Nesta dissertação tivemos como principal objetivo, conceber, implementar, analisar, reconstruir e validar uma proposta didática que agregasse um maior valor formativo ao ensino do tópico de sistemas de equações, através da geometria vetorial. No referencial teórico buscamos naturais aproximações entre álgebra e geometria, através de exemplos tomados da história e de exemplos que tratam de conteúdos presentes nos programas escolares. Nessas aproximações, também fazemos uma discussão que se apóia no trabalho de Douady (1998), onde é sugerido, sempre que possível, a utilização de pelo menos dois domínios de conhecimento (algébrico e geométrico) no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática. A metodologia de investigação escolhida, a Engenharia Didática (Artigue, 1996), nos permitiu um acurado trabalho de validação do material didático produzido. Este material assim se constitui: na fundamentação matemática de conteúdos relativos à geometria vetorial, de forma que estes pudessem ser trabalhados no Ensino Médio; na construção de uma seqüência didática, na forma de coletânea de atividades acompanhada de plano de execução; e na construção de um pequeno software “Vetores e Operações”, com o propósito de trazer um recurso que é facilitador da aprendizagem. Consideramos que nossa hipótese de investigação – através da geometria vetorial é possível desenvolver, na escola, o tópico de sistema de equações, de forma a ter-se nele agregado um maior valor formativo – se valida no contexto de nossa experiência. E com as devidas adaptações, de modo a atenderem as especificidades de cada turma de alunos, é com confiança que apostamos na sua viabilidade para outras situações de ensino e aprendizagem sobre sistemas de equações. / In this paper our main purpose is to conceive, implement, analyze, rebuild and validate an educational proposal that can provides a wide formative value to the teaching of the topic of system of equations through vectorial geometry. The theoretical frame is based on natural approach between algebra and geometry, through examples taken from History and examples related to subjects which are part of school programs. To support this approach, we have also made a discussion based on Douady’s work (1988), where it is stressed the importance of the interactions of different domains (geometrical and algebraic) in the student learning process. The methodology of investigation chosen, the Educational Engineering (Artigue, 1966), allowed us an accurate work of validation of the produced material. This material is in this way constituted: the mathematical foundation of the contents related to vectorial geometry, in a way to become possible to work in the high school level; an educational sequence, made of a collection of mathematical activities and an execution plan; a learning object (a small software) named “ Vectors and Operations“, with the purpose of bring a resource that can make easy the act of learning. We consider that our investigation hypothesis – through vectorial geometry it is possible to develop in the school, the topic of system of equation in a way that it carries a maximum formative value – was validate in the context of the experience. And, with the proper adaptation, in a way to attend the specificities of each group of students, it is with confidence that we believe in its applicability for other teaching and learning situations about these subject .

Nesta dissertação tivemos como principal objetivo, conceber, implementar, analisar, reconstruir e validar uma proposta didática que agregasse um maior valor formativo ao ensino do tópico de sistemas de equações, através da geometria vetorial. No referencial teórico buscamos naturais aproximações entre álgebra e geometria, através de exemplos tomados da história e de exemplos que tratam de conteúdos presentes nos programas escolares. Nessas aproximações, também fazemos uma discussão que se apóia no trabalho de Douady (1998), onde é sugerido, sempre que possível, a utilização de pelo menos dois domínios de conhecimento (algébrico e geométrico) no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática. A metodologia de investigação escolhida, a Engenharia Didática (Artigue, 1996), nos permitiu um acurado trabalho de validação do material didático produzido. Este material assim se constitui: na fundamentação matemática de conteúdos relativos à geometria vetorial, de forma que estes pudessem ser trabalhados no Ensino Médio; na construção de uma seqüência didática, na forma de coletânea de atividades acompanhada de plano de execução; e na construção de um pequeno software “Vetores e Operações”, com o propósito de trazer um recurso que é facilitador da aprendizagem. Consideramos que nossa hipótese de investigação – através da geometria vetorial é possível desenvolver, na escola, o tópico de sistema de equações, de forma a ter-se nele agregado um maior valor formativo – se valida no contexto de nossa experiência. E com as devidas adaptações, de modo a atenderem as especificidades de cada turma de alunos, é com confiança que apostamos na sua viabilidade para outras situações de ensino e aprendizagem sobre sistemas de equações. / In this paper our main purpose is to conceive, implement, analyze, rebuild and validate an educational proposal that can provides a wide formative value to the teaching of the topic of system of equations through vectorial geometry. The theoretical frame is based on natural approach between algebra and geometry, through examples taken from History and examples related to subjects which are part of school programs. To support this approach, we have also made a discussion based on Douady’s work (1988), where it is stressed the importance of the interactions of different domains (geometrical and algebraic) in the student learning process. The methodology of investigation chosen, the Educational Engineering (Artigue, 1966), allowed us an accurate work of validation of the produced material. This material is in this way constituted: the mathematical foundation of the contents related to vectorial geometry, in a way to become possible to work in the high school level; an educational sequence, made of a collection of mathematical activities and an execution plan; a learning object (a small software) named “ Vectors and Operations“, with the purpose of bring a resource that can make easy the act of learning. We consider that our investigation hypothesis – through vectorial geometry it is possible to develop in the school, the topic of system of equation in a way that it carries a maximum formative value – was validate in the context of the experience. And, with the proper adaptation, in a way to attend the specificities of each group of students, it is with confidence that we believe in its applicability for other teaching and learning situations about these subject .

Nesta dissertação tivemos como principal objetivo, conceber, implementar, analisar, reconstruir e validar uma proposta didática que agregasse um maior valor formativo ao ensino do tópico de sistemas de equações, através da geometria vetorial. No referencial teórico buscamos naturais aproximações entre álgebra e geometria, através de exemplos tomados da história e de exemplos que tratam de conteúdos presentes nos programas escolares. Nessas aproximações, também fazemos uma discussão que se apóia no trabalho de Douady (1998), onde é sugerido, sempre que possível, a utilização de pelo menos dois domínios de conhecimento (algébrico e geométrico) no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Matemática. A metodologia de investigação escolhida, a Engenharia Didática (Artigue, 1996), nos permitiu um acurado trabalho de validação do material didático produzido. Este material assim se constitui: na fundamentação matemática de conteúdos relativos à geometria vetorial, de forma que estes pudessem ser trabalhados no Ensino Médio; na construção de uma seqüência didática, na forma de coletânea de atividades acompanhada de plano de execução; e na construção de um pequeno software “Vetores e Operações”, com o propósito de trazer um recurso que é facilitador da aprendizagem. Consideramos que nossa hipótese de investigação – através da geometria vetorial é possível desenvolver, na escola, o tópico de sistema de equações, de forma a ter-se nele agregado um maior valor formativo – se valida no contexto de nossa experiência. E com as devidas adaptações, de modo a atenderem as especificidades de cada turma de alunos, é com confiança que apostamos na sua viabilidade para outras situações de ensino e aprendizagem sobre sistemas de equações. / In this paper our main purpose is to conceive, implement, analyze, rebuild and validate an educational proposal that can provides a wide formative value to the teaching of the topic of system of equations through vectorial geometry. The theoretical frame is based on natural approach between algebra and geometry, through examples taken from History and examples related to subjects which are part of school programs. To support this approach, we have also made a discussion based on Douady’s work (1988), where it is stressed the importance of the interactions of different domains (geometrical and algebraic) in the student learning process. The methodology of investigation chosen, the Educational Engineering (Artigue, 1966), allowed us an accurate work of validation of the produced material. This material is in this way constituted: the mathematical foundation of the contents related to vectorial geometry, in a way to become possible to work in the high school level; an educational sequence, made of a collection of mathematical activities and an execution plan; a learning object (a small software) named “ Vectors and Operations“, with the purpose of bring a resource that can make easy the act of learning. We consider that our investigation hypothesis – through vectorial geometry it is possible to develop in the school, the topic of system of equation in a way that it carries a maximum formative value – was validate in the context of the experience. And, with the proper adaptation, in a way to attend the specificities of each group of students, it is with confidence that we believe in its applicability for other teaching and learning situations about these subject .

En se penchant sur l'émergence d'un nouveau sport appelé le Baskin (Basket inclusif), né en Italie au début des années 2000 dans le but de permettre la participation conjointe de joueurs dits "valides" et de joueurs ayant une déficience, l'étude entend contribuer à comprendre dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière la logique sportive et la logique inclusive peuvent cohabiter. C'est le processus d'innovation sociale que représente l'itinéraire du Baskin en Italie de 2001 à 2013 que la recherche retient comme clé de lecture privilégiée pour aborder ce rapprochement problématique entre la tendance sélective du sport à créer de l'homogénéité, et la tendance inclusive à valoriser l'hétérogénéité. Le Baskin incarne-t-il dans le champ sportif un nouveau modèle culturel, une forme de sociabilité originale, une fiction démocratique innovante se situant dans cet entre-deux paradoxal, conciliant hétérogénéité et compétition, et évitant en même temps le double écueil de la normalisation et de l'assistanat ? Fort et fragile à la fois de cette double identité, sportive et inclusive, le développement du Baskin révèle un processus ouvert et incertain, où se succèdent le processus d'ingénierie pédagogique d'un sport dont l'architecture est construite selon les principes de la conception universelle, les processus délicats d'appropriation de cette invention par le milieu social, enfin l'orientation vers l'institutionnalisation de cette nouvelle pratique afin de la faire éventuellement accéder au patrimoine culturel commun. une enquête immersive est développée en tâchant de restituer quelques fragments significatifs sur ce cas inédit au travers d'un ancrage transdisciplinaire / Baskin (inclusive Basketball) was born in Italy in the early 2000s to allow the joint participation of so-called "able-bodied" players and players with disabilities. By focusing on the emergence of this new sport, this study aims to understand how well the sports logic can co-exist with the inclusive logic. The process of social innovation, as represented by the evolution of Baskin in Italy from 2001 to 2013, provides a privileged key for reading this study, which addresses the conflict arising from the tendency of sport to generate selection and homogeneity and the tendency of inclusion to value heterogeneity. To what extent does Baskin represent a new cultural model in sport and design an original form of social interaction ? Can it be considered an innovative democratic fiction situated in this paradoxical in-between which reconciles heterogeneity and competition and avoids at the same time the twin pitfalls of standardization and charitable welfarism ? This dual identity, sport and inclusiveness, gives Baskin strenght but also fragility. That's why the development of this new sport reveals an open and uncertain process of many parts : first the educational engineering of Baskin according to the principles of Design for all, then its delicate process of diffusion into the social environment, and finally the first steps of institutionalization of this new practice, with the aim of ultimately incorporating it into the shared cultural heritage. An ethnological investigation was carried out in a effort to reconstruct significant fragments of this "unique" case, through a transdiciplinary approach

Dans le contexte actuel de réformes des programmes de langue française à l’Université Libanaise, les institutions franco-libanaises se repositionnent pour améliorer la formation des enseignants du secteur public. Dans ce cadre, cette recherche s’attache à proposer un programme linguistique conçu à partir d’une ingénierie pédagogique de type FOS. Elle vise à améliorer le niveau de langue des enseignants de mathématiques bilingues pour offrir à l’Éducation de Base publique (cycle primaire) des maîtres d’école capables de communiquer efficacement en français et par conséquent de contribuer à améliorer le niveau de français de leurs élèves. À ce titre, la première phase de cette étude consiste à définir les enjeux politiques et institutionnels liés à la mise en œuvre d’un programme sur mesure. Ensuite, à travers l’analyse des besoins langagiers d’une part, et d’un corpus filmé, transcrit et enrichi d’observations d’autre part, nous étudions les pratiques langagières et examinons les fonctions de la parole enseignante. Cette étude convoque les outils conceptuels de l’analyse des discours et de la pragmatique linguistique. Un regard croisé sur les analyses a permis de dégager des objectifs didactiques spécifiques inscrits dans une perspective interventionniste. Les principales propositions prônent une didactisation de l’alternance codique et ciblent des tâches professionnelles prioritaires telles qu’exposer une démarche pour calculer, animer en français un cours de mathématiques et utiliser les manuels dans l’enseignement/apprentissage de cette discipline.Finalement, une offre de formation complète ainsi qu’une évaluation sur mesure sont conçues et doivent être intégrées à un dispositif de formation continue dispensé à la faculté de pédagogie de l’Université Libanaise. / In the current context of reforms of French language programs at the Lebanese University, the Franco-Lebanese institutions reposition themselves to improve the training of public school teachers. In this context, this research aims to offer a linguistic program designed from an educational engineering French for Specific Purposes type. It aims to improve the level of language of bilingual mathematics teachers in order to offer for public Basic Education (primary school) teachers that are able to communicate effectively in French therefore helping to improve the students' level of French. As such, the first phase of this study is to define the political and institutional issues related to the implementation of customized program. Then, through the analysis of the language needs on one hand, and analyzing a corpus that is filmed, transcribed and enriched of observations on the other hand, we will study the language practices and will examine the functions of teaching discourse. This study convenes the conceptual tools of discourse analysis and linguistic pragmatics. A fresh perspective on an analysis has identified specific learning objectives enshrined in an interventionist perspective. The main didactic proposals advocates a didactization of code switching and targets professional priority tasks as exposing an approach to calculate, animating a French mathematics course and using textbooks in the teaching / learning of this discipline. Finally, a complete training offer and a customized assessment are designed and must be integrated into an in-service training provided to the Education Faculty of the Lebanese University.

Les travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans le domaine des Environnements Informatiques pour l'Apprentissage Humain (EIAH). Ils portent sur la proposition de processus, méthodes et outils pour assister les enseignants et les formateurs dans la réutilisation et la capitalisation des scénarios d'apprentissage. L'approche proposée nommée CAPtuRe a pour objectif de modéliser, évaluer et exploiter les informations contextuelles relatives à un scénario en se basant sur des observations effectives de ce dernier pour améliorer la réutilisation.Les problématiques étudiées concernent : (1) l'expression et l'analyse du contexte d'usage, (2) l'évaluation de la pertinence du scénario dans un contexte précis, (3) l'indexation des contextes sur la base de critères de réussite et d'efficacité du scénario pour la définition de son périmètre de réutilisation et (4) la suggestion proactive de réutilisation.Nous avons commencé par la spécification d'un cadre global d'ingénierie et de réutilisation de scénarios d'apprentissage. Dans ce cadre, nous avons défini un processus qui spécifie le cycle de vie du scénario explicitant la dimension contextuelle et son utilisation dans un environnement de "conception par la réutilisation". Pour opérationnaliser ce processus, nous avons défini une approche générique de modélisation de l'information contextuelle enrichie par les indicateurs, une méthode d'indexation et un algorithme de calcul de similarités contextuelles pour la sélection et la recommandation de scénarios appropriés à une situation d'apprentissage cible. Ces contributions ont été implémentées sous la forme d'une plateforme logicielle et appliquées sur des cas d'usage de scénarios hybrides. / The work presented in this thesis is a part of the Technology Enhanced Learning domain. It focuses on the proposal of processes, methods and tools that assist teachers and trainers in the reuse and the capitalization of educational scenarios. The objective of the proposed approach named CAPtuRe is to model, evaluate and exploit the contextual information related to a scenario based on its effective observations with the aim to enhance reuse. The main concerns are: (1) the expression and the analysis of the usage context, (2) the evaluation of the relevance of the scenario in a specific context, (3) the indexing of the contexts based on criteria of success and effectiveness of the scenario to define its reuse scope and (4) the proactive suggestion of reuse. We started by specifying a global framework for the engineering and the reuse of educational scenarios. In this context, we have defined a process specifying the scenario lifecycle introducing the contextual dimension and its utilization in a "design by reuse" environment. In order to operationalize this process, we define a generic approach to model the contextual information of a scenario that is enriched by the indicators, an indexing method and an algorithm calculating contextual similarities for the selection and the recommendation of appropriated scenarios to a target learning situation. These contributions are implemented as a software platform and applied to hybrid scenarios usage cases.