At a time where cutbacks on spending are a huge focal point across all government levels, the prison system, and effectively combating crime, has been intensely focused upon. With the United States having the highest rate of incarceration of any country in the world, the significance of this focus is understandable. Its prison system is much larger compared to that of other nations, and therefore is a high priority for the United States. As stated in The Economist, “No other rich country is nearly as punitive as the Land of the Free.” With such high costs associated with the prison system, understanding the most effective ways to operate the facilities and programs is necessary. When looking at the impact of the system on reducing crime, there are various programs that have different effects on crime reduction. Analyzing what has the most potential for reducing crime while taking costs into account is useful for the government in an attempt to most effectively utilize resources and the allotted budget.

Denna intervjubaserade uppsats undersöker skillnader och likheter av denpersonliga uppfattningen av begreppet effektivitet bland ett mindre antal personerinom en vinstdrivande organisation och en icke vinstdrivande organisation.

- Summary - - Is it possible to find an ideal leader that would be perceived as effective in four different countries? - - What characteristics would this ideal leader have if taking the cultures and the countries’ different perspectives of effective leadership into consideration? - The purpose with this thesis is to find an ideal leader that would be perceived as effective in four countries; Sweden, Great Britain, France and Germany. Due to the globalization of today it is not enough to be perceived as effective in one company or by one nation. An effective manager must have skills that are perceived as effective by many different people, despite cultural differences. In order to find characteristics for this ideal leader our focus have been on finding similarities within the four countries and to determine what effectiveness means in each country. A questionnaire containing 41 questions about leadership effectiveness was formed and sent out to approximately 200-300 employees within the private sector in each country, whereas they needed to answer the questions with their current manager in mind. The result of this was 58 respondents from Sweden, 35 from Great Britain, 53 from France and 77 from Germany. To be able to develop this questionnaire and include as many aspects of leadership effectiveness as possible, three theories about leadership effectiveness were used as a ground base. A fourth theory represents cultural dimensions and thereby characteristics of the four countries, together with a general description of the stereotypical characteristic in each country. When the answers from the questionnaire were compiled, the theory and the descriptions concerning the cultural aspects were used as a comparison to the answers in order to get as legitimate facts as possible about the characteristics from each country. The analysis mainly focus on correlations between certain questions, as this provide us with a better understanding of what aspects are important in relation to whether the manager is perceived as effective or not. The last question in the questionnaire, Q 41 if the manager is perceived as effective by others in the organization, has been seen as the most important question in relation to our topic and therefore it has been correlated with the rest of the questions (except for one question). The questions have been placed in different categories depending on what aspects they concern, and also in relation to what similarities the questions have, and this resulted in 13 indicators. Another group was added, which contained of three questions that did not fit anywhere in the 13 indicators. These indicators includes, among other things, charisma, structuring, communication skills, participation etc. In order to understand what aspects that were important in each country, correlations between Q 41 and the indicators where made and thereby a clearer picture appeared to us, about what characteristics the ideal leader should have. After analyzing back and forth, three aspects/indicators were concluded to be the most important for a leader to be perceived as effective in all the four countries. These aspects concern the human aspect as well as concern for task, and an ability to lead the followers in a way that make them perform their best. The final characteristics that our ideal leader must have, among others, is to lead by setting an example, be optimistic, create team spirit and communicate information in an understandable way. We believe this information and the results from this thesis will provide us with useful and valuable knowledge in our future working life. However, the journey has been though and we have met several set-backs on the route. The hardest thing has been to get in contact with companies in the different countries and even harder to get the employees to answer our questionnaire. Still, we consider that the amount of respondents from each country have been enough to regard our results as valid. - An ideal leader must, in order to be perceived as effective in the four different countries, be charismatic, have good communications skills, and put emphasis on team building among her or his employees. -

Character Marketing is popular in recent years. Many studies of Spokes-Character conduct by the print media before, less on the Internet Marketing. Furthermore, the social media in the Internet Market has become a new trend. The social network service has been an important business strategy by the marketing of word of mouth, and it also strengthen the brand image of the corporate. Therefore, this study attempts by the case of the Spokes-Character, OKAPI, from The BOOKS.COM.Co.,Ltd. This main study aims to find the influent of advertising effect with different spokesperson of Facebook and different involvement in e-shopping. The Independent Variable of this study aims the different spokesperson in Facebook (Spokes-Character and Trademark) and involvement in e-shopping (high and low). Dependent Variable is advertising effects (advertising attitude and brand attitude). The survey conduct through the Internet by the internet users. In this main study, 325 valid questionnaires were collected, the findings shows that Spokes-Character as the spokesperson of Facebook will enhance advertising effects. And different level of involvement in e-shopping also influence the different advertising effect.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between elementary school teachers' attitude towards the students' guidance and discipline measures and the effectiveness of classroom management. Based on the literature and research, we establish the theoretical framework, and to design research tools. This study used "survey method", prior to the merger by the Kaohsiung city and county elementary schools 600 teachers for the survey, obtained 528 valid questionnaires . Formal questionnaires recovered to descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression statistical analysis data. According to the result of the data analysis, the main findings are the following: 1. The elementary school teachers' show better "in attitude on the part of the overall performance level, which the" positive discipline measures "the most prominent. 2. The "classroom management effectiveness" is in the upper part of the overall performance, which the "teacher efficacy" best. 3. Male elementary school teachers for teaching, practice and self-efficacy have a higher perception. 4. Older, part-time position of director of elementary school teachers' attitude toward guidance and discipline measures show a higher perception. 5. Older, experienced, part-time position of director of elementary school teachers show the better perception of the effectiveness of classroom management. 6. Elementary school teachers' attitude toward guidance and discipline measures show greater the perception of the situation, the effectiveness of teacher classroom management will be the better. 7. Elementary school teachers' attitude toward guidance and discipline measures has a positive effect on classroom management predict. Keywords:guidance and discipline measures,classroom management effectiveness.

The purpose of this study was to determine if personality fit between NASCAR drivers and their major sponsors affects the sponsorship outcomes of consumer attitudes toward the sponsor, attitudes toward the brand, and purchase intentions during a NASCAR event. Moreover, fan identification and product involvement were examined as moderators between personality fit and the three sponsorship outcomes. A cross-sectional, non-experimental, exploratory study was conducted at a NEXTEL Cup event in April 2007, the NASCAR Samsung 500 at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas. Several hundred paper-and-pencil questionnaires were distributed to willing participants prior to the start of the race. A total of 385 questionnaires were distributed during the event, and 347 were completed and useable for data analysis, resulting in a 90% response rate. The demographic variables analyzed in this study showed that there were approximately 58% males and 38% females (percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding or missing responses). The majority of the sample was Caucasian (82%) and married (62%). Respondents at this event were fairly evenly distributed according to age with 11.2% in the 18-24 range, 25.6% in the 25-34 range, 33.7% in the 35-44 range, 18.2% in the 45-54 range and 7.5% in the 55 and older age range. Finally, most of the respondents were high school graduates (31%) or had some college experience (23%). Data analyses conducted in the study included a factor analysis, descriptive statistics (i.e., frequencies, means, and standard deviations), bivariate correlations, and hierarchical moderated regression analyses. Results indicated that there were three personality dimensions present among the NASCAR drivers and their major sponsors: (1) Excitement/Ruggedness, (2) Competence/Sophistication, and (3) Sincerity. Personality fit on all dimensions had a positive effect on each of the three dependent variables: attitude toward the sponsor, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intentions, with personality fit on Dimension 1 having the strongest overall impact. Fan identification moderated the relationship between personality fit and all three dependent variables. Product involvement had a significant direct effect on all three dependent variables, but had only a slight moderating effect on personality fit and attitude toward the sponsor.

Regarding the development of leadership theory, for long, mostly it starts from the Western point of view. However, owing to the different cultural background perspectives, the leadership in Western society is vividly different from that within Chinese society which is so called Paternalistic Leadership. In Chinese society, the relationship between supervisors and subordinates emphasizes their different roles¡¦ regulations and behaviors¡¦ forecasting, not only their dyadic relationships. Meanwhile, the power distance between supervisors and subordinates is huge. These factors are different from the Western society in which their rights between supervisors and subordinates are equivalent. Subsequently, the Paternalist Leadership has three vital categories, each having subordinate responses which all imply that the Paternalist Leadership is based on the followership of subordinates. Furthermore, ¡§trust¡¨ is a vital discussed issue in the field of organizational behavior, no matter in sociology, social psychology, marketing theory, etc. Trust relationship between supervisors and subordinates enhances the coordination and efficiency of their jobs and likewise, because people trust each other¡¦s goodwill the cost of monitoring will be decreased. Thus, this study, collecting 194 dyadic data, tries to discuss the employees¡¦ effectiveness while subordinates¡¦ trust in their direct leader¡¦s Paternalistic leadership behaviors. The findings of this study show that while subordinates trust in their direct leaders, there is no moderate effect in organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. However, trust in leadership has partial moderate effects on subordinates to supervisors¡¦ satisfaction and turn-over rate, and further, it has stronger effects on subordinates to organizational commitment. In other words, while subordinates trust in their direct leaders, it transforms the subordinate¡¦s attitude in indirect behaviors. If subordinates can trust their direct supervisors, it will influence the attitude of subordinates¡¦ psychological level, and this psychological effect enhances the attitude of organizational identification and commitment. That is, subordinates¡¦ trust in their direct leaders is a vital factor to influence their inner minds. Finally a concrete brief on the limitations of the study, further research direction in the future and how the study is related to management in the real world is presented.

In Taiwan, the environment of medical treatment is changing drastically. In fact, business competition among hospitals in an agricultural county is obviously increasing today. It is a crucial challenge for a new and large-scale hospital to survive in an agricultural county at a location without good traffic network and high resident population. For some people who are living in agricultural counties, even though the economical predicament in buying health insurance and taking medical treatment has been alleviated due to execution of the national health insurance system, but obstruction on the way to taking medical treatment is still existing for lack of medical resource, traffic convenience and others. Additionally, the patient-transfer policy among medical treatment providers does not go to practice and effect very well. Therefore, what tactics drawn up to enhance the accessibility of medical service to patients are very important to the business management of a hospital in an agricultural county. The purpose and works in this thesis research are as follows: (1) To analyze the factors that influence the accessibility of hospital to the residents and to draw up the tactics that might be effective to enhance the accessibility. (2) To analyze the factors that influences the accessibility of medical service to the patients in hospital and to draw up the tactics that might be effective to enhance the accessibility. (3) To evaluate the effectiveness of the related tactics in business management of some selected hospitals, then to confirm what are good and effective tactics. In this research, Chung-Kang memorial hospital in Chia-Yi branch, abbreviated to CKCY hereafter, was selected as a major study object. Effectiveness of four tactics that are adopted and brought to practice by CKCY was evaluated. These tactics are improvement on traffic convenience, taking benefit from tactical cooperation, popularization by providing circulating medical service and efficiency enhancement by introducing electronic business (e-business) operation. In order to evaluate effectiveness of the tactics objectively, two hospitals were also selected as study objects for comparison with CKCY. The information and data from interview with key managers and answers of the designed questionnaires that were sent to some related employees in these hospitals are used as base to evaluate effectiveness of the tactics. Based on the analysis and evaluation done in this research, the conclusions are drawn up as follows: (1) Regarding the improvement of traffic convenience, the more faraway the town, the more obviously effective the tactic. Both the shuttle bus service provided by the hospital and the prompt assistance from volunteers in the hospital are more effective to increase the number of patients than the elongation of public bus lines. (2) Regarding the tactical alliance for regional isolation, the proper radial distance of the hospital-centered region for cooperating with other hospitals is around 30 kilometers. However, it is better to ally with hospitals located in neighboring counties. Within the short distance region, it would be helpful for hospitals to take tactic cooperation in vertically integrating the medical treatment resources via division of the medical care with different hospitals on different diseases, for example, acute or chronic diseases. In the horizontal integration, it would be helpful for hospitals to set up outpatient service centers in the allied hospitals. (3) Patient satisfaction to the circulating medical service for rural communities is very high and the ratio of return patients in the outpatient service is also very high. Therefore, the circulating medical service is worth taking into practice more actively. (4) Merits of electronic business (e-business) operation in the hospital comparing with traditional operation are confirmed and listed as follows: <1>Simplifying operation procedures <2>Reducing waiting time for patients to get medical treatment <3> Improving the accessibility of medical service and patient satisfaction <4> Ensuring the correctness and integrity of hospital operation <5>Saving labor cost of hospital operation.

After the 1990s, the activities of acquisition among firms have become an international trend. Associated with the situation of global economic slump, both the domestic and international enterprises are eager to establish more powerful and effective business groups, and strengthen their competitiveness in order to create firms with higher commercial value. The rapid acquisition by firms usually results in the situation of promptly laying off employees, decreasing employees¡¦ salary, etc, and therefore generates many risks to the entire groups. The employees of those enterprises being acquired feel unsafe about their future, so their working pressure keeps growing. Similarly, the employees of the firms that conduct acquisition also worry about their working rights being threatened by the increasing number of competitors brought by the organizational reformation. These negative impacts usually have several effects: e.g. reluctance of working, uncomfortable working atmosphere, loss of human resources, and decrease of firm¡¦s overall productivity. It is found that comparative less literature focuses on exploring the influences of acquisition, and investigate the correlation between its impact and the promise given by firms and employees¡¦ working effectiveness. This study distributed 120 questionnaires in total: 90 returned and 80 effective. First, the construct validity of factor analysis and evaluation and the reliability of Cronbach alpha value were used as the tool of analysis. Then Regression Analysis was also adopted and the conclusions listed below were made: A. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ (those of enterprises being acquired) expected distance has significant negative influence toward organizational promise. 1. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ expected distance has negative influence upon firm¡¦s emotional promise. 2. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ expected distance has negative influence upon firm¡¦s sustained promise. 3. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ expected distance has negative influence upon firm¡¦s moral promise. B. After acquisition, the influence of employees¡¦ (those of enterprises being acquired) expected distance toward their working effectiveness is uncertain. 1. Evaluation of working effectiveness from subjective perspectives: 1.1. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ expected distance has no significant influence upon missionary effectiveness. 1.2. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ expected distance has positive influence upon contextual effectiveness. 2. Evaluation of working effectiveness from both subjective and objective perspectives (only limited to those who have records of subjective working effectiveness): 2.1. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ expected distance has no significant influence upon objective working effectiveness. 2.2. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ expected distance has no significant influence upon subjective missionary effectiveness. 2.3. After acquisition, the employees¡¦ expected distance has no significant influence upon subjective contextual effectiveness.

This research was made for trying to understand how English Christian websites using the features of web-based communication effectiveness, and gave some advice for building Christian websites in the future.The contraction process of web-based communication effectiveness indexes used literature review and content analysis. Those indexes were revised by reexamining the modern situation of websites. Five aspects of indexes were ¡§usability design¡¨, ¡§useful information¡¨, ¡§two-way communication¡¨, ¡§recreation¡¨, and ¡§information collection¡¨. 31 indexes were developed by 5 aspects. The samples separated into two groups: Online-religion websites and Religion-online websites. It examined if any different performance of accepting web-based communication effectiveness between these two types of websites. The result was not distinctly different. According to this consequence, this research suggests that revise the definition of two types of religious website is necessary. The advice for how to use web-based communication effectiveness were: (1) take use of web-PR effectiveness, ¡§Push & Pull¡¨, (2) establish online religious community, (3) emerge Online-religion websites and e-platform, (4) consideration of charging fee or service for free, (5) design the website for its user. The website decision makers could use those suggestions to rethink how to make the best use of web-based communication effectiveness.