Les effecteurs jouent un rôle fondamental lors des interactions antagonistes plantes-pathogènes en supprimant les défenses de la plante, permettant ainsi aux parasites de se développer. De tels effecteurs ont été caractérisés chez les insectes herbivores mais leur rôle dans la spécialisation à la plante reste méconnu. Les pucerons se nourrissent de la sève du phloème et injectent dans la plante des effecteurs salivaires. L'étude des patrons d’évolution des effecteurs, ainsi que la caractérisation de leurs fonctions sont nécessaires à la compréhension des mécanismes de spécialisation chez les pucerons. Au cours de ces travaux, nous avons cherché à identifier les effecteurs salivaires impliqués dans l'adaptation du puceron du pois, Acyrthosiphon pisum, à ses hôtes.Des approches évolutives, basées sur un nouveau catalogue de 740 effecteurs candidats surexprimés dans les glandes salivaires de A. pisum, ont révélé que certains d'entre eux évoluent rapidement et que l'expansion de familles multigéniques apparaît comme une source importante de diversité des effecteurs. En parallèle, ces travaux ont permis d'optimiser l'expression transitoire médiée par Agrobacterium dans le pois. Ce nouvel outil d'analyse fonctionnelle permet maintenant l'étude des effecteurs candidats afin d'identifier les effecteurs du puceron du pois impliqués dans l'adaptation à la plante hôte. / Effectors play fundamental roles in antagonistic plant-pathogen interactions mainly by suppressing plant defense and allow parasites to multiply on the plant. Some effectors have been characterized in herbivorous insects; however, their role to the evolution in plant specialization remains unknown. Aphids feed from phloem sap and inject salivary effectors into the host plant. Studying evolutionary patterns and characterizing functions of effectors appear as important steps toward unveiling the mechanisms of host plant specialization in aphids. This work sought to identify salivary effectors that are involved in plant specialization of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Evolutionary approaches based on a new catalogue of 740 putative effectors that are up-regulated in salivary glands of A. pisum revealed that some of them evolve rapidly.Moreover, gene family expansion appear as an important source of novel effectors. In parallel, this work optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression in pea to provide a new tool for functional analyses of pea aphid effectors. The construction of a comprehensive catalogue of A. pisum salivary effectors and evolutionary analysis of them provide new candidates in host plant adaptation. By using the gene expression tool now available in pea, functional characterization of candidates will help to identify the effectors that are involved in plant specialization of the pea aphid.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Plant Pathology / Frank White / The genus Xanthomonas consists of bacterial species causing economically important plant diseases in major crops. In a wide variety of Xanthamonas species, the transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors (proteins) are synthesized and secreted into host cells, whereby they enter the plant nucleus. TAL effectors bind specific host gene promoters, inducing the expression of the targeted genes, which in some cases leads to either resistance or an enhanced state of disease susceptibility. The TAL effectors in individual Xanthomanas species and their targets in host plants have been characterized in relatively few cases. The premier example is the induction of any one member of a clade of sugar transporter genes in rice by TAL effectors of the bacterial blight pathogen X. oryzae pv. oryzae, where induction of the susceptibility (S) genes was shown to be required for the disease process. TAL effector genes are present in a wide variety of Xanthomonas species other than X. oryzae pv. oryzae. My dissertation focuses on the characterization of the TAL effectors in the citrus bacterial canker (CBC) and soybean bacterial pustule pathosystems. In CBC, CsLOB1 was identified as the S gene targeted by multiple major TAL effectors from CBC causal strains. Furthermore, another two members in family of citrus LBD family, although not identified as targets in the field, can serve as S genes in CBC. Initial analysis of bacterial pustule disease of soybean indicates that the TAL effector TAL2 of X. axonopodis pv. glycines is a virulence effector and associated with the expression of two candidate S genes, which encode a member of the ZF-HD transcription factors and a member of aluminum activated malate transporter family. These studies will enhance our understanding of plant-bacterial interactions and evolution of disease susceptibility, and also inform development of durable disease resistant crop varieties.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1333692 bytes, checksum: 9bcd2dfa7f5cb679627a7e4240a82858 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The coffee leaf rust caused by the biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix, it is the most important fungal disease of coffee, causing productivity losses and its control increases the costs of coffee production. This study aimed to identify genes of H. vastatrix that encode secreted proteins that may function as effectors needed for the establishment of the biotrophic interaction and / or as triggers of resistance responses, by analyzing a database consisting of 9828 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from an susceptible interaction. These ESTs were generated by sequencing the 5' end of cDNA clones from a library constructed from mRNA isolated from coffee leaves collected 12 days after inoculation with single pustule isolation HV-01. It was obtained 1004 contigs and 3301 singlets after clustering the sequences using the CAP3 program. From 890 unique transcripts that encode proteins without similarity to sequences of non-redundant database of GenBank / NCBI, which had no identity to sequences of Coffea spp., also deposited in this database, were identified 46 ORFs that encode peptides over 60 amino acids with positive prediction from five or more parameters of algorithms used to predict secretion signal sequences. We selected five genes which were amplified from the H. vastatrix genome, generating fragments equal or higher than those amplified from cDNAs. These genes, unique to H. vastatrix showed no identity with cDNA sequences derived from germination spores, demonstrating that their expression may occur within the infected tissue. The secretion of proteins encoded by four genes was demonstrated using the Yeast Secretion System. Functional studies should be conducted to confirm the effector activity of the genes characterized, as well as from other genes identified in this study, whose origin and secretion of fungal the predicted proteins in yeast has been demonstrated. / A ferrugem causada pelo fungo biotrófico Hemileia vastatrix é a doença mais importante do cafeeiro, pois atinge, com gravidade, grandes áreas de lavouras, onde causa prejuízos na produtividade e seu controle aumenta os custos de produção. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar genes de H. vastatrix que codificam proteínas secretadas que possam funcionar como efetores necessários para o estabelecimento da interação biotrófica e, ou, como desencadeadores de respostas de resistência, por meio da análise de um banco constituídos por 9828 etiquetas de sequências expressas (ESTs) em uma interação suscetível. Essas ESTs foram geradas pelo sequenciamento da extremidade 5´de clones de cDNA de uma biblioteca construída a partir de mRNA isolado de folhas de cafeeiro coletadas 12 dias após a inoculação com o isolado monopustular HV-01. Foram obtidos 1004 contíguos e 3301 singletos após o alinhamento das sequências pelo programa CAP3. A partir de 890 transcritos únicos que codificam proteínas sem similaridade a sequências do banco não redundante do GenBank/NCBI e que não possuíam identidade a sequências de Coffea spp. também depositadas nesse banco de dados, foram obtidas 46 ORFs que codificam peptídeos com mais de 60 aminoácidos e predição positiva em cinco ou mais parâmetros do algoritmo de predição de sequências sinal de exportação SignalP. Foram selecionados cinco genes que tiveram a região da ORF amplificada do genoma de H. vastatrix, gerando fragmentos iguais ou maiores aos amplificados a partir do cDNA. Esses genes, exclusivos de H. vastatrix, não mostraram identidade com sequências únicas derivadas de esporos germinados desse patógeno, demonstrando que a sua expressão ocorre no interior do tecido infectado. A secreção das proteínas codificadas por quatro genes foi confirmada em levedura. Estudos funcionais deverão ser realizados para comprovar a atividade efetora dos genes caracterizados, assim como dos demais genes identificados nesse estudo, cuja origem fúngica e secreção das proteínas preditas em levedura seja demonstrada.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / Ming-Shun Chen / C. Michael Smith / The tools for arthropods with sucking-mouth parts to attack hosts are mainly in the saliva. For plant-sucking insects, these salivary secretions are primarily produced in the salivary glands. Secreted proteins (also referred to as salivary gland secretomes) are among the important components in the saliva of sucking insects. Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae), a large family of plant-sucking insects, apparently secrete proteins (some of them are effector proteins) into host tissues, inducing various forms of plant outgrowth (galls). Three major insect pest species in the genera Mayetiola, the stem gall midges, are known to produce saliva that can reprogram plant cells and manipulate the host plant growth, causing serious damage to the plants of small grains. The three pest species are the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), the barley midge (Mayetiola hordei), and the oat midge (Mayetiola avenae). Another economically important species of this gall midge family is the wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana). It is a major insect pest of spring wheat and feeds on wheat heads, causing damage to the developing wheat seeds. A global analysis of the salivary gland secretome of first instar larvae of the Hessian fly, (a member of Mayetiola and) a model species for studying insect-plant interactions, has previously revealed a large number of genes encoding Secreted Salivary Gland Proteins, so called SSGPs. For comparison, we conducted analyses on transcripts encoding SSGPs from salivary glands of the first instar larvae of the wheat midge, barley midge, and oat midge. In the first chapter, a transcriptomic analysis of wheat midge has been conducted. In this analysis, a total of 3,500 cDNA clones were sequenced, and 1,301 high quality sequences were obtained and approximately 25% of the cDNAs (with high quality sequences) encoded SSGPs. The SSGPs were grouped into 97 groups based on sequence homology. Among the SSGP-encoding transcripts, 206 encoded unique proteins with no sequence similarity to any known protein and 29 encoded proteins similar to known proteins including proteases, serpines, thioesterases, ankryins, and feritins. The compositions of SSGP transcripts from the wheat midge were then compared with that of Hessian fly. The analyses have identified many common characteristics between the species. Despite these commonalities, no sequence similarity was found between SSGPs from wheat midge and those from Hessian fly, suggesting that SSGPs from these two insect species perform different functions to manipulate host plants. The second chapter contains results of comparative transcriptomic analyses on the barley and oat midges. A total of 2570 cDNA clones were sequenced from the barley midge, and 743 were high quality cDNA sequences, and the analysis identified 458 cDNA clones encoding SSGPs, of these, 178 encoded unique proteins (also called unigenes). Transcripts encoding SSGPs were grouped into 51 groups based on sequence homology. A total of 3226 cDNA clones were sequenced from oat midge, and 718 cDNA sequences were high quality and used for further analysis. The analysis identified 450 cDNA clones encoding SSGPs. Among the SSGP-encoding transcripts, 194 are unigenes, which were placed into 50 groups. The compositions of SSGP transcripts from the barley and oat midges were then compared with that of Hessian fly. The analysis identified five groups containing 102 (57.3%) unigenes from barley midges and seven groups containing 107 (55.1%) unigenes from oat midges which encode SSGPs that are conserved among the three species. The SSGPs conserved among the three midges are from family one (SSGP-1), family 4 (SSGP-4), family 11 (SSGP-11), and family 71 (SSGP-71). The SSGPs conserved among the three species indicate conserved functions such as a role in plant manipulation. Some SSGP unigenes were found to be conserved between only two species. Specifically, there were eight gene groups which are conserved between two species. Within these eight groups 19 (10.7%) unigenes from the barley midge and 25 (12.9%) unigenes from the oat midge were found to be conserved between only the barley and oat midges, whereas no homologues have been found in the Hessian fly. The remaining unigenes encode SSGPs that are unique to different midge species. The highly divergent SSGP groups that have been identified with no homology among the three midges indicate potential roles of these SSGPs in host specification. Due to the important roles of effector proteins in insect-plant interactions for gall midge species and since no insect effector protein have been identified directly from infested plant tissues so far, I have chosen one of the SSGP family, SSGP-1, which are conserved among all three gall midge species, for further analysis in chapter 4. Members in family SSGP-1 are also the most abundantly expressed at the transcript level. Based on Hessian fly data, family 1 contains seven genes and are named SSGP-1A1, SSGP-1A2, SSGP-1B1, SSGP-1C1, SSGP-1C2, SSGP-1D1, and SSGP-1E1. To detect the presence of these proteins in the infested wheat tissues, and to identify probable targets from wheat that interact with the SSGPs in the feeding site, we have generated and purified recombinant proteins for five of the seven proteins, namely SSGP-1A2, SSGP-1B1, SSGP-1C1, SSGP-1D1, and SSGP-1E1 (since SSGP-1A1 and SSGP-1C2 are very similar to SSGP-1A2 and SSGP-1C1, respectively). Antibodies were produced for the recombinant proteins for western blot analyses and indirect immunostaining. Immunostaining on dissected tissues including salivary glands, guts, and Malpighian tubules from 3-day old larvae, was conducted with antibodies against the five SSGPs, and detected a specific localization of all proteins in salivary glands except SSGP-1E1, which exhibited a weak signal in the foregut, in addition to localization in salivary glands. Western blot analyses demonstrated that these five proteins were expressed in larvae at all stages. The continuous production of these proteins suggests that they play roles in initiation and maintenance in Hessian fly infestation. Consistent with their effector functions, these five proteins were detected for the first time in infested wheat tissues based on western blot analyses. To identify possible target proteins from host plants that interact with SSGP-1 family proteins, in vitro pull-down assays were performed. Putative interacting targets for SSGP-1A2, SSGP-1B1, and SSGP-1C1 have been identified by LC-MS/MS. These putative interaction target proteins included uncharacterized proteins, ribosomal proteins, a lipoxygenase, and a tubulin. Identification of these putative targets provided a base for further confirmation of their interaction with Hessian fly effectors in the future.

Leptosphaeria maculans est un champignon pathogène, responsable de l’une des principales maladies du colza (Brassica napus), la nécrose du collet. Le cycle de vie infectieux de L. maculans est particulièrement complexe. Après l’infection primaire des feuilles et des cotylédons, le champignon développe une longue phase de vie endophytique dans la tige. Cette phase de vie, qui est entièrement asymptomatique, dure plusieurs mois, avant que la nécrose ne se développe à la base de la tige, préjudiciable à l'élaboration du rendement. Durant cette phase, le colza peut présenter une « résistance adulte » limitant l'apparition et la gravité des symptômes. Alors que les gènes fongiques exprimés au cours de l’infection primaire du colza sont largement étudiés, très peu de connaissances étaient disponibles concernant la phase de colonisation systémique. Pour expliquer la capacité du champignon à coloniser la tige sans induire de symptômes, nous avons donc émis l’hypothèse que L. maculans exprimait à ce stade des effecteurs, c'est-à-dire des petites protéines sécrétées, interférant avec le système de défense de la plante. L’objectif de ma thèse était d'identifier de tels effecteurs et de les caractériser afin de mieux comprendre la colonisation systémique du colza par le champignon. Un des enjeux sous-jacents de cette thèse était aussi d'identifier de nouvelles résistances permettant la reconnaissance spécifique de ces effecteurs, qui pourraient expliquer, au moins en partie, la résistance adulte observée dans certaines variétés.Par une approche transcriptomique, j'ai pu identifier 307 effecteurs candidats "tardifs", spécifiquement exprimés lors de la colonisation de la tige et 107 effecteurs "précoces", spécifiquement exprimés lors de la colonisation des cotylédons. J’ai confirmé que les gènes codant des effecteurs précoces de L. maculans sont spécifiquement localisés dans les régions pauvres en gènes et riches en éléments répétés du génome fongique. A l'inverse les gènes codant des effecteurs candidats tardifs sont absents de ces régions et sont localisés dans les régions riches en gènes du génome. Les effecteurs de L. maculans ont donc une localisation génomique distincte en fonction de leur profil d'expression.Une analyse approfondie de cinq de ces effecteurs tardifs a permis de montrer leur conservation dans les populations naturelles de L. maculans et leur implication dans la suppression de la mort cellulaire végétale. Ces résultats associés à l'analyse de leur profil d'expression dans des échantillons de tige issus du champ au cours d'une saison culturale ont permis de proposer le modèle suivant: L. maculans coloniserait la tige de colza en sécrétant des effecteurs supprimant la mort cellulaire et donc interférant avec les défenses de la plante. A la fin de la saison culturale, la diminution de l'expression de ces effecteurs permettrait au champignon de passer d'un stade de vie biotrophe à un stade de vie nécrotrophe et d’induire la nécrose au collet. Cette transition entre les deux modes de vie serait donc basée sur un équilibre entre effecteurs supprimant la mort cellulaire et effecteurs induisant la mort cellulaire.Dans le but d'identifier de nouvelles sources de résistance spécifiques et/ou faciliter l’identification de résistances quantitatives dans le matériel végétal, j'ai créé des souches fongiques sur-exprimant précocement des effecteurs tardifs. Avec ces souches transformées j'ai évalué par test cotylédonnaire une grande collection de génotypes de colza pour identifier de potentielles relations de type gène-pour-gène. Une variété présentant une réponse hypersensible à un effecteur tardif a ainsi pu être identifiée, le contrôle monogénique de cette réponse a été validé et sa cartographie génétique effectuée dans deux descendances. Cette approche permet donc effectivement d'identifier de nouvelles sources de résistances pour lutter efficacement contre la nécrose du collet. / Leptosphaeria maculans is a pathogenic fungus, responsible for one of the main diseases of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), the stem canker disease. The infectious life cycle of L. maculans is especially complex. After the primary infection of leaves and cotyledons, the fungus develops a long endophytic stage in the stem. This infection stage, which is entirely asymptomatic, lasts several months before necrosis develops at the stem base, responsible of yield loss. At this stage, the oilseed rape may exhibit "adult resistance" limiting the onset and severity of symptoms. While the fungal genes expressed during the primary infection are extensively studied, very little knowledge was available concerning the systemic colonization. To explain the ability of the fungus to colonize the stem without inducing symptom, we have therefore hypothesized that L. maculans expressed effectors, i.e. small secreted proteins, interfering with the plant defense system.The objective of my thesis was to identify such effectors and to characterize them to better understand the systemic colonization of oilseed rape by L. maculans. One of the underlying challenges of this thesis was also to identify new resistances allowing the specific recognition of these effectors expressed during stem colonization, and which may explain, at least in part, the adult resistance observed in some varieties.Using a transcriptomic approach, I was able to identify 307 "late" effector candidates specifically expressed during stem colonization and 107 "early" effector candidates specifically expressed during cotyledon colonization. I confirmed that the genes encoding early effectors of L. maculans are specifically localized in gene-poor regions and rich in repeated elements of the fungal genome. Conversely, late candidate effectors are absent from these regions and are located in regions rich in genes of the genome. L. maculans effectors have thus a distinct genomic localization based on their expression profile.A detailed analysis of five of these late effectors showed their conservation in the natural populations of L. maculans and their involvement in the suppression of plant cell death. These results, associated with the analysis of their expression profile in stem samples from the fields during a growing season, allowed us to propose the following model: L. maculans would colonize systemically the oilseed rape stem by secreting effectors suppressing cell death and thus interfering with plant defenses. At the end of the growing season, the decreased expression of these effectors would allow the fungus to switch from a biotrophic to a necrotrophic lifestyle and to induce stem canker. This transition between the two ways of life would therefore be based on a balance between effectors suppressing and effectors inducing cell death.In order to identify new specific sources of resistance and / or to facilitate the identification of quantitative resistances in plant material, I created fungal strains over-expressing late effectors during cotyledon colonization. With these transformed strains I evaluated by cotyledonary test a large collection of oilseed rape genotypes to identify potential gene-for-gene. A variety with a hypersensitive response to a late effector was thus identified, the monogenic control of this response was validated and its genetic mapping carried out in two progenies. This approach therefore effectively enables the identification of new sources of resistance for effective control of L. maculans.

Comprendre comment les espèces s'adaptent à leur environnement est un des buts majeurs de la biologie évolutive. Il s'agit d'identifier les gènes responsables des caractères adaptatifs, mais aussi de comprendre les mécanismes généraux de l'adaptation, et des phénomènes empêchant une adaptation optimale. Les régions non-recombinantes sont particulières pour ces aspects. En effet, elles peuvent protéger de la recombinaison des combinaisons d'allèles favorables, et inversement, la suppression de recombinaison peut entraîner une dégénérescence, comme une accumulation de mutations délétères ou des pertes de gènes. Même les organismes à reproduction sexuée possèdent cependant souvent de larges régions non-recombinantes, associées à la détermination du sexe génétique ou du type sexuel. Dans cette thèse, j’ai ainsi étudié les traces d’adaptation et de dégénérescence dans des génomes de champignons pathogènes de plantes. Les champignons du complexe d'espèces Microbotryum violaceum, qui causent la maladie du charbon des anthères chez les Caryophyllacées et comptent des dizaines d'espèces spécifiques d’hôtes différents, sont d'excellents modèles pour l'étude des processus génomiques de l'adaptation. Ils possèdent de plus des chromosomes de types sexuels non-recombinants sur une partie de leur longueur. Pour étudier l'évolution des chromosomes de types sexuels, la dégénérescence et l'adaptation à l'hôte dans le complexe M. violaceum, nous avons adopté diverses approches de génomique. En utilisant la technologie PacBio, nous avons obtenu un assemblage complet des chromosomes de types sexuels pour l'espèce M. lychnidis-dioicae. Nous avons montré que la région non-recombinante s'étend sur 90 % des chromosomes de types sexuels, présente un niveau de réarrangements exceptionnel entre les deux types sexuels, et que des centaines de gènes sont présents à l'état hémizygote et ont donc probablement été perdus dans un type sexuel. De plus, la comparaison des génomes d'une douzaine d'espèces de M. violaceum a montré une accumulation de mutations non-synonymes et d'éléments transposables dans les chromosomes de types sexuels. Nous avons aussi étudié la dégénérescence dans le contexte de l'exposition aux radiations ionisantes, en analysant des populations de M. lychnidis-dioicae exposées à différents niveaux de radiation dans la région de Tchernobyl. Nous n'avons pas détecté d'augmentation du taux de mutations non-synonymes par rapport au groupe témoin, ce qui suggère que le champignon est radio-résistant ou que la sélection est plus forte dans la région de Tchernobyl. Enfin, pour étudier l'adaptation à l’hôte, nous avons reséquencé des dizaines des génomes de deux espèces sœurs de M. violaceum. L'analyse du polymorphisme a révélé des balayages sélectifs tout le long des génomes et à des localisations différentes entre les deux espèces. Nous avons identifié un certain nombre de gènes candidats pour l'adaptation à l’hôte dans ces régions de balayages sélectifs, sur la base de leur expression in planta et de leurs annotations. Les gènes sur-exprimés dans la plante montraient d’autre part un taux de substitutions non-synonymes entre les deux espèces sœurs plus élevé que les autres gènes, ce qui suggère qu’une bonne partie pourrait être impliquée dans l'adaptation à l’hôte. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à une comparaison des génomes de différentes espèces du complexe M. violaceum, d’une part pour reconstituer l'histoire de la suppression de recombinaison dans les chromosomes de types sexuels, et d’autre part pour étudier les bases génétiques de l'adaptation à différents hôtes dans un complexe d’espèces phylogénétiquement proches. / Understanding how species adapt to their environment is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Scientists aim to identity the genes underlying key adaptive traits, but also to understand more broadly adaptive processes and phenomena that allow or prevent optimal adaptation. Non-recombining regions are particular for these aspects. They can indeed protect adaptive combinations of alleles from recombination, and conversely, suppressed recombination can lead to degeneration, such as accumulation of deleterious mutations or genes losses. Even sexually-reproducing organisms often possess large non-recombining regions associated with sex ou mating-type determination. In this thesis, I therefore studied signatures of adaptation and degeneration in genomes of plant pathogenic fungi. Fungi of the species complex Microbotryum violaceum, with dozens of host-specific sibling species causing anther-smut disease in the Caryophyllaceae family, are particularly good models for addressing the question of the genomic processes involved in host adaptation. Moreover, they possess size-dimorphic, partly non-recombining mating-type chromosomes. To study the evolution of mating-type chromosomes, degeneration and host-adaptation in the M. violaceum species complex, we used a genomic approach. Using PacBio sequencing, we obtained a complete assembly of the mating-type chromosomes of the species M. lychnidis-dioicae. We showed that the non-recombining regions span 90 % of the mating-type chromosomes, exhibit an exceptional level of rearrangements between the two mating-types, and that hundreds of genes are in a hemizygous state and were therefore probably lost in one of the two mating-type chromosomes. Moreover, comparing a dozen of species of the M. violaceum complex revealed an accumulation of non-synonymous substitutions and of transposable elements in mating-type chromosomes. We also studied degeneration in the context of ionizing radiations, by analysing populations of M. lychnidis-dioicae exposed to different radiation levels in the Chernobyl area. We did not detect any increase in the rate of non-synonymous mutations compared to the control group or with radiation, which suggests that the fungi is radio-resistant or that selection is higher in the Chernobyl area. Lastly, we resequenced dozens of genomes of two sibling species of M. violaceum in order to study host adaptation. Analysing polymorphism patterns, we found several selective sweeps along the genome, at different locations in the two species. We identified candidate genes for host-adaptation in the regions of selective sweeps, based on their expression pattern and on their putative functions. In addition, genes up-regulated in planta exhibited a higher rate of non-synonymous substitutions than other genes, suggesting that many of them are likely involved in host adaptation. This work paves the way to a larger comparison of genomes of different species of the M. violaceum species complex, in order to reconstruct the history of recombination suppression on the mating-type chromosomes on the one hand, and to study the genetic bases of adaptation to different hosts in a complex of phylogenetically close species on the other hand.

Le nématode à galle, Meloidogyne incognita est un parasite extrêmement polyphage capable d'induire la redifférentiation de cellules racinaires en cellules en cellules nourricières hypertrophiées. / The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is among the most devastating plant pathogens.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23524号 / 農博第2471号 / 新制||農||1087(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5355(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙野 義孝, 教授 寺内 良平, 教授 吉田 健太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.