veranstaltungen, die eng an die Lebenswelt der ländlichen Bevölkerung angelehnt sind, gefordert. Die Studie betont den Zusammenhang zwischen langfristiger Handlungs- und Finanzierungssicherheit und der Kultivierung von Vertrauen mit wichtigen lokalen Akteur:innen. Es bedarf dazu einer maßgeschneiderten, prozessorientierten Finanzierungsmechanik, die den einzigartigen Kontext ländlicher Einstellungen respektiert. Die Autor:innen plädieren für eine ganzheitliche Strategie politischer Bildungsförderung in Sachsen, die nicht nur, aber im besonderen Maße den Anforderungen verschiedener Regionen gerecht wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass politische Bildung im ländlichen Raum spezifische didaktische Ansätze erfordert, die sich von städtischen Modellen unterscheiden und die ein tiefes Verständnis der lokalen Dynamiken und Bedürfnisse voraussetzen. Die Studie betont die Notwendigkeit einer adaptiven, ressourcenbewussten und langfristig orientierten Herangehensweise, um die demokratische Teilhabe und Bildung in ländlichen Gebieten zu stärken und zu fördern.:1 Einleitung 2 Methodisches Vorgehen 3 Politische Bildung im ländlichen Raum - ein Spannungsfeld .. 3.1 ... zwischen lebensweltlichen Zugängen und Skepsis der Zielgruppen, Beziehungsbarrieren sowie Konformitätszwang 3.2 ... zwischen direktem Zugang zu Entscheidungsträger:innen und Behinderung durch kommunale Politik und Verwaltung 3.3 ... zwischen Bereitschaft zur Solidarität und rechten Strukturen sowie Angriffen auf demokratische Bildungsarbeit 3.4 ... zwischen idyllischer Natur, strukturellen Problemen und städtisch verengten Anforderungen an demokratische Bildungsarbeit 3.5 ... zwischen Mittelvielfalt und fehlender Nachhaltigkeit in der Förderung 3.6 ... zwischen gestaltbaren Freiräumen und didaktischen Unsicherheiten 4 Lösungsstrategien im Umgang mit Herausforderungen demokratischer Bildung im ländlichen Raum 4.1 Beziehungen und Netzwerke aufbauen, pflegen und nutzen 4.2 Langfristige Verankerung in den Regionen, Beziehungsaufbau zu Gatekeeper:innen und Mediationsstrukturen 4.3 Systematische Erfassung von Angriffen sowie rechtliche und strategische Beratung 4.4 Gezielte, prozessorientierte sowie nachhaltige Förderung und Anerkennung politischer Bildungsarbeit 4.5 Bildungsimplizite Veranstaltungen, lebensweltliche Entlastungsangebote und Professionalisierung 5 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 6 Literatur

The aim of this study was to investigate the implementation and sustainability of Free Primary Education (FPE) in Swaziland in terms of the interplay between policy and practice. The study was undertaken in four schools in the Manzini region of Swaziland. The schools were purposively sampled on the basis of their location. The participants consisted of the head teacher, a teacher and a parent, and six learners from each of the schools. Two Ministry of Education and Training (MoET) officials were also included; a regional inspector for primary schools stationed at the Manzini Regional Education Offices (REOs) and a senior official stationed at MoET headquarters. A qualitative approach and a case study design were used. The participants were interviewed using semi-structured interview schedules, while the learners were engaged in focus group interviews at each school which were conducted according to a focus group interview schedule. Documents were also used as data sources. Data was analysed using a thematic and document analysis approach. The findings revealed a disconnection between policy and practice. FPE implementers are not well versed on the policies they are supposed to implement as they were not included in the policy-making process. Moreover, no consideration had been given to the legal framework underpinning FPE. It was found that the sustainability of FPE is threatened by certain indirect costs of schooling as well as the top-up fees that are being charged illegally by some schools, resulting in some learners dropping out of school – defeating the purpose of FPE and violating their right to access education. It would appear that the most contentious issue for FPE in Swaziland is the top-fee, although the head teachers were of the view that the FPE grant paid by government is inadequate for running schools and therefore top-up fees are necessary. Problems were also identified with the embezzling of school funds by head teachers. These issues have led to tension between schools and the MoET / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)